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AN INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING

Raksha Pandey
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
SoS in Engineering and Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur

Abstract A definition of the Grid indicated by Ian Foster

Grid computing environment is not a static is “a system that coordinates resources which are
Environment so The performance of grid is not subject to centralized control, using standard,
varies time to time .In Today’s world ,various open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces to
complex tasks done every day in different deliver nontrivial qualities of service” [1].
scientific areas so there is need of a lots of
computational power to solve different types Grid bus Project defines Grid as “Grid is a type
of complex scientific problems . Although of parallel and distributed system that enables the
Humans have good brain but still cannot able sharing, selection, and aggregation of
to solve complex scientific problems as geographically distributed “autonomous”
computers can. In these Situation Grid’s High resources dynamically at runtime depending on
performance computational environment is their availability, capability, performance, cost,
good Solution. Performance of Grid is based and user’s quality-of-service requirements” [2].
on various Constraints as the resource’s
bandwidth, Resource’s computational power,
Definition given by The Globus Project is “an
File size of jobs, the locations of components
infrastructure that enables the integrated,
and so on. In this paper I am giving a general
introduction of Grid Computing and its two collaborative use of high-end computers,
broad areas: Resource Scheduling and Job networks, databases, and scientific instruments
Scheduling. owned and managed by multiple organizations”
Keywords: Grid Computing, Resource [3]
scheduling, Job Scheduling. A. Working of Grid Computing
Grid computing is a collection of large amount
I. INTRODUCTION
of resources. At a particular time, some resources
Today is the era of modern computing. In this are available and others may busy doing tasks.
age we require huge amount of computational Following are some basic terms used in Grid
power to solve many scientific problems. As the computing:
Size of the problem and Complexity of the Resources: These are responsible for performing
problem increases, there is need of a lots of jobs.
resources in single environment and today’s Grid Information Service (GIS): GIS having
these environment is called Grid Computing information of all registered resources of Grid
environment. Generally a computer have good Environment.
computational power but it is underutilized .We Grid Resource Broker: it distributes the jobs to
can use these underutilized computational power available resources according to the algorithm.
and apply it where the huge computational power User: Who submits Jobs in Grid Environment
is basic need for processing.

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Data grid: These type of grid provide the storage

of data.

II. ADVANTAGES OF GRID COMPUTING

There are various advantages [6] of Grid as:
Exploiting underutilized resources: Grid
computing collects the computational power
from unutilized resources and used them for
computational purpose. The resources which are
in idle state, computational power of that
resources are used in Grid Computing.
Parallel CPU capacity: In Grid Jobs are
Figure 1 executed parallel so it dramatically reduces the
total execution time of jobs. Jobs are first
In the grid environment first of all , each resource
distributed in to various available resources and
should be register in Grid. After the Registration then executed parallel.
of resources, GIS having not only information of
Virtual resources and virtual organizations
resources but also the current status of resources for
either the resource is available for processing or Collaboration: In Grid computing environment,
it is busy. In the next step GIS provides this Virtual organization indicated the user of the grid.
information to resource broker at the time of In Grid, resources can be shared virtually to
processing of jobs .When user submits his job to
virtual organization.
grid environment first it goes to the resource Access to additional resources: Whenever there
broker. As per the request of Resource broker to is a need of additional resources for computing,
GIS, GIS provides the list of available resources grid provides the additional one. It seems us Grid,
to Broker. Resource broker uses the specified as a large collection of resources.
algorithm and distributes the jobs to the available Resource balancing: Each resource should
resources. After the successful completion of register in grid for processing. Grid has
jobs, result comes to broker. Now finally information of availability of resources. As per
Resource broker gives the result to user. the capacity and availability of the resource, Jobs
B. Types of Grid can be distributed to various resources.
On the basis of use grid computing can be Reliability: Grid is highly reliable in terms of
divided into different types [4][5]: failure. Jobs in grid can automatically resubmit
Computational grids: Computational grids are to other resources if there is any kind of failure
used for accessing Resources securely. They occur at one location.
divide the tasks in to various resources and Management: As the Grid computing
execute them parallelly. environment is heterogeneous environment so
Collaboration grid: Good Collaboration is better management is essential. Grid provide a
basic need of today’s modern Computational better management not only for jobs but also for
generation. Collaboration Grids performs best in resources.
these situation.
Utility Grid: Utility Grids shares CPU Cycle, III. RESEARCH FIELDS OF GRID
Special Peripherals and Software. There are alots of research has been done in the
Network grid: Strong network communication area of Grid Computing .The various challenges
is basic requirement in Grid .Without the good [5] to the grid are the following:
Communication of network high computational  Grid reliability:
power resources also cannot perform its level  Scheduling of tasks
best. These type of grid overcome the poor  Load balancing
network communication problem and provide  Resource monitoring
high communication between nodes.  Service availability

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 Distributed management [1] Access control: Access Control [9] is any

 Availability of data mechanism by which a system grants or revokes
 Uniform user friendly environment. the right to access some data, or perform some
 Grid application development action. Normally, a user must first Login to a
 Standard protocols system, using some Authentication system. Next,
 Efficient algorithms and problem solving the Access Control mechanism controls what
methods operations the user may or may not make by
 Programming models and tools comparing the User ID to an Access Control
database.
 Management and administration of grid
Data integrity: Data integrity [6] assures that
 Performance analysis and resource
data is same it is not changed.
monitoring
Data confidentiality: Data should be secure and
 Centralized management confidential. Data confidentiality [6] assures this.
Key management: Key Management [6] is
IV. APPLICATIONS OF GRID
responsible for Keys in Cryptography.
Authorization, Authentication, Resource Access
and Resource Discovery are four procedures [5] VI. GRID SIM TOOL KIT
which must be used in distributed computing One of the ways to implement Grid algorithm is
before the Grid. These four procedures plays Grid Sim tool kit [10]. It provides heterogeneous
major role in sharing concept of resources in environment for resources. There are lots of
Grid. methods available for simulation of grid
Major benefits which can be utilized by computing.we can directly measure the Job’s
application of grid are the following [5]: Finish time, Execution time etc. in Grid. As per
 Improved efficiency/reduced costs. the requirements we can create both random as
 Optimized utilization of underutilized well as manual type of jobs in Grid. Many virtual
resources. organizations can submit their jobs
 Exploiting underutilized resources simultaneously to the same resource which may
 Virtual resources and Virtual be space shared or time shared .We can also
Organization (VO) specify network speed of resources in Grid Sim.
 Increase capacity and productivity
 Parallel processing capacity VII. CONCLUSION
 Resource balancing Grid Computing is a new generation of
 Heterogeneous system support computing. It solves a lot of computational
 Reduced time of result. problems in research area. It works faster and
gives accurate results. Grid computing helps us
V. SECURITY in various fields. It reduces the processing time
Specific terminologies are used in the area of dramatically. Grid Computing is very useful for
security. The International Organization for computing type operations.
Standardization (ISO) has defined the common
security services found in modern IT systems [5]. REFERENCES
For understanding the security more clearly [1] I.Foster (July 20, 2002); “What is Grid? A
following terms are listed: three point checklist, Grid Today” vol. 1; no. 6;
Authentication: Authentication [8] is the pp. 22-25
process of determining whether someone or [2]Krishna Nadiminti , Srikumar Venugopal et
something is, in fact, who or what it is declared al. “The Gridbus Grid Service Broker and
Scheduler (v.2.2) User Guide”, [Online]
to be.Logically, authentication precedes
Available: http://
authorization (although they may often seem to
www.cloudbus.org/broker/2.2/manualv2.2.pdf
be combined). The two terms are often used
[3] R.Esposito, P.Mastroserio et al., (March
synonymously but they are two different 2003) “Standard FTP and Grid FTP Protocols
processes. for International Data Transfer in Pamela

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Satellite Space Experiment”. [Online].

Available:http://arxiv.org/ftp/hep-ex/papers/
0305/0305084.pdf
[4] Ovaise Khan, “Types of Grid”, [Online]
Available: http:// thegridweblog.blogspot.in/
2005/10/types-of-grids.html.
[5]Poonam Dabas, Anoopa Arya* Department
of CSE Department of CSE Volume 3, Issue 3,
March 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Software Engineering
[6]IBM,Red Book,”introduction to Grid
Computing”,Bart Jacob Michael Brown Kentaro
Fukui Nihar Trivedi
[7] Luis Ferreira, Fabiano Lucchese, Tomoari
Yasuda, Chin Yau Lee, Carlos Alexandre
Queiroz, Elton Minetto, Antonio Mungioli First
Edition (April 2005). Grid Computing in
Research and education.
[8]Essential guide to business continuity and
disaster recovery plans;http: // searchsecurity.
techtarget.com/definition/authentication
[9] Definition of computer security terms:
Access Control http://hitachi-id.com/concepts/
access_control.html
[10]GridSim: A Toolkit for the Modeling and
Simulation of Distributed Resource
Management and Scheduling for Grid
Computing Rajkumar Buyya and Manzur
Murshed

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