192620010

Mobile & Wireless Networking

Lecture 1:
Introduction & Wireless Transmission (1/2)

[Schiller, Section 1 & Section 2.1 - 2.5]

Geert Heijenk

Mobile and Wireless Networking

2013 / 2014
 Outline of Lecture 1

q  Introduction
q  About the course “Mobile & Wireless Networking”
q  History
q  Current Wireless Technologies
q  Important trends

q  Wireless Transmission (1/2)

q  Frequencies
q  Signals
q  Antennas
q  Signal Propagation
q  Multiplexing

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 Why Mobile and Wireless Networking?

•  Largest SW/HW/networked system

•  Largest number of subscribers
•  Mobile devices dominate the Internet
•  Mobile applications dominate Internet
usage
•  New possibilities, new threats
•  Technology fully integrated into everybody's life almost 24/7,
almost anywhere

Mobile and Wireless Networking

2013 / 2014
 Mobile & Wireless Networking

q  Mobile
q  user can use network services while moving
l  w.r.t. point of attachment to network
l  Usually user is moving with his/her networking device
q  Wireless
q  communications without using a wire
l  directly between two user nodes, or
l  (often) between user node and access point connected to the fixed
(wired) network
q  Networking
q  roughly, all architectures, protocols, and algorithms at the
l  link layer (mostly medium access control, MAC)
l  network layer, and
l  transport layer
l  (we will briefly address physical layer as well)

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 What is different in wireless networks?

q  Higher loss-rates

q  Restrictive spectrum regulations
q  Lower transmission rates
q  Higher delays, higher jitter
q  Lower security
q  Shared and unbound medium
q  Mobility
q  change of point of attachment to network
q  how to find a user / device
q  Limitations of access devices
q  battery power

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 Course Outline (Mobile & Wireless Networking, M&WN)

Basic principles:
•  Physical layer: propagation, multiplexing, modulation, spread
spectrum, OFDM
•  MAC layer: hidden terminals, medium access, random access,
CDMA, Hybrid ARQ
•  Cellular concepts: cell layout, interference
•  Dealing with mobility: handover, mobility management
•  Transport layer: problems with TCP over wireless
•  Ad-hoc networks: problems of ad-hoc routing
Systems:
•  Cellular: UMTS, LTE
•  Wireless LAN: IEEE 802.11a/b/g/e/n/ac
•  Low power / short range systems: Bluetooth, Zigbee
•  Mobile IP: + Hierarchical Mobile IP, Fast Handovers for Mobile IP
•  Ad-hoc routing: DSDV, DSR, AODV

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 Positioning Mobile & Wireless Networking

Module: Network Systems

Mobile Mobile
& &
Wireless Wireless
Telematica Networking (1) Networking (2)
Systemen advanced:
focus on link- and
& ad-hoc
network layer
Toepassingen networks
of m&w networks
networking Telematica
overview Netwerken
Mobile
networking Radio
in-depth Communications

focus on
physical layer

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 Course organization

See: http://www.cs.utwente.nl/~heijenk/mwn

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 Outline of Lecture 1

q  Introduction
q  About the course “Mobile & Wireless Networking”
q  History
q  Current Wireless Technologies
q  Important trends

q  Wireless Transmission (1/2)

q  Frequencies
q  Signals
q  Antennas
q  Signal Propagation
q  Multiplexing

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 History of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication

Discovery of electromagnetic waves
q  1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
q  1864 J. Maxwell theory of electromagnetic fields, wave equations
q  1886 H. Hertz demonstration of the wave character
of electrical transmission
Hertz: "It's of no use whatsoever[...] this is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right - we just
have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there.”

1895 Guglielmo Marconi, first demonstration of wireless

telegraphy (long wave)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Marconi, discovery of short waves
1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)

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 History of wireless communication II

1956 First mobile phone system in Sweden

1972 B-Netz in Germany
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
»  goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1992 Start of GSM
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
1998 Specification of UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
1998 Iridium: portable satellite telephony
1999 IEEE Standard 802.11b, 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbit/s
Bluetooth, 2.4 GHz, < 1 Mbit/s

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 History of wireless communication III

2001 Start of 3G (Japan)

UMTS trials in Europe
2002 Start of UMTS in Europe
IEEE 802.11g
mobile subscribers overtake fixed-line subscribers
worldwide
1 billion cellular subscribers
2004 UMTS launch in Netherlands
2007 Introduction of iPhone
2009 IEEE 802.11n standard
(December) First LTE Network (Stockholm / Oslo)
2012 6 billion cellular subscribers
2013 LTE launch in Netherlands (KPN, February, Amsterdam)

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 Current wireless technologies (1/2)

q  Telecommunication Systems

q  initial / primary service: mobile voice telephony
q  large coverage per access point
(100s of meters - 10s of kilometers)
q  low - moderate data rate
(10s of kbit/s – 10s of Mbits/s)
q  Examples: GSM, UMTS, LTE
q  WLAN
q  initial service: wireless ethernet extension
q  moderate coverage per access point
(10s of meters - 100s of meters)
q  moderate - high data rate
(Mbits/s - 100s of Mbits/s)
q  Examples: IEEE 802.11b, a, g, n, ac.
q  Short-range
q  Other systems

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 Current wireless technologies (2/2)

Short-range
q  direct connection between devices (< 10s of meters)
q  typical low power usage
q  examples: Bluetooth, ZigBee
Other systems
q  Satellite systems
l  global coverage,
l  applications
–  audio/TV broadcast; positioning
–  personal communications
q  Broadcast systems
l  satellite/terrestrial
l  DVB, DAB (Support of high speeds for mobiles)
q  Fixed wireless access
l  several technologies (DECT, WLAN, IEEE802.16 (11-60GHz))
q  DECT
l  Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication
q  TETRA
l  Terrestrial Trunked Radio
l  Netherlands: C2000 system

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 Standardization

q  3GPP (3G partnership project)

q  GSM
q  UMTS
q  LTE
q  Specifications: http://www.3gpp.org/-specifications-
q  IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
q  802.11 (Wireless LAN: WiFi)
q  802.15 (Wireless PAN: Bluetooth, Zigbee)
q  802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access: WiMAX))
q  Standards: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.html
q  IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
q  Mobile IP
q  TCP
q  AODV
q  Requests for Comments (RFCs): http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html

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 Outline of Lecture 1

q  Introduction
q  About the course “Mobile & Wireless Networking”
q  History
q  Current Wireless Technologies
q  Important trends

q  Wireless Transmission (1/2)

q  Frequencies
q  Signals
q  Antennas
q  Signal Propagation
q  Multiplexing

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 Mobile subscriptions

Global  ICT  developments,  2001-­‐2011  

100  

Mobile-­‐cellular  telephone  subscrip=ons  

90  
Individuals  using  the  Internet  
80  
Fixed-­‐telephone  subscrip=ons  
70  
Per  100  inhabitants  

Ac=ve  mobile-­‐broadband  subscrip=ons  

60   Fixed  (wired)-­‐broadband  subscrip=ons  

50  

40  

30  

20  

10  

0  
2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011  

Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database

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/"2+$"2'5$(5$/"#1#$DEBF$6*''*(+ÒSUBSCRIPTIONS ÒWILLÒBEÒINÒTHEÒ!SIA 0ACIµCÒREGION
 Trends in computing

18

16 Mainframe (one computer, many people)

PC (one person, one computer)
14 Ubiquitous computing
(one person, many computers)
12 A proliferation of small, low-
cost, embedded devices
Sales/Yr

10

8 incorporating computing and

6
communication capabilities
4
Moving towards pervasive
2
computing
0 Yr
1940

1945

1960

2000
1950

1955

1965

1975

1980

1985

1995
1990
1970

2005
Source: Presentation by Marc Weiser ”Nomadic issues
in Ubiquitous computing”, Xerox, Palo Alto. Research Center, 1996.

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Evolution of mobile cellular systems

4G
Bitrate

3G full IP based
LTE - advanced

2G digital
voice + data
digital UMTS
voice
1G GSM 900/1800
DECT
analog
NMT voice

1972 1992 2002 2012 2022

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espite the advances made in the design and evolution of 4G cellular networks, new ma
ends are imposing unprecedentedly challenging requirements which are driving us further to
cessity of a 5G mobile network. The high-level targets most relevant to DOCOMO 5G
Towards
mmarized in Figure 2. 5G (1/2)

• 1000x capacity/km2

Higher system
capacity

Higher data rate Reduced Latency

5G
• 100x typical data rate • RAN latency : < 1ms
(Even for high mobility)

Massive device Energy saving &

connectivity cost reduction
• 100x connected devices • Energy saving for NW & terminals
(Even in crowded areas) • Reduced NW cost incl. backhaul
Source: 5G Radio Access: Requirements, Concept and
Technologies, NTT DoCoMo, 2014.

Figure 2 – DOCOMO’s 5G targets.

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Higher system capacity: 5G has to be able to manage traffic volumes of many order
solutions
Towards 5G (2/2)
ved and extended radio-access
ions are needed to address the above
lenges. Different solutions will be
emented to address different challenges.
olved versions of existing RATs will be
plemented with new ones targeting
ific scenarios and use cases that would
otherwise be accommodated. The result 2+3'$&4(/
overall future radio-access solution %(**+,$%-'$(,
sisting of evolved versions of existing
s, such as HSPA and LTE, and other
technologies, operating and interacting
ully integrated way) can be referred to 53'0-&)",1"
5G radio access as it takes user )"/3(<*",'1
!"#$%"&'(&)"#$%"
rience and overall system performance %(**+,$%-'$(,.-,)
ep beyond what 4G can currently %((/"0-'$#".)"#$%"1
ide.

Y HIGH MOBILE-BROADBAND =,'"0&#"4$%+3-0>

VICE LEVEL EVERYWHERE #"4$%+3-0&'(&0(-)
%(**+,$%-'$(,
ting mobile-broadband technologies
h as HSPA and LTE will continue to
ve and will provide the backbone of the 53'0-&0"3$-63"
%(**+,$%-'$(,
all radio-access solution of the future
nd 2020. Their capabilities will continue 2-11$#".*-%4$,"
xpand. For example, consumer data %(**+,$%-'$(,
s of hundreds of Mbps will become
able essentially at any time, everywhere.
rt antennas including a very large 788.29: 7.;9: 78.;9: 788.;9:
ber of steerable antenna elements, !"#$%#&'(
e spectrum and coordination between Figure 3: 5G radio access is an integrated set of technologies Source: 5G Radio Access, Whitepaper, Ericsson, 2013.
stations will help to provide such very addressing a wide variety of use cases and requirements. 22
service levels. The mobile-broadband Mobile and Wireless Networking
nologies will also expand into new 2013 / 2014
oyment scenarios, such as dense
l-cell deployments, and new use cases,
 Outline of Lecture 1

q  Introduction
q  About the course “Mobile & Wireless Networking”
q  History
q  Current Wireless Technologies
q  Important trends

q  Wireless Transmission (1/2)

q  Frequencies
q  Signals
q  Antennas
q  Signal Propagation
q  Multiplexing

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 Frequencies for communication

twisted coax cable optical transmission

pair

1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 µm 1 µm
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency

LF = Low Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
HF = High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light
VHF = Very High Frequency

Frequency and wave length:

λ = c/f
wave length λ, speed of light c ≅ 3x108m/s, frequency f

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 Frequencies for mobile communication

q  UHF-ranges for mobile cellular systems

q  simple, small antenna for cars
q  deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections
q  SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
q  small antenna, focusing
q  large bandwidth available
q  Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF spectrum
q  some systems planned up to EHF
q  limitations due to absorption by water (>5 GHz) and oxygen (60 GHz)
molecules (resonance frequencies)
l  weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

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 Licensed vs Unlicensed bands

•  Mobile cellular typically uses licensed bands

•  Spectrum licensed to operator
•  GSM:
•  900 MHz, 1800 MHz (Europe)
•  850 Mhz, 1900 MHz (US)
•  other bands
•  UMTS, LTE
•  See e.g., http://www.frequentieland.nl/wie.htm
•  WLAN typically uses unlicensed bands
•  2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band:
•  IEEE 802.11b/g
•  Bluetooth
•  Zigbee
•  microwave oven
•  5.8 GHz ISM band:
•  IEEE 802.11a

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 Signals I

q  physical representation of data

q  function of time and location
q  signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data
q  classification
q  continuous time/discrete time
q  continuous values/discrete values
q  analog signal = continuous time and continuous values
q  digital signal = discrete time and discrete values
q  signal parameters of periodic signals:
period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift ϕ
q  sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier:

s(t) = At sin(2 π ft t + ϕt)

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 Fourier representation of periodic signals

1 # #
g (t ) = c + " an sin(2!nft ) + " bn cos(2!nft )
2 n =1 n =1

1 1

0 0
t t
ideal periodic signal real composition
(based on harmonics)

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 Signals II

q  Different representations of signals

q  amplitude (amplitude domain)
q  frequency spectrum (frequency domain)
q  phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase ϕ in polar
coordinates) Q = M sin ϕ
A [V] A [V]

t[s] ϕ
I= M cos ϕ

ϕ f [Hz]

q  Composed signals transferred into frequency domain using

Fourier transformation
q  Digital signals need
q  infinite frequencies for perfect transmission
q  modulation with a carrier frequency for transmission (analog
signal!)

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 Antennas: isotropic radiator
q  Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves, coupling of
wires to space for radio transmission
q  Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions (three
dimensional) - only a theoretical reference antenna
q  Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or
horizontally)
q  Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna

z
y z

y x ideal
x isotropic
radiator

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 Antennas: simple dipoles

Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with
lengths λ/4 on car roofs or λ/2 as Hertzian dipole
è shape of antenna proportional to wavelength

λ/4 λ/2

Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

y y z

simple
x z x dipole
side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared

to the power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average
power)

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 Antennas: directed and sectorized

Often used for microwave connections or base stations for mobile

phones (e.g., radio coverage of a valley)

y y z

directed
x z x antenna

side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

z
z

x
sectorized
x antenna

top view, 3 sector top view, 6 sector

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 Antennas: diversity

Grouping of 2 or more antennas

q  multi-element antenna arrays
Antenna diversity
q  switched diversity, selection diversity
l  receiver chooses antenna with largest output
q  diversity combining
l  combine output power to produce gain
l  cophasing needed to avoid cancellation

λ/2 λ/2
λ/4 λ/2 λ/4 λ/2

+ +

ground plane

q  Smart antennas

l  beam forming

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 rier waveleng
bandwidth
Beamforming example can be expres
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 40, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2005

impinges on array element 1

at an angle (the look-angle) relative to the array normal. The
signal at the array element is then given by
, where is the relative time of flight be-
tween two adjacent elements, is the incident angle, and is the
propagation velocity of the wave. In a beamforming application
the element spacing is often limited to a fractionFinally,
of the car-
usi
rier wavelength, i.e., . For a narrowband
lopesignal
of thewith
ar
bandwidth , the array output for the system in Fig. 1(a)
can be expressed as

Fig. 1. Beamformer theory. (a) Simple array. (b) Phased array using beam
steering. Theoretical array[Paramesh,
"Apatterns
J.; Bishop, R.; Soumyanath, K.; Allstot, D.J.,
four-antennawith (c)in 90-nm
receiver no beam
CMOS steering andand
for beamforming (d)spatial
fordiversity”,
a 30 The variab
look-angle. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of , vol.40, no.12, Dec. 2005]
trical envelop
lowpass comp
35
spatially multiplexed MIMO system. In principle, distinct data
Mobile and Wireless Networking the complex(1)
e
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streams are transmitted from each transmit antenna, and conse- array gain
 Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range
q  communication possible
q  low error rate
Detection range
q  detection of the signal
possible
sender
q  no communication
possible
transmission
Interference range
distance
q  signal may not be
detection
detected
q  signal adds to the interference
background noise

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 Signal propagation
q  Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)
q  Path loss
q  Receiving power proportional to 1/d² (free space)
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
q  In reality (e.g., due to atmospheric absorption, and effects below): 1/dα , with
α between 2 and 5
q  Receiving power additionally influenced by
q  fading (frequency dependent)
q  shadowing
q  reflection at large obstacles
q  refraction depending on the density of a medium
q  scattering at small obstacles
q  diffraction at edges

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

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Real world example

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 Multipath propagation

Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver
due to reflection, scattering, diffraction

multipath
LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender
signal at receiver
Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time
è interference with “neighbor” symbols, Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI)
The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted
è distorted signal depending on the phases of the different
parts

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 Effects of mobility

Channel characteristics change over time and location

q  signal paths change
q  different delay variations of different signal parts
q  different phases of signal parts
è quick changes in the power received (short term fading)

Additional changes in power long term

fading
q  distance to sender
q  obstacles further away
è slow changes in the average power
received (long term fading)
t
short term fading

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 Multiplexing
channels ki
Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
q  space (si) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

q  time (t)

c
q  frequency (f)
t c
q  code (c)
t
s1
Goal: multiple use f
of a shared medium s2
f
c
Important: guard spaces needed! t

s3
f

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 Frequency multiplex

Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands

A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
Advantages:
q  no dynamic coordination
necessary
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
q  works also for analog signals
c
f
Disadvantages:
q  waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
q  inflexible
q  guard spaces
t

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 Time multiplex

A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time

Advantages:
q  only one carrier in the
medium at any time
q  throughput high even k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
for many users
c
Disadvantages: f
q  precise
synchronization
necessary

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 Time and frequency multiplex

Combination of both methods

A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount of
time
Example: GSM
Advantages:
q  better protection against
tapping k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
q  protection against frequency
selective interference c

but: f
q  precise coordination
required

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 Code multiplex

Each channel has a unique code

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

All channels use the same spectrum

at the same time c
Advantages:
q  bandwidth efficient
q  no coordination and synchronization
necessary
q  good protection against interference f
and tapping
Disadvantages:
q  more complex signal regeneration
Implemented using spread spectrum
technology t

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