g6 Your Turn Practice Book

Grade 6
Your Turn
Practice Book
Grade 6
Your Turn
Practice Book
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QDB 17 16 15 14 13 12
B
Contents
Unit 1 • Changes
Perspectives Dynamic Earth
Vocabulary 1 Vocabulary 31
Comprehension: Character, Setting, Plot: Comprehension: Main Idea and
Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer 2 Key Details Graphic Organizer 32
Comprehension and Fluency 3 Comprehension and Fluency 33
Comprehension: Compare and Comprehension: Main Idea and
Contrast and Fluency 5 Key Details and Fluency 35
Genre/Literary Element 6 Genre/Text Feature 36
Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 7 Vocabulary Strategy:
Phonics: Short Vowels 8 Metaphor and Simile 37
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 9 Phonics: r-Controlled Vowels 38
Writing Traits: Organization 10 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 39
Writing Traits: Voice 40
Alliances
Vocabulary 11 TIME For Kids
Comprehension: Character, Setting, Plot: Vocabulary 41
Sequence Graphic Organizer 12 Comprehension: Author’s Point of View
Comprehension and Fluency 13 Graphic Organizer 42
Comprehension: Character, Setting, Plot: Comprehension and Fluency 43
Sequence and Fluency 15 Comprehension: Author’s Point of View
Genre/Visual Element 16 and Fluency 45
Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 17 Genre/Text Feature 46
Phonics: Long Vowels 18 Vocabulary Strategy: Root Words 47
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 19 Word Study: Compound Words 48
Writing Traits: Word Choice 20 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 49
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 50
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Environments
Vocabulary 21
Comprehension: Main Idea and
Key Details Graphic Organizer 22
Comprehension and Fluency 23
Key Details and Fluency 25
Genre/Text Feature 26
Vocabulary Strategy: Greek Roots 27
Word Study: Frequently
Misspelled Words 28
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 29
Writing Traits: Ideas 30
iii
Contents
Unit 2 • Excursions Across Time
Contributions Influences
Comprehension: Problem and Comprehension: Point of View
Solution Graphic Organizer 52 Graphic Organizer 82
Comprehension: Problem and Solution Comprehension:
and Fluency 55 Point of View and Fluency 85
Genre/Text Feature 56 Genre/Literary Element 86
Vocabulary Strategy: Latin Roots 57 Vocabulary Strategy:
Word Study: Irregular Plurals 58 Greek and Latin Suffixes 87
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 59 Phonics: Open Syllables 88
Writing Traits: Ideas 60 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 89
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 90
Democracy
Vocabulary 61 Past and Present
Comprehension: Compare and Vocabulary 91
Contrast Graphic Organizer 62 Comprehension:
Comprehension and Fluency 63 Theme Graphic Organizer 92
Comprehension: Compare and Comprehension and Fluency 93
Contrast and Fluency 65 Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 94
Genre/Text Feature 66 Genre/Literary Element 95
Vocabulary Strategy: Literary Elements:
Greek and Latin Prefixes 67 Rhyme Scheme and Meter 96
Word Study: Inflectional Endings 68 Vocabulary Strategy: Personification 97
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 69 Phonics: Consonant + le Syllables 98
Writing Traits: Ideas 70 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 99
Writing Traits: Word Choice 100

Ancient Societies
Vocabulary 71
Comprehension: Point of View
Graphic Organizer 72
Comprehension: Point of View
and Fluency 75
Genre/Literary Element 76
Vocabulary Strategy:
Connotations and Denotations 77
Phonics: Closed Syllables 78
Writing Traits: Organization 80
iv
Contents
Unit 3 • Accomplishments
Common Ground Milestones
Comprehension: Comprehension: Cause and Effect
Theme Graphic Organizer 102 Graphic Organizer 132
Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 105 Comprehension: Cause and Effect
Genre/Literary Element 106 and Fluency 135
Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 107 Genre/Text Feature 136
Phonics: Vowel Team Syllables 108 Vocabulary Strategy: Paragraph Clues 137
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 109 Word Study: Prefixes 138
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 110 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 139
Writing Traits: Voice 140
Transformations
Vocabulary 111 TIME For Kids
Comprehension: Vocabulary 141
Theme Graphic Organizer 112 Comprehension: Main Idea and
Comprehension and Fluency 113 Key Details Graphic Organizer 142
Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 115 Comprehension and Fluency 143
Genre/Literary Element 116 Comprehension: Main Idea and
Vocabulary Strategy: Paragraph Clues 117 Key Details and Fluency 145
Phonics: r-controlled Vowel Syllables 118 Genre/Text Feature 146
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 119 Vocabulary Strategy: Synonyms and
Antonyms 147
Word Study: Suffixes -ion and -tion 148
Inspiration Writing Traits: Ideas 150
Vocabulary 121
Comprehension:
Sequence Graphic Organizer 122
Comprehension:
Sequence and Fluency 125
Vocabulary Strategy:
Prefixes and Suffixes 127
Word Study:
Frequently Misspelled Words 128
v
Contents
Unit 4 • Challenges
Changing Environments Shared Experiences
Comprehension: Author’s Point of View Comprehension:
Graphic Organizer 152 Theme Graphic Organizer 182
Comprehension: Author’s Point of View Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 185
and Fluency 155 Genre/Literary Element 186
Genre/Text Feature 156 Vocabulary Strategy: Homographs 187
Vocabulary Strategy: Paragraph Clues 157 Word Study: Greek and Latin Prefixes 188
Word Study: Suffix -ion 158 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 189
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 159 Writing Traits: Ideas 190
Taking Responsibility
Overcoming Challenges Vocabulary 191
Vocabulary 161 Comprehension:
Comprehension: Author’s Point of View Point of View Graphic Organizer 192
Graphic Organizer 162 Comprehension and Fluency 193
Comprehension and Fluency 163 Comprehension:
Comprehension: Author’s Point of View Point of View and Fluency 194
and Fluency 165 Genre/Literary Element 195
Genre/Text Feature 166 Literary Elements:
Vocabulary Strategy: Idioms 167 Alliteration and Assonance 196
Phonics: Vowel Alternation 168 Vocabulary Strategy:
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 169 Figurative Language 197
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 170 Phonics: Consonant Alternation 198

Standing Tall
Vocabulary 171
Comprehension:
Theme Graphic Organizer 172
Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 175
Genre/Literary Element 176
Vocabulary Strategy: Homophones 177
Word Study: Prefixes and Suffixes 178
vi
Contents
Unit 5 • Discoveries
Myths Breakthroughs
Comprehension: Problem and Comprehension:
Solution Graphic Organizer 202 Sequence Graphic Organizer 232
Comprehension: Problem and Comprehension:
Solution and Fluency 205 Sequence and Fluency 235
Genre/Literary Element 206 Genre/Text Feature 236
Vocabulary Strategy: Word Origins 207 Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 237
Word Study: Homophones 208 Word Study: Greek Roots 238
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 209 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 239
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 210 Writing Traits: Organization 240
Personal Strength TIME For Kids

Comprehension: Comprehension: Author’s Point of View
Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer 212 Graphic Organizer 242
Comprehension: Comprehension: Author’s Point of View
Cause and Effect and Fluency 215 and Fluency 245
Genre/Text Feature 216 Genre/Text Feature 246
Vocabulary Strategy: Vocabulary Strategy:
Adages and Proverbs 217 Connotations and Denotations 247
Word Study: Word Study: Suffixes -ive, -age, and -ize 248
Words from Around the World 218 Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 249
Write About Reading: Write an Analysis 219 Writing Traits: Word Choice 250
Innovations
Vocabulary 221
Comprehension:
Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer 222
Comprehension:
Cause and Effect and Fluency 225
Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 227
Word Study: Latin Roots 228
vii
Contents
Unit 6 • Taking Action
Resources Extraordinary Finds
Comprehension: Main Idea and Comprehension:
Key Details Graphic Organizer 252 Sequence Graphic Organizer 282
Comprehension: Main Idea and Comprehension:
Key Details and Fluency 255 Sequence and Fluency 285
Genre/Text Feature 256 Genre/Text Feature 286
Vocabulary Strategy: Latin Roots 257 Vocabulary Strategy: Greek Roots 287
Word Study: Suffixes -ible and -able 258 Word Study: Absorbed Prefixes 288
Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency 260 Writing Traits: Word Choice 290
Witnesses Taking a Break

Comprehension: Cause and Comprehension:
Effect Graphic Organizer 262 Theme Graphic Organizer 292
Comprehension: Cause and Comprehension: Theme and Fluency 294
Effect and Fluency 265 Genre/Literary Element 295
Genre/Text Feature 266 Literary Elements:
Vocabulary Strategy: Repetition and Imagery 296
Adages and Proverbs 267 Vocabulary Strategy:
Word Study: Figurative Language 297
Suffixes -ance, -ence, -ant, and -ent 268 Word Study: Words from Mythology 298
Writing Traits: Voice 270 Writing Traits: Word Choice 300

Investigations
Vocabulary 271
Key Details Graphic Organizer 272
Comprehension: Main Ideas and
Key Details and Fluency 275
Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues 277
Word Study: Greek Suffixes 278
viii
Vocabulary
Name
consolation glimmer indispensable perception

phobic sarcastic threshold heinous
Use each pair of vocabulary words in a single sentence.
1. perception, heinous
2. sarcastic, phobic
3. glimmer, threshold
4. consolation, indispensable
Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 1

Comprehension: Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the character, setting, and plot

compare-and-contrast graphic organizer.
Characters
Setting
Beginning

Middle
End
2 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

Comprehension and Fluency
Name
Read the passage. Use the visualize strategy to help you form
mental images as you read.
SMART START
Normally the cafeteria was so noisy you couldn’t hear a tray drop. But
13 now, Alex’s footsteps echoed across the huge room. There were a few
25 other scattered students in the cafeteria, all avoiding eye contact with one
37 another. The Dunce Convention, Alex thought, as his backpack landed
47 with a loud thud on the table. He was here after school for his first session
63 in “Smart Start,” a program in which students received free tutoring in
75 subjects that were difficult for them. Alex wondered whom the school
86 thought they were fooling with their opposite-name trick. Smart Start
96 meant “Stupid Forever.”
99 Alex had been sentenced to Smart Start for math. His parents, already
111 concerned about his grades, were even more agitated because the
121 Statewide Math Aptitude Test was approaching. (Also oppositely-named,
129 Alex thought; in his case, it should be the Inaptitude Test.) Math had
142 always been torture for Alex. For extra humiliation, his little sister had
154 accelerated and was taking the same math subject as he, despite being
166 almost two years younger.
170 Alex unearthed the crumpled registration form and began to fidget with
181 it, a nervous habit of his. Absentmindedly, he folded over the strip with
194 his name on it repeatedly, scoring it until there was a sharp crease. Next,
208 he tore the strip off, bracing the page against the edge of the table. What
223 remained was a nearly perfect square—ideal for one of Alex’s favorite
235 pastimes: origami.
237 He began folding one of the common origami patterns, the bird base.
249 Using his thumbnail to form the sharp creases, Alex created a triangle,
261 and added some petal folds. Soon the bird base was complete, and he was
275 partway into making the crane. So absorbed was he, that he didn’t hear the
289 footsteps of the person approaching his table.

Name
“You must be Alex. I’m Sophia,” announced the girl, extending her hand.
Startled, Alex quickly shoved his folded paper aside. Sophia continued, “I’m in
eighth grade. Tell me a little bit about yourself. What do you like to do?”
“Anything but math!” Alex replied.
“Well, I guess that’s why you’re here,” Sophia said with a laugh. “I used to
hate math, too,” she offered.
Alex recognized that Sophia was making an effort to put him at ease, so he
granted her a quick smile. “What made you start to like it?” he asked politely.
“Believe it or not, I think it was marching band. I realized that counting beats
and tracking measures is all about math. Hey, what’s that you’re hiding?” she
teased, tugging at his folded form.
“It’s nothing yet, but soon it will be,” Alex
explained. Quickly, Alex folded and creased,
his hands awhirl. “Ta-da—a crane!” he
proclaimed, presenting the transformed shape.
“That’s awesome,” Sophia declared, staring
intently at the origami folds. “Do you mind
if I take it apart?” Alex shrugged, and Sophia
carefully unfolded each step of the crane,
leaving a geometric wonder of creases. Sophia
looked excited about the wrinkled sheet, and
Alex raised his eyebrows.
“Don’t you see? What you have here is most of your math curriculum, right in

front of you!” She flattened the paper out with the palm of her hand. “Do your
first fold,” she commanded, and Alex complied. “You began with a square, and
created two rectangles. And you have a fraction, too: one half! Fold it again…
and, magic, now you have four quarters.” Sophia pointed to the top fold. “What
fraction does this flap represent?”
“One quarter?” Alex responded.
“Duh! Obviously, right? Get out some more paper, and let’s do some
geometry!”
If math tutoring was going to be origami, Alex thought, maybe it would be a
Smart Start after all.

Comprehension: Compare and Contrast and Fluency
Name
A. Reread the passage and answer the questions.
1. At the beginning of the story, what is Alex doing? What is his

attitude toward the Smart Start group? Why?
2. In the middle of the story, what does Alex start to make? What is
his attitude toward this pastime?
3. At the end of the story, what is Alex’s attitude toward Smart Start
and math?
4. What similarities and differences do you see between Alex’s

attitude at the beginning of the story and at the end?
B. Work with a partner. Read the passage aloud. Pay attention to

expression and phrasing. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.
Number of Words Correct

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Literary Element
Name
The Long Hard Climb

Today is my first day back at school after severely fracturing my femur bone.
In all honesty, after three excruciatingly dull weeks at home, I’m ecstatic to be
back. Now, I’m looking up at the school’s imposing front door, counting the
steps: there are ten. Usually I gallop swiftly up the steps every day, but in my
perception today, they look like Mount Everest. With my crutches first, good leg
second, I ascend.
“Hurry; that’s the second bell ringing,” Bridget, my best friend, exclaims.
As beads of sweat glimmer across my forehead, I respond, “I’m trying, but I
can’t exactly catapult myself to the door!”
Answer the questions about the text.
1. List three literary elements that let you know this is realistic fiction.
2. Who is the narrator and what is the narrator’s role in the text?

3. Give an example of how dialogue is used to show a character’s
feelings.

Vocabulary Strategy: Context Clues
Name
Read each passage. Underline the context clues that help

you figure out the meaning of the word in bold. Then write the
word’s meaning on the line.
1. Math had always been torture for Alex. For extra humiliation, his
little sister had accelerated and was taking the same math subject
as he, despite being almost two years younger.
2. Soon the bird base was complete, and he was partway into
making the crane. So absorbed was he, that he didn’t hear the
footsteps of the person approaching his table.
3. Alex recognized that Sophia was making an effort to put him

at ease, so he granted her a quick smile. “What made you start
to like it?” he asked politely.
Use what you know about context clues to explain the following
word in a sentence: pastime. Be sure to include context clues
that explain the word’s meaning.

Phonics: Short Vowels
Name
A. Read the words in each row and circle the word that has a
short vowel sound. Then write the word on the line and underline
the letter or letters that stand for the sound.
1. fly grate prank
2. scuff troop flame
3. joke jeep sock
4. shake brim bright
5. wait dent feast
B. Read each sentence. Find the word with a short vowel sound
and write it on the line. Then underline the letter or letters that
make the short vowel sound.
6. The ice coating the street was dense.
7. The team feels proud of their rank.
8. The truck needs to be repaired.
9. A drill was required for the work.

10. Don’t dread the role.
11. Please lock the door.
12. The boys both wore plaid.

Write About Reading: Write an Analysis
Name
Evidence is details and examples from a text that support a writer’s ideas. The
student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that shows how the
author developed characters, setting, and plot.
Topic In “Smart Start,” the author created realistic characters

sentence and made the setting important to the plot. The author set
the scene in the cafeteria by explaining how quiet it was.
This made it clear that it was not a regular lunchtime,
but something different. The author then described how
Evidence
embarrassed Alex was about going to Smart Start, how
much he enjoyed doing origami, and how Sophia helped
him see origami’s relation to math. Details of character,
Concluding
setting, and plot helped to create a believable story.
statement
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Show how
the author developed character, setting, and plot. Cite evidence
from the text. Remember to use evidence to support ideas and to
use different sentence types.
Write a topic sentence:

Cite evidence from the text:
End with a concluding statement:

Writing Traits: Organization
Name
A. Read the draft model. Use the questions that follow the draft to
help you think about ways to give the draft a stronger opening.
Draft Model
I was hiking to the bottom of the Grand Canyon. It was cold and foggy.
I could feel the steep cliffs rising sharply above us.
1. Why is the narrator at the Grand Canyon?
2. How can you hint at or tell about a problem to make the opening
more interesting?
3. Is anyone with the narrator?
4. What does the narrator see and hear while hiking?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details that will grab the
reader’s attention and make him or her want to learn more about
the narrator’s hike.

Vocabulary
Name
inflicted adversity alliance confinement

reminisce retrieved smuggle spindly
Finish each sentence using the vocabulary word provided.
1. (alliance) In order to defeat the enemy,
2. (inflicted) The winds from the strong storm
3. (adversity) We were prepared for the challenge
4. (spindly) The children wanted to climb
5. (retrieved) I left my textbook in the living room,

6. (reminisce) The townspeople liked to
7. (confinement) After sitting in the small room for a while,
8. (smuggle) We needed to

Comprehension: Character, Setting, Plot: Sequence Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the character, setting, plot:

sequence graphic organizer.
Characters
Setting
Problem
Event

Event
Solution

Name
Read the passage. Use the visualize strategy to help you form
mental pictures as you read.
Appreciation
It was the first day of school in this Nebraska community, and Hermann
13 had good reason to be nervous. He barely remembered what it felt like to
27 go to school!
30 That had not always been the case. He had been a good student when he
45 lived in New York City. During the 1882 school year, however, his father
58 had become ill. Hermann had to leave school to help his family. When
71 his father finally recuperated enough for Hermann to return to school,
82 his father made an announcement. The family was going to move to the
95 Nebraska prairie to farm as his family had in the old country.
107 This Nebraska life proved to be an extremely hard one, and it kept
120 Hermann and his father busy every day from early in the morning until late
134 at night. First, they had to reinforce the walls of their sod house, which
148 were made from squares cut from the soil, so they wouldn’t collapse.
160 Then, in order to keep the wind out, they had to seal the cracks that snaked
176 across the walls, and after that, it was time to plow the fields and tend to
192 the crops. Unfortunately, the attention and effort needed to ensure that
203 they had food on the table left no time for Hermann to attend school.
217 However, when fall arrived in 1884, Hermann’s father had made his
228 decision. He wanted Hermann to return to school, because the life of

240 a pioneer farmer was a hard one, and he didn’t want his son to have as
256 arduous a life as he had.
262 As Hermann walked the three dusty miles to school, he became more
274 nervous with each step. Would he make new friends? Would he do
286 satisfactorily in school? Back in the city, there had always been someone
298 to talk to, but here there was nobody, and the prairie seemed inhospitable.
311 Walking across the empty landscape, Hermann felt lonely. There was only
322 the occasional sound of whistling wind or howling coyotes to distract him.

Name
By the time Hermann reached the one-

room schoolhouse, everyone had already
gone inside. The last of his confidence
evaporated as he walked through the door.
“You must be Hermann,” a young woman
Dynamic Graphics/JupiterImages
said. “I am your teacher, Miss Peal.”
Miss Peal pointed to a seat at the far end
of the classroom. All eyes were on Hermann
as he crossed the floor, and he thought he
heard someone stifle a giggle. When he
A one-room schoolhouse with
tripped, his classmates couldn’t hold it in any teacher and students
longer. They laughed loudly, and by the time
Hermann finally sat down, his face was beet red, and he felt humiliated.
“Class, please!” Miss Peal said sharply. Then she smiled and reassured
Hermann. “Don’t worry, you haven’t missed anything,” she said comfortingly.
“I’ve just been asking students to read aloud and spell a few words so that I can
assign partners.”
When it was Hermann’s turn to read, he stumbled since it had been a long
time since he had been in school. Afterward, he wasn’t surprised to be paired
with Rosa, a quiet girl approximately three or four years younger.
Before Hermann realized it, it was time for lunch. Hermann seated himself
away from the other students and pulled some bread and cheese out of a small
sack. Then he noticed Rosa sitting alone. She glanced toward Hermann, looking

tentatively. That’s when it hit him. “Are you hungry?” Hermann asked Rosa.
After she nodded, he said, “Here, I’ll share with you.”
“And I’ll help you in return!” she said. She quickly ate the food Hermann
offered, and then she began to rifle through the pages of her spelling book.
Finally, she found the page she had been looking for. “Spell the word
‘appreciate’ and use it in a sentence.” Hermann carefully spelled each letter, then
he grinned. “I appreciate your help,” he said.
“So do I,” Rosa said, smiling shyly. Finally, Hermann was feeling a little more
confident. Even though this had not been a perfect first day, this year had the
potential to be a very good year.

Comprehension: Sequence and Fluency
Name
1. What is Hermann’s problem in the first paragraph?
2. What four different sequence words in paragraphs 10 and 11 help

you understand the order of events between Hermann and Rosa
during lunch?
3. What is the solution to Hermann’s problem? List three events that

lead to this solution.

intonation. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Visual Elements
Name
Women’s Rights, 1848

The year was 1848, and Molly Simpson traveled from her home in
Baltimore to the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York.
Molly had the honor to present the event’s opening remarks and addressed her
fellow suffragists: “We are here today because we want the same rights and
opportunities as men. We want the vote; we want to be able to go to college
and become professionals. We could even become elected officials ourselves!”
The crowd applauded.
1. How does the setting let you know this is historical fiction?
2. Who is the main character in the text? What is her purpose in

the text?

3. What are the three main events mentioned in the text and in what
order do they occur?
4. What illustration could be added to present details of the historical

time and support the plot?

Name
Read each passage. Underline the context clues that help you
figure out the meaning of each word in bold. Then write the
1. During the 1882 school year, however, his father had become ill.
Hermann had to leave school to help his family. When his father
finally recuperated enough for Hermann to return to school, his
father made an announcement.
2. He wanted Hermann to return to school, because the life of a

pioneer farmer was a hard one, and he didn’t want his son to have
as arduous a life as he had.
3. Back in the city, there had always been someone to talk to, but
here there was nobody, and the prairie seemed inhospitable.
4. All eyes were on Hermann as he crossed the floor, and he thought

he heard someone stifle a giggle. When he tripped, his classmates
couldn’t hold it in any longer.
5. Then he noticed Rosa sitting alone. She glanced toward Hermann,

looking tentatively.

Phonics: Long Vowels
Name
A. Circle the word with a long vowel sound to complete the

sentence. Then write the word on the line.
1. My sister likes to control the television .
channel remote picture
2. I love to out of the car window.
shout watch gaze
3. My favorite songs usually include .
guitar drums rhyme
4. The team’s future is looking .
bleak drab better
5. The two armies decided on a .
plan truce boundary
B. Read the words in the box below. Then write each word on
the line next to the word that has the same long vowel sound.

Underline the letter or letters that make the long vowel sound
in the words you write.
pave kind bleach loan continue
6. note 9. tile
7. frame 10. blue
8. meek

Name
author developed the theme.
Topic In “Appreciation,” the author uses plot, characters

sentence and setting to help develop the theme. The author
describes how Hermann, a boy living in the 1880s, faces
challenges when he moves from New York City to a farm
Evidence
in Nebraska. At his new school, things are tough, but
finding a new friend gives Hermann confidence. Through
Hermann’s relationship with Rosa, the author imparts the
Concluding
message that people can overcome problems by working
statement
together.
Write a paragraph about the two texts you have chosen. Show
how each author developed the theme. Cite evidence from the
texts. Remember to include a strong concluding statement
and to use complete sentences that have both a subject and a
predicate.


Writing Traits: Word Choice
Name
A. Read the draft model. Use the questions that follow the draft
to help you think about ways to use strong, vivid words to create
a clearer picture of what is happening.
Draft Model
In the orchard, Hester and John met the scary soldiers. John wanted to leave,
but Hester gave each soldier a nice apple.
1. What time of day is it? Would the orchard be scarier if the story
took place at night?
2. Why are the soldiers there? What words can you use to describe
what makes them scary?
3. What strong, vivid words can you use to describe how John and
Hester feel about the soldiers?
4. Is there something about the soldiers that makes Hester want to

give them apples? What words can you use to make this clearer?
B. Now revise the draft by adding precise, descriptive words and

phrases that will help the reader visualize what is happening in

the orchard.

Vocabulary
Name
classification compartment engulfs flanked

maneuvering obscure species submerged
1. (classification) The science teacher

.
2. (compartment) The diving gear
3. (engulfs) We can watch as the water
4. (flanked) The security guards
5. (maneuvering) It was going to take some careful
.
6. (obscure) As the storm came closer,
7. (species) The explorers wondered if the strange insect
8. (submerged) The divers

Comprehension: Main Idea and Key Details Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the main idea and key details
graphic organizer.
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to help you

understand new facts or difficult information.
Amazing Plant Discoveries

Have you ever seen trees with exploding seedpods? Rat-eating plants?
10 Do such things really exist? It seems as though we know a great deal about
25 our world. However, each year scientists discover thousands of new kinds
36 of plants. These discoveries help us learn about how plants adapt to the
49 geography and environment in which they live.
56 The Kew Gardens Discovery

60 England’s Kew Gardens is known for its gardens and its research. Their
72 botanists travel the world in search of new plant species. In 2009 they
85 made hundreds of great discoveries. Several were plants found in the rain
97 forests of West Africa. One discovery was a species of palm tree. It had
111 never been seen before. The botanists named it Berlinia korupensis. It was
123 named after the national park in which it was found.
133 Berlinia korupensis is an unusual tree. It is very tall. It reaches 140 feet
147 into the canopy of the rain forest. It also releases its seeds in a very violent
163 way.
164 Plants have different systems for releasing seeds. Some seeds are carried
175 by wind or float on water. Others may be transported on the backs of birds
190 or other animals. Some may drop to the ground in animal waste. Still
203 others require fire or a great deal of time to break down a hard outer shell.
219 The beautiful white flowers of this tree develop into foot-long seedpods.
230 Each pod contains two or three seeds. When the pods burst open, they
243 shoot the seeds into the air. The seeds travel like missiles.

Name
Rain forests are challenging places for plants to

survive. Many trees and other plants compete for
sunlight. They are all trying to reach the top of the
canopy. The seeds of this tree travel far from the
tree. That way they don’t have to compete with the
parent tree for sunlight. This gives the seeds the
best chance of growing in this ecosystem.
The Rat-Eating Pitcher Plant

In 2009 other botanists made another strange This is the rat-eating pitcher
discovery. They were exploring a mountainous plant known as Nepenthes
attenboroughii.
area in the Philippines. They had heard about an
unusual pitcher plant from several missionaries.
As the botanists approached a remote mountaintop, they saw the pitcher plants.
They were one of the largest pitcher plant species in the world. These meat-
eating plants were so large they could swallow a rat.
Carnivorous plants need to have a way to capture prey. They need to be able to
digest it. They also must have a way to use what they have eaten. This plant has
a sweet smell that attracts prey. It has a long tube that insects and small animals
tumble into. It is so large it can hold a rat or mouse. Inside, sticky ribs keep the
animal from escaping. Then, chemicals at the bottom digest it.
All plants need nitrogen to live. In most cases, the roots of plants absorb it
from the soil. However, these pitcher plants grow where the soil is sandy and

rocky. The soil contains little nitrogen. In order to survive, these plants must get
nitrogen elsewhere. They get it from the insects and animals they “eat”!
Today, some people call this plant a rat-eating plant. Some say it is one of the
ten most dangerous plants on the planet.
Regardless, the head of Kew Gardens says, “[T]here is so much of the plant
world yet to be discovered.” He might add, “and so much left for us to learn.”

Comprehension: Main Idea and Key Details and Fluency
Name
1. How are the details in the first paragraph under the head
“The Rat-Eating Pitcher Plant” connected?
2. How are the details in the second paragraph under the head
3. How are the details in the third paragraph under the head
4. What is the main idea of these first three paragraphs?


accuracy. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Aquatic Plant Life

Aquatic plants, or plants that live under water,
are called hydrophytes. Because they are totally
submerged, hydrophytes have adaptations for
living in water. Their stems and leaves lack
strength, allowing the plants to move freely in
water. A hydrophyte’s roots function mainly as
an anchor rather than as a means of supplying
nutrients. Finally, the leaves of each hydrophyte
A water lily is a hydrophyte.
usually have a variety of shapes, allowing Its leaves, stem, and roots are
maximum absorption and photosynthesis. adaptations for living in water.
1. What features of expository text does this passage contain?
2. What does the heading tell you about the topic?

3. What is the main idea of the text?
4. How does the diagram reinforce the concepts in the text?

Vocabulary Strategy: Greek Roots
Name
Answer the following questions about words with Greek roots.
1. The word geography contains two Greek roots. The root geo
means “earth” and graph means “to draw, write, or make a
picture.” What do you think geography means in the following
sentence?
These discoveries help us learn about how plants adapt to the
geography and environment in which they live.
2. System is a word with Greek origins that means “an organized

whole.” Eco- is a prefix that means “environment.” What do you
think ecosystem means in the following sentence?
This gives the seeds the best chance of growing in this ecosystem.
3. If botany is the study of plants, what is a botanist?

4. If canopy comes from a Greek word that means “a curtain or

covering over a bed,” what do you think a canopy in a forest is?

Word Study: Frequently Misspelled Words
Name
affect bought excuse

caught except there
A. Read each word below. Then choose a word from the box that
has a similar spelling pattern and write it on the line.
1. misuse
2. affection
3. where
4. taught
5. adept
6. fought
B. Read each sentence. Write the underlined word on the line and
circle the letters that spell the vowel sound in each syllable.
7. The study group had a good effect on his grade.

8. They wore their away uniforms to the game.
9. It was an especially steep hill to climb.
10. We expect that it will probably rain this weekend.
11. Singing on stage would embarrass the young girl.
12. His older brother would accuse him of borrowing too much.

Name
Evidence is details and examples from a text that support a writer’s ideas.
The student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that shows how
the author organized information around a main idea and supporting details.
In “Amazing Plant Discoveries,” the author uses

Topic
details to support the main idea that scientists continually
sentence
learn from their discoveries of new plants. In 2009,
botanists from Kew Gardens in England discovered
hundreds of new plants, including an unusual West
African palm tree. That same year, botanists found a
Evidence
new rat-eating plant in the Philippines. Studying newly
discovered plants helps scientists learn more about
how plants adapt to ecosystems. Descriptions of plant
Concluding
discoveries and details scientists learn from them help
statement
support the text’s main idea.
the author used main idea and details. Cite evidence from the
text. Remember to include relevant facts, concrete details, and
examples. Be sure to use compound sentences correctly and
effectively.


Writing Traits: Ideas
Name
to help you think about ways to focus on the topic and add
precise details.
Draft Model
There are many unusual rainforest plants. They are very different from the
plants you would find in your backyard!
1. Which rainforest plant do you want to focus on?
2. What is different about this plant?
3. What details will help the reader visualize the plant and
understand why it is unusual?
B. Now revise the draft by focusing on one type of rainforest

plant. Provide rich, focused details about that plant and why it
is unusual.

Vocabulary
Name
cascaded documentation dynamic plummeting

pulverize scalding shards exerts
Write a complete sentence to answer each question below. In

your answer, use the vocabulary word shown in bold.
1. What is an example of a scalding liquid?
2. Why should you be careful around shards of glass?
3. If you see an object plummeting from the sky, what is the

object doing?
4. What happens to something if you pulverize it?
5. What kind of documentation shows your identity, or who you are?

6. When could you say a person exerts a large amount of energy?
7. What is a natural occurrence that could be described as dynamic?
8. Where in nature can you find water that has cascaded?

Name
graphic organizer.
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to identify the main
idea and key details.
Mount St. Helens

The Sleeping Giant
3 Mount St. Helens is a volcano. It had been thought of as one of the most
19 beautiful volcanic mountains in Washington State. Like a sleeping giant,
29 Mount St. Helens lay still for more than 100 years. On May 18, 1980, the
44 giant woke up with a boom. A strong earthquake shook beneath it.
56 At 8:32 a.m. that day, volcanologist David Johnston called his
66 colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS had set up a
79 base in Vancouver, Washington, to watch volcanic activity in the mountain
90 range. Johnston was watching Mount St. Helens from a camp on the
102 mountain. He said, “Vancouver, Vancouver, this is it!” Mount St. Helens
113 exploded. It caused one of the largest landslides ever recorded. The north
125 face of the mountain fell in the blast. Spirit Lake was buried in hundreds
139 of feet of debris. Trees were blown down like matchsticks. Johnston and
151 fifty-six people died in the blast. When the ash was still and the smoke
165 cleared, more than 240 miles of forest had been destroyed.
175 Warning Signs

177 There had been warning signs. In 1978 scientists at the USGS thought
189 that Mount St. Helens might blast again. It had a history of eruptions. On
203 March 20, 1980, an earthquake was recorded beneath Mount St. Helens.
214 Another quake was recorded three days later. After that, the quakes hit like
227 waves. There were about 15 per hour. By March 25, pilots flying over the
241 volcano saw cracks in the glaciers and a number of avalanches. The giant
254 could not sleep with the strong shakes of the earth below. Huge blasts of
268 steam in April and May led to the great blast on May 18.

Name
A Real-life Laboratory
Peter Frenzen flew over the blast zone
after the eruption. Frenzen was an ecologist.
An ecologist is a scientist who studies
how plants and animals act with their
environment. All he could see below was
a scorched landscape and a “ghost forest”
of ash. Still, Frenzen felt excited. He had
studied how forests come back from natural
Austin Post/Cascades Volcano Observatory/USGS

disasters on another mountain. Now he had a
new site to study forest recovery. Mount St.
Helens became a real-life laboratory.
Frenzen walked around the blast zone and
learned that much wildlife still lived. Small
animals that live beneath the ground, such
as mice and gophers, came out from the
ash. Jerry Franklin was the scientist who led
Mount St. Helens after its eruption
the research team at Mount St. Helens after in 1980
the eruption. He also studied the survival
of species after a natural disturbance. He said that buried roots, bulbs, and
seedlings were important in rebuilding forests. Because some plants had also
survived on the mountain, they would create new habitats and start the recovery
of the forests of Mount St. Helens. Large areas of the forest did come back to

life as the summer progressed.
In 1982 Congress established a monument of 110 acres on Mount St. Helens.
The monument protects the mountain from logging and allows the forest to
regrow. Since then, trees and plants have spread across the landscape. They grow
taller and denser each year. Writer and scientist Tim McNultry has called Mount
St. Helens a lesson in hope. As long as nature is allowed to run, he says, it is a
clock that keeps ticking.

Name
1. What are at least four key details in the third paragraph?
2. How are these details related to one another?
3. What is the main idea in the third paragraph?

phrasing and rate. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Laki Volcano
Most people associate a volcanic eruption
Robert Krimmel/Cascades Volcano Observatory/USGS

with scalding steam and hot lava. However,
volcanoes can cause Earth’s temperatures to
plunge. Volcanic gases can block the sun’s
heat, causing a widespread cooling effect.
In the winter after Iceland’s Laki volcano
erupted in 1783, severely cold temperatures
occurred throughout the northern
hemisphere. Farm animals and crops in
Iceland died from the cold. As a result, many Volcanic gases from Laki blocked
people in Iceland died of starvation. the sun and led to a very cold winter.
1. How do you know this is narrative nonfiction?
2. What is the text’s main idea? List two details that support the
main idea.
3. How would you improve the heading of the text?
4. What other features of narrative nonfiction are included in

the passage?

Vocabulary Strategy: Metaphor and Simile
Name
Answer the questions about each of the following comparisons.
1. In the simile “Like a sleeping giant, Mount St. Helens lay still,”
how is Mount St. Helens like a giant before the eruption?
2. In the simile “Trees were blown down like matchsticks,” what force
causes the trees to fall, and what does the simile tell you about it?
3. What does the simile “After that, the quakes hit like waves” say
about the earthquakes?
4. What does the metaphor “the giant could not sleep with the strong
shakes of the earth below” say about the volcano?

Phonics: r-Controlled Vowels
Name
A. Read the words below and listen for the r-controlled vowel
sound. Put each word under the correct heading and underline
the letters that stand for the r-controlled vowel sound.
torch parched search sparkle

care urge wear mourn
/är/ sound, /âr/ sound, /ûr/ sound, /ôr/ sound,

as in march as in chair as in shirt as in fort
B. Circle the correct word with an r-controlled vowel sound to

complete each sentence. The write the word on the line.
1. Don’t spread that !
mess problem rumor
2. I tried in to study for the test.

quiet earnest class
3. The judge spoke in .
court prose private
4. My sister found a great at the sale.
deal bargain price
5. A class party was the for perfect attendance.
prize event reward

Name
Evidence is details and examples from a text that support a writer’s opinion.
The student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that supports his
or her argument about the author’s use of a main idea and supporting details.
Topic I think the organization of “Mount St. Helens” around

sentence a main idea and supporting details is effective. The main
idea is that the volcano erupted with devastating impact.
Details about the warning signs before the eruption,
the damage during the eruption, and the environment’s
Evidence
recovery since help to support the main idea. The author
uses details to help focus the reader’s attention on a big
Concluding event. Details about before, during, and after the event
statement help build my understanding of the event’s importance.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Analyze how
well the author developed a main idea and supported it through
key details. Support your argument with clear reasons and
relevant evidence and include complex sentences.


Writing Traits: Voice
Name
to help you think about ways to give a distinct voice to the text.
Draft Model
I sometimes walk in the swamp near my home. In my high boots, I see frogs
and trees in the fog. I usually walk alone. All I can hear is my steps in the water.
1. How can you change the first sentence to give it a particular “voice,”
or style and tone?
2. What does the narrator see and hear in the swamp? What could
the narrator feel, taste, or smell in the swamp?
3. What words would help the reader understand how the narrator
feels about being alone in the swamp? What vivid descriptions
would show this?
B. Now revise the draft by adding words and phrases that help
to develop the style and tone of the writing.

Vocabulary
Name
basically manufactured salaries fluctuate

formula inventory factors available
1. inventory, fluctuate
2. basically, salaries
3. formula, available
4. factors, manufactured

Comprehension: Author’s Point of View Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the author’s point of view

graphic organizer.
Details Author’s Point of View

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to help you

understand difficult parts of the text.
The Ups and Downs of Inflation

From earning to spending and everything in between, inflation affects
10 what happens to your money. Inflation is a word that is often discussed
23 in the news. The reason it is so important is because inflation can change
37 how people live.
40 Simply put, inflation is when prices rise. You are able to purchase fewer
53 items with each dollar you have. Inflation can affect everything you buy—
65 from a candy bar to a basketball to a car. Imagine you receive the same
80 allowance two years in a row. If the price of video games doubles from
94 one year to the next, you will have to save up twice as much to buy a new
112 game.
113 Why, Oh Why?

116 Economists study the way wealth is made, used, and shared among
127 people. Some economists say that inflation means there are “too many
138 dollars chasing too few goods.” They believe dollars, or other forms of
150 paper money, are linked to inflation.
156 To understand this, picture an economy with only two goods, paper
167 money and skateboards. Imagine that one year you cannot get enough
178 wheels for all the skateboards. With fewer skateboards to sell, each one
190 will be more valuable to buyers. They will be willing to pay more to
204 get one. This shortage of supply can lead to what is called “cost-push”
217 inflation.
218 Another way prices can be pushed higher is if the government decides to
231 print lots more money. This also can cause inflation. If the money supply
244 is too large, the value of each dollar falls. When the value of the currency
259 decreases, prices rise.

Name
With inflation, the desire for goods and services is greater than the economy’s
ability to meet the demand. Sometimes the government spends more money than
it gets from taxes. When governments pay their bills by printing more money
instead of raising taxes, the effect is inflation. The new supply causes people to
spend more money buying goods and services. If the demand is already high,
more demand drives the prices higher.
People sometimes add to inflation as they try to protect themselves from it. If
you have a job, you might ask for more pay. As a result, your employer might
have to raise prices to pay for your higher wages. This leads to more inflation.
Spending Habits During Inflation

Inflation affects people differently depending on their income. Some people
have incomes that stay the same. Some may have incomes that do not rise
enough to match inflation. These people do not have the money to buy what they
usually do. They may have to go without things. Sometimes inflation causes
people to go into debt, or borrow money to pay for their normal needs.
If people believe prices will keep rising, they may buy ahead of their need.
If something you planned to get next year will cost more later, you may decide
to get it right away. That thinking can lead people to spend more money than
normal. During long periods of inflation, people tend to spend more of their
income and save less. If you save today and inflation levels rise, your money
will not be worth as much in the future. A
dollar will still look like a dollar. It will still

be called a dollar. However, during inflation
it will take more dollars to pay for your wants
and needs.
High inflation can be hard on people and
nations. National leaders work to control
extreme inflation, but stopping it can be
a challenge. People often don’t want the In the United States, the Federal
Market Committee tries to figure out
government to cut back on services or to raise ways to keep inflation low. This helps
taxes to pay for them. Something has to give. keep the U.S. economy strong.

Comprehension: Author’s Point of View and Fluency
Name
1. In the second paragraph, what does the author say happens during
inflation?
2. Are the main points that the author includes on the first page of the
passage opinions or could they be proved by evidence? Are the
author’s words trying to convince readers to feel a certain way?
3. In the text under the head “Spending Habits During Inflation,” what
are three ways the author says people change their spending
during inflation?
4. Based on the information in the text and the words and details the
author uses, what is the author’s point of view about inflation? Is
this point of view biased or objective?

rate. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Creating Your Own Budget

To begin creating a monthly budget, write One Student's Monthly Budget
down your planned income from work and planned actual
$140
other sources. Next, below that, write your
$120
planned expenses for essential needs (such
as food). Then, write your planned expenses $100
for other things you want (such as a new $80
phone). At the end of the month, write your $60

actual income and expenses. Figure out the
$40
differences between your plans and what
$20
you really earned and spent. Do you need to
manage your money better? Do you need to Income Needs Wants Savings
spend more on needs and less on wants?
1. How do you know this is expository text?
2. What text features does this text include?
3. Is the heading a strong one for this text? Why or why not?
4. What information does the bar graph give you?

Vocabulary Strategy: Root Words
Name
Read each passage. Write a definition of the word in bold using

context clues and the meaning of the root word.
1. From earning to spending and everything in between, inflation

affects what happens to your money. Simply put, inflation is when
prices rise. You are able to purchase fewer items with each dollar
you have.
root word: inflate
2. With fewer skateboards to sell, each one will be more valuable to

buyers.
root word: value
3. This shortage of supply can lead to what is called “cost-push”

inflation.
root word: short
4. Another way prices can be pushed higher is if the government

decides to print lots more money.
root word: govern
5. With inflation, the desire for goods and services is greater than the
economy’s ability to meet the demand.
root word: able

Word Study: Compound Words
Name
A. Read each sentence. Circle the pair of words that should be

joined together to become a closed compound. Then write the
compound word on the line.
1. We drove north west to visit our cousins.
2. I got new glasses because the doctor told me I am near sighted.
3. How many sea shells did you collect at the beach?
4. In just a few months she will become a teen ager.
5. There was so much ice that I had to help scrape the wind shield.
B. Read each pair of words in the row and circle the pair that
should be hyphenated. Then write the hyphenated compound on
the line.
6. water melon question mark self respect
7. finger nail old fashioned teen ager
8. wading pool full time eye lid
9. all star science fiction team mate

10. twenty five post office farm yard

Name
author provided support for his or her point of view.
In “The Ups and Downs of Inflation,” the author

Topic
develops the point of view that inflation can powerfully
sentence
affect how people live. The author provides support for
this viewpoint by discussing personal finance decisions.
For example, the author points out that when an employee
Evidence asks for a raise, the company may increase prices. Greater
inflation may be the result. Attitudes about spending are
also tied to inflation, the author suggests, and the inflation
Concluding cycle continues. By discussing the emotions involved, the
statement author provides convincing support for the point of view.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Show how the
author supported his or her point of view. Cite evidence from the
text. Remember to organize information and ideas logically and
to avoid run-on sentences and comma splices.


Writing Traits: Sentence Fluency
Name
to help you think about how you can add transitions to connect
related ideas.
Draft Model
Each year I go through my clothes and choose many to donate to charity.
I rarely wear these items. Other people could use them.
1. How can you add a sentence using the transition for instance to
show an example of the types of clothes that are donated?
2. How can you use a transition such as also, in addition, or another

to add an idea that is similar to one already in the draft?
3. What transition can you use to explain why the speaker rarely
wears the items? Make sure your transition connects a cause and
an effect.
B. Now revise the draft by adding transitions that connect related

ideas.

Vocabulary
Name
artifact communal derived inscription

millennium stationery utilize yields
1. (inscription) In order to know why the statue was built, we

.
2. (communal) After we got our food, we
3. (derived) Some information about the ancient civilization was
4. (artifact) The explorers found
5. (yields) The farmers were happy because
.
6. (stationery) We need to write a letter, but
7. (utilize) In order to build something, you need
8. (millennium) After a thousand years,

Comprehension: Problem and Solution Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the problem and solution graphic

organizer.
Problem Solution

Name
Read the passage. Use the ask and answer questions

strategy before, during, and after each section.
The Mysterious Olmecs

The Olmecs were an ancient people who lived around 1200–400 b.c.
12 in Middle America. Today we call that area Mexico and Central America.
24 There is a lot that is mysterious about the Olmecs. We know that they
38 made their own written language and calendars. But their systems of
49 language and numbers were difficult, and all we can do is make a guess
63 about what they mean. The Olmecs are well known for their huge rock
76 sculptures. Yet we don’t know what the sculptures stand for or why
88 they were made. One thing we do know is that the Olmecs were a very
103 complicated people. We see their mark on cultures that came later such as
116 the Mayans and Aztecs.
120 The name Olmec means “people of rubber country.” They lived where
131 rubber trees grew. It seems that the Olmecs were the first people to make
145 what we think of as rubber. They mixed vine juice with a milk-like liquid
159 from the trees. With this mixture, they made balls that could bounce high.
172 They used the balls to play games. Later, other cultures continued to play
185 ball games and found more ways to use rubber. The Olmecs’ discovery
197 may be why we use rubber today.
204 Early Writing in the Americas

209 Archaeologists have proof that the Olmecs were the first people in the
221 Americas to write. Yet the Olmecs’ early writings are a mystery. No one
234 has been able to break their written code.
242 Scientists discovered an important stone in Mexico that dates back to
253 about 900 b.c. Writing is carved into the rock. More pictures and symbols
266 were found on statues and masks. One rock slab has 465 carvings. We
279 do know that Olmec writings included calendar symbols. Large standing
289 stones were carved or painted with important events.

Name
A Matter of Time
Olmec calendars combined two different calendars. Priests made the calendars
to keep track of ceremonies. One calendar had 260 days. They made another
calendar that had 360 days for other events. The two calendars together were
called the Long Count calendar. Long Count dates contained five simple
numbers made up of lines and dots. The dates also contained the number zero.
The Olmecs represented zero with a shell-shaped drawing. Archaeologists credit
the Olmecs with inventing zero.
The Amazing Zero

The Olmecs used a base-20 counting system. They wrote separate numbers
from 1–20, just as we do for 1–10 today. In order to make their system work,
they needed to invent a zero.
The idea of zero is common to us. However, most ancient people did not
understand it. It is really a very complex idea. Sometimes zero serves as a
placeholder to explain other numbers. Zero also stands on its own as a number.
The Olmecs understood that.
Stone Sculptures
Huge stone faces were found at several Olmec sites. These strange stone
carvings range in size from five to nine feet tall. The images all have grim, flat
faces. Each head wears what seems to be a helmet. No one knows why.

The purpose of the stone heads is unknown. People think the carvings may be
of Olmec rulers. It seems likely that the Olmec
culture had many classes of people. Leaders
would have ruled over the artisans and laborers.
Maybe they demanded the images be made. Art to come
We still have a lot to learn about the
Olmecs. Their written language, calendars, U002_W001_001P
rubber-making techniques, and art all point
to an early, advanced culture. Researchers
have many more mysteries to unravel as they
study the Olmec people. Perhaps the Olmecs’
greatest contributions are yet to come. Olmec sites

Comprehension: Problem and Solution and Fluency
Name
1. How did the Olmecs solve the problem of keeping track of their
ceremonies as well as other events?
2. What problem did the Olmecs solve by inventing the zero?
3. What problem do researchers today have regarding the Olmecs?

How might researchers solve this problem in the future?
B. Work with a partner. Read the passage aloud. Pay attention

to rate and accuracy. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
The Moors’ Influence on Western Europe

In 711, the Moors crossed into Spain. They remained there until 1492. During
their 780 years in Spain, the Moors influenced all of Western Europe, not just
Spain. They made agricultural and architectural advancements, but their greatest
influence was intellectual. They built more than seventy libraries in the city
of Cordoba alone. Muslims, Jews, and Christians gathered in Moorish cities
to study philosophy, science, and medicine. After foreign invaders conquered
Spain, some great Moorish libraries remained.
Golden Age of Islam brings

about a culture of learning
750–1258
600 800 1000 1200 1400

711 719 1085
Moors cross Moors control King Alfonso VI Moorish rule ends with 1492
into Spain almost all of Spain captures Toledo the fall of Granada

2. What does the heading tell you about the topic?
3. How does the text expand on the idea in the heading?
4. Give one example of how the timeline supports a fact in the text.

Vocabulary Strategy: Latin Roots
Name
Use context clues and the information about Latin roots below
each passage to decide what each word in bold means. Write
the definition on the line.
1. “It is really a very complex idea.”

The Latin prefix com- means “together.” The Latin root plexus
means “braided or twisted.” In the sentence above, what does
complex mean?
2. “Sometimes zero serves as a placeholder to explain other numbers.”

The Latin root serv means “to perform the duties of.” In the
sentence above, what does serves mean?
3. “These strange stone carvings range in size from five to nine feet
tall. The images all have grim, flat faces.”
The Latin root imag means “likeness.” In the sentence above, what
does images mean?
4. “Leaders would have ruled over the artisans and laborers.”

The Latin root art means “skill.” In the sentence above, what does
artisans mean?
5. “Leaders would have ruled over the artisans and laborers.”

The Latin root lab means “work.” In the sentence above, what does
laborers mean?

Word Study: Irregular Plurals
Name
A. Read each sentence. Fill in the blanks by writing the plural

form of the word in parentheses.
1. (shelf) Several of the were full of books.
2. (knife) How many forks and do we need to set the table?
3. (echo) The of thunder filled the air.
4. (thief) Police warned about near the train station.
5. (life) This medical device can save many .
6. (wolf) The pack of traveled together.
7. (potato) My cousin helped me peel all the .
B. To make an irregular noun ending in -um plural, change the

-um to -a. Write the plural form for each noun.
8. medium
9. bacterium
10. datum

Name
author used a problem-and-solution text structure.
Topic In “The Mysterious Olmecs,” the author organizes

sentence the text with a problem-and-solution text structure.
The problem described is the identity of the Olmec
people. Who were they, and what did they accomplish?
Although archaeologists have not deciphered the Olmecs’
Evidence writing system, they have solved a number of other
mysteries. For instance, archaeologists know that the
Olmecs likely pioneered the use of rubber. They know that
the Olmecs invented the concept of zero. The problem-
Concluding and-solution structure allows the author to illustrate the
statement Olmecs’ accomplishments.
author used a problem-and-solution text structure. Cite evidence
from the text. Remember to maintain a formal style and use
common and proper nouns.


Name
help you think about ways to provide supporting details that will
tell the reader more about the main idea.
Draft Model
Inventors built the first computer to do calculations. Now people also use
computers for research and to keep in touch. These machines have Internet
and word processing software.
1. When were computers first invented?
2. How big were the first computers? What kinds of calculations did
they perform?
3. What details could be added to explain how and why computers

changed?
4. How is society affected by the wide availability of the Internet and

of word processing software?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details that will help

the reader learn more about how computers have changed

over time.

Vocabulary
Name
aspiring foundation restrict withstood

speculation principal promote preceded
1. aspiring, foundation
2. speculation, restrict
3. principal, promote
4. withstood, preceded

Comprehension: Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the compare and contrast

graphic organizer.
Both

Name
Read the passage. Use the ask and answer questions

strategy before, during, and after each section.
What is a Democracy?
The United States of America is a democracy. Most people have thought
12 so since the nation began. But what does democracy mean? The Greek
24 prefix demo- means “people.” The Greek root word cracy means “rule.”
35 So, the word democracy suggests a government ruled by the people.
46 What exactly does this mean in a country like ours?
56 The Pursuit of Liberty

60 When the Puritans made their way to America, they wanted to have the
73 liberty to make their own choices. They left England to seek freedom of
86 religion. In America, they had a new problem. They had to build a new
100 government, but they still wanted to protect their freedom. They came
111 up with the idea of gathering together the people in a town to make key
126 decisions. These gatherings were known as town meetings. Laws were
136 made with the people’s interests in mind.
143 Town-Hall Meetings

145 In Puritan times, town halls were built in order to take care of town
159 business. Sometimes, town halls were used for worship services as
169 well, since they were the largest buildings in town. Early settlers looked
181 forward to town meeting days. The meetings were more than a time to
194 vote. Without telephones or other ways to keep people in touch, the town
207 meetings were also social gatherings for the public.
215 As New England grew, people with common interests settled in small
226 towns together, just as the Puritans did. That meant that for the most
239 part, everyone living in a town had the same goals. Voters met to solve
253 problems for the good of all, making it possible for people to participate
266 directly in legislation. In small towns this form of democracy worked.

Name
In many small communities today, the town meeting is still important.

Not only is it still a good way of governing, but it is a tradition that many
people see as a symbol of democracy.
Two Kinds of Democracy

The kind of democracy that takes place in town-hall meetings is known as
“direct democracy.” In early New England, direct democracy worked very well.
Members of a community made important decisions together. Everyone had
a say in the process. However, as small towns grew larger, it became harder
for everyone to meet in one place and take part in legislation. As the need
for government extended to cities, states, and the nation as a whole, the town
meeting became less practical.
Fortunately, direct democracy is not the only form of democracy. Another
form is known as “representative democracy.” This means that people vote for
leaders who make laws for them. These representatives govern in place of the
people. This form of democracy is necessary when there are too many people
and too many different interests for everyone to participate directly.
Democracy in the United States Today

What system of democracy does the United States have today? Our nation is
much too large for all to participate directly in decision-making. So, our national
government must use the representative

form of democracy. State governments Representative
Direct Democracy Democracy
use representative government as well.
1. Works best in towns 1. Works for towns, cities,
If they are small enough, some local with small populations. and the nation with large
populations.
governments do still govern with direct
2. Allows each voter to 2. Citizens elect people
democracy, just as they did in early speak his/her mind. to represent their
America. However, in the country as a ideas about laws and
government.
whole, this is the exception today. 3. Allows voters to make 3. Representatives discuss
Some people might say that a decisions directly for the issues and make
themselves. decisions for the people
representative democracy is not as pure they represent.
a form as a direct democracy. However, 4. Value is placed on 4. Value is placed on
personal freedom and personal freedom and
both forms try to preserve freedom for all political equality. political equality.
and equality in decision-making.

Comprehension: Compare and Contrast and Fluency
Name
1. How are direct democracy and representative democracy similar?
2. What is the most significant difference between direct democracy

and representative democracy?
3. Why can some local governments still use direct democracy

today, while state and national governments use representative
democracy?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
The U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the highest U.S. Supreme Court Justices in 2011
court in our nation. The Court
Name Began serving
hears cases that are brought before
it and interprets the Constitution. Antonin Scalia 1986
The Supreme Court can decide Anthony M. Kennedy 1988
that a law passed by Congress is Clarence Thomas 1991
unconstitutional or constitutional.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1993
It can also tell a state that one of
its laws violates the Constitution. Stephen G. Breyer 1994
Supreme Court members are chosen John G. Roberts 2005
by the president and confirmed by (Chief Justice)
Congress. They serve until they Samuel A. Alito, Jr. 2006
choose to retire. The Supreme Court Sonia Sotomayor 2009
is comprised of eight associate
Elena Kagan 2010
justices and one chief justice.

2. What is the topic of the text? How do you know?
3. The chart gives evidence of what fact that is not stated in the text?

Vocabulary Strategy: Greek and Latin Prefixes
Name
Read each sentence below from “What is a Democracy?” and the

meaning of each prefix. Write the meaning of the word in bold on
the first line. Then use that word in a sentence of your own.
1. “The United States of America is a democracy.”

The Latin prefix uni- means “as one.”
Meaning:
Sentence:
2. “Without telephones or other ways to keep people in touch, the

town meetings were also social gatherings for the public.”
The Greek prefix tele- means “distant, far apart.”
Meaning:
Sentence:
3. “Voters met to solve problems for the good of all, making it possible
for people to participate directly in legislation.”
The Latin prefix leg- means “law.”
Meaning:
Sentence:
4. “As the need for government extended to cities, states, and the
nation as a whole, the town meeting became less practical.”
In extended, the Latin prefix ex- means “out.”
Meaning:
Sentence:

Word Study: Inflectional Endings
Name
A. Write the correct -ed and -ing form of each verb.
Verb + ed + ing
1. orbit
2. patrol
3. confide
4. regret
5. accuse
B. Read each sentence and circle the word that correctly uses
the inflectional ending. Then write the word on the line.
6. We watched the cats as they for mice in the yard.
a. huntted b. hunted c. hunnted
7. The mirror was the silver frame.
a. surrounding b. surroundding c. surroundinng

8. The heat in the closed room was .
a. stifleing b. stiffling c. stifling
9. Travelers to the old map to find their way to the cave.
a. reffered b. refered c. referred
10. Cold water us after the long, difficult hike.
a. revivved b. revived c. reviveed

Name
author used text features to present information.
Topic In “What is a Democracy?” text features are included

sentence to help the author communicate information. For
example, the author uses a chart to compare direct and
representative democracy. The concept of two kinds of
Evidence
democracy is explained in the text, but it is helpful to see
a visual representation of the concept. The chart helps
to clarify the comparison for readers. The use of text
Concluding features helps support the information the author wants to
statement provide about how democracies work.
the author used text features to present information and support
ideas. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to develop the
topic with concrete details and examples and to include singular
and plural nouns.


Name
help you think about what supporting details can be added to tell
the reader more about the topic.
Draft Model
Last week, our class voted. Kids were on the ballot. Carla promised many
things. I voted for her. She won!
1. What office was the class voting for?
2. Who exactly was on the ballot?
3. What exactly did Carla promise?
4. Why did the narrator choose to vote for Carla?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details to provide

important information about the class election.

Vocabulary
Name
alcove commerce domestic exotic

fluent stifling upheaval utmost

your answer, use the vocabulary word in bold.
1. Why might a car not be parked in an alcove?
2. Where would you likely find commerce taking place?
3. What domestic item do you use that ancient people probably used?
4. Why is a dog not considered an exotic pet?
5. Why is it helpful to be fluent in Italian if you are visiting Italy?

6. What can make you feel better on a day when the heat is stifling?
7. When might an upheaval occur?
8. What is of utmost importance if you have a test coming up?

Comprehension: Point of View Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the details and point of view

graphic organizer.
Details Point of View

Name
Read the passage. Use the make predictions strategy to make

logical guesses about what will happen next.
Kush, A Land of Archers

The morning air had turned hot and steamy. Swatting the insects
11 feasting on my arms, I sat with ears tuned to the hills not far from the
27 Nile River. The clamor of battle still echoed in my head. Fighting was
40 not uncommon in the land of Kush. Egypt’s jealous pharaohs to the north
53 often tried to rule my land.
59 Some people called our land Nubia, the land of gold. Foreigners
70 considered our gold a prize. Neighboring kingdoms often tried to rule us
82 in order to own our gold, iron, and precious stones.
92 However, our army of archers was widely known for strength and skill.
104 Bows and arrows were our weapons of war. The Kush army had been
117 victorious against the most recent invasion. Sadly, we did not always
128 triumph. The Kush gold mines were always at stake.
137 Running my fingers through the dirt, I began sketching the battle I
149 had heard from weeks past. I was forbidden to observe, even from the
162 sidelines. At twelve, the leaders declared I was too young to see for
175 myself. However, my memories of the distant drums punctuating the
185 sounds of the battle strongly fueled my curiosity. I quickly outlined
196 muscular archers launching their arrows into enemy lines. I imagined
206 myself in the field of archers. If only I could be there with my father
221 and brothers.
223 Father assigned me the farm chores and protection of the household
234 during any invasions. Even with those responsibilities, I made time for
245 target practice every day. My eldest brother had given me his old bow and
259 generously taught me the basics of archery. He said I was a natural archer.

Name
We looked forward to the annual “Festival of Many Villages.” People gathered

from all around, bringing delicious food. Potters brought their work to trade or
sell. Musicians played and people danced. We enjoyed feasting and celebrating
for several days.
The most important part to me was the great competition. Archers of all
ages came to demonstrate their skill. The best athletes earned recognition. This
season, I waited anxiously for the festival.
I was nervous because I planned to enter the
contest for the first time.
When the festival arrived, families flocked
to the place where whole villages of people
gathered. You could spot the women’s brightly
colored dresses from a distance.
“Mother, today you will be proud of me,”
I said as we walked toward the crowd. “I plan
to compete in the archery contest.” At first
Mother looked surprised. I had not told her of
my plan. She smiled at me with understanding.
“Oh, little Markos, give yourself time to grow!” my older brother wheedled,
ruffling my hair with his oversized hands.
Ignoring him, I walked with purpose to the archery field. Drummers began
pounding their rhythms while people gathered. The village leader announced the
contestants’ names, one by one.

Finally, I heard my name. I advanced to the center of the field with trembling
hands, fighting back my fear. As the drums beat, I lifted my bow, or kiniosha,
and drew the arrow back with care. The drum rhythms grew more rapid, while
villagers chanted and stomped.
I took aim, aware that I could no longer delay. “Zing!” I felt the release. My
eyes followed the arrow into the vivid blue sky and downward to the ground.
When I ran toward the target, the villagers began chanting my name. My arrow
had plunged into the most distant target of all. Only the experts’ arrows had
landed there!
Now I knew my future in the army would come true. Someday I would protect
the land, treasure, and people of Kush. “Markos the Archer” sounded just right.

Comprehension: Point of View and Fluency
Name
1. Who is narrating the story?
2. How do you know which point of view (first-person or third-person)

is used in the story?
3. What do you learn about the archery competition because of who

the narrator is?

to expression. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
Hasina, Fabric Maker of Medina

“Hasina, please improve the stitching of this fabric,” my boss Amisi tells me
gently. “This cloth will eventually become a robe for the Pharaoh’s son.” My
name, Hasina, means “good” in Egyptian, and I am proud of my name. I try to
be good at my work as a fabric maker in my city of Medina. “Of course. It must
be perfect for our future king,” I say. In my country, many women, like me, work
outside of the home. Tomorrow, however, I will clean my house, cook, and keep
my family “nefer,” or pure and beautiful—my most important job.
1. What details in the text place the plot in a historical setting?
2. How does Hasina’s use of foreign words make her seem like a real
character from history?
3. What does the text tell you about women of the time?

Vocabulary Strategy: Connotations and Denotations
Name
A. Read each of the following excerpts from the passage.

Then explain how the tone of the sentence would change if
the word in bold were replaced by the word in parentheses.
1. Archers of all ages came to demonstrate their skill. The best athletes
earned recognition (glory).
2. At first Mother looked surprised (amazed).
3. “Oh, little Markos, give yourself time to grow!” my older brother

wheedled (pleaded), ruffling my hair with his oversized hands.
4. Ignoring him, I walked with purpose (boldness) to the archery field.

B. Write a few sentences explaining whether the word in bold

has a positive or negative connotation and why.
5. “Foreigners considered our gold a prize.”

Phonics: Closed Syllables
Name
Read each sentence. Circle the two-syllable words that have

a closed syllable.
1. My mom loves to bake pumpkin seeds.
2. Our car’s muffler needs some maintenance.
3. For the election, we wrote each ballot by hand.
4. Our pantry is full of great food for the holiday.
5. The prince inherited a large kingdom.
6. I chose a ribbon necklace to match my dress.
7. The dad took a snapshot of his son playing catch.
8. She took time to ponder why the land was barren.
9. The garment was created with an expensive fabric.
10. The brick dwelling was built extremely fast.

Name
author used point of view to convey information about the topic.
In “Kush, A Land of Archers,” the author uses first-

Topic
person point of view to help readers imagine life in
sentence
ancient Kush. The narrator is Markos, a boy who lives
on a farm and wants to become an archer in the Kush
army. Markos tells about the history and resources of his
Evidence
land. He also describes family life and a festival where
he competes against grown men in an archery contest.
Markos is a likable narrator. His first-person narration
Concluding
makes it interesting to read about Kush.
statement
the author conveyed information through point of view. Cite
evidence from the text. Remember to include a strong concluding
statement and to spell irregular plural nouns correctly.


Name
to help you think about ways to make the conclusion stronger.
Draft Model
It was time for Mario to return home. As he boarded the airplane, he turned
and waved back to us. He was now truly part of our family.
1. How might the conclusion help to clarify previous events in

the story?
2. What descriptive words and phrases can you add to show the
intensity of Mario’s and the family’s feelings?
3. What details would help make the conclusion more interesting

or surprising?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details that will help create
an interesting, satisfying conclusion to the story.

Vocabulary
Name
benefit deftly derision eaves

expertise impudence legacy symmetry
1. benefit, expertise
2. deftly, symmetry
3. impudence, derision
4. legacy, eaves

Name
Read the selection. Complete the details and point of view

graphic organizer.
Details Point of View

Name
Read the passage. Use the make predictions strategy to make

logical guesses about what will happen next.
Approaching Zero
Basu counted the steps, doing quick measurements as he walked along
11 the south bank of India’s Ganges River, kicking up the hot, dusty ground.
24 He had arisen before daybreak, and the sun was now rising in the east.
38 By his calculations, he had walked 12,563 steps and covered about
49 one-quarter of the distance from his small village. By the time the sun was
63 directly overhead, he should finally reach the university at Patna. There he
75 hoped to find Aryabhata. Perhaps the great mathematician could help him
86 with the questions he’d been pondering: How do you measure the passing
98 of time and days? How do you determine the circumference of Earth? How
111 far away is the moon?
116 From what Basu had heard, Aryabhata had all of the answers, but the
129 master did not like to be disturbed. Basu’s parents had warned him not to
143 go. “Why would a wise scholar want to waste his time with a twelve-year-
157 old boy?” his father had chided. Basu had a burning desire to study math
170 and to one day write a book like Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata’s masterpiece.
181 According to the local scholars, the book described the earth as a
193 sphere that rotated around the sun, and it explained mathematics, time,
204 astronomy, and other mysteries of the universe.
211 Basu dragged a stick along the dirt, drawing a line. Was it a straight line
226 between where he just was and where he was going? He posed question
239 after question to himself to pass the time, keeping a running step count as
253 he went—18,231. The sun was just where Basu expected, casting a long
266 shadow from his stick.

Name
Finally, just as the sun was overhead, Basu spotted a man crouched on a mat
by a small, low table. He could see the man was furiously writing with a long
iron spike that he dipped in ink, inscribing on the surface of hardened palm
leaves. Basu held his breath and took quiet, short steps, cutting the remaining
distance in half, and then in half again. Finally,
he was standing beside Aryabhata. Basu was
so close, he could see the mysterious numbers
and symbols.
Basu was invisible to Aryabhata, who was
immersed in his thoughts, but just then a beetle
flew off the spike and landed on Basu’s arm.
He brushed it off without thinking and jarred
Aryabhata’s hand, which skidded across the ink.
Aryabhata looked up in a flash of anger and
thundered, “Who are you?”
“I am just a merchant’s son,” confessed Basu,
“but I’ve come here desperate to benefit from
your knowledge and hoping to absorb a fraction
of your wisdom.”
Aryabhata fixed him with a hard stare and replied grudgingly, “All right. You
may ask me one question.”
Basu thought for a long moment. “I walked 29,348 steps to get here, and then
crossed your courtyard, cutting it in half, in half again, and again. Now our

arms have brushed, and I cannot get any closer, but I am lost because I have no
number to tell me the distance between us. What is the number that tells how
many steps I have to go?”
A broad smile lit Aryabhata’s face. “You have just asked the very question
I have been working on for many moons. The answer is zero. There are zero
steps left. Zero is the number.”
“There’s one other thing I want to know—” Basu began.
Aryabhata interrupted. “You have zero questions left!” he admonished. Basu
looked crushed with disappointment, but Aryabhata laughed. “Zero, plus one
thousand! You may ask me as many questions as you wish, because I think we
can learn a lot together.”

Name
1. What details from the first paragraph help you determine this
story’s point of view?
2. At the beginning of paragraph 5, what does the narrator say

about Aryabhata’s thoughts?
3. Is the person telling the story a character in the story? How do

you know?
4. What is the point of view of this story?



Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
Urco: Craftsman in Training

“Father, I am meant to be a craftsman, an artist,” pleaded Urco, a twelve-
year-old Inca boy. The year was 1425. “No, I absolutely refuse. You must
work as a laborer like the rest of us, building roads, fortresses, and temples in
our great city of Cuzco,” replied Urco’s father. As angry as he felt toward his
father, Urco knew that most Inca men did exactly what his father described.
They dedicated their lives to building the city, which was high in the mountains.
Urco, however, was different. He wanted to create golden goblets and ornaments
for the nobles and the emperor! Now, Urco had to convince his father to agree.
1. What is the time and place of this historical fiction?
2. What does the text tell you about life during the time of the Incas?

3. Give an example of dialogue from the text and explain how it helps
you learn about the character.

Vocabulary Strategy: Greek and Latin Suffixes
Name
Read each excerpt from the passage and the meaning of the
suffix of the word in bold. Then write a possible meaning for
the word in bold.
1. Basu counted the steps, doing quick measurements as he

walked along the south bank of India’s Ganges River, kicking
up the hot, dusty ground.
–ment means “act of” or “state of”
2. According to the local scholars, the book described the earth as a

sphere that rotated around the sun, and it explained mathematics,
time, astronomy, and other mysteries of the universe.
-nomy means “law”
3. Basu dragged a stick along the dirt, drawing a line. Was it a

straight line between where he just was and where he was going?
He posed question after question to himself to pass the time.
–tion means “state of”
4. Basu was so close, he could see the mysterious numbers

and symbols.
–ous means “full of” or “having”
5. Basu looked crushed with disappointment, but Aryabhata

laughed.
–ment means “act of” or “state of”

Phonics: Open Syllables
Name
voter brutal favor focus vital
A. Read each word below. Choose a word from the box that
rhymes with it and write the word on the line. Then underline the
open syllable in both words.
1. futile
2. flavor
3. crocus
4. tidal
5. motor
B. Read each sentence. Circle the two-syllable word with an

open syllable.
6. My soccer shorts are made of nylon.
7. How can you resist a picnic on a warm day?

8. The football team plays its rival on Saturday.
9. It is brave to stand on stage and recite poetry.
10. My dad could detect the smell of onions in the house.

Name
The student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that supports his
or her argument about the author’s choice of point of view.
The author’s use of third-person point of view in

Topic
“Approaching Zero” makes the story interesting and
sentence
suspenseful. First, we read Basu’s thoughts as he walks
along. We learn that Basu is very smart and loves math.
Evidence From Aryabhata’s dialogue, we learn that he is very smart
but can be stern. When he accepts Basu as a student, it
comes as a relief. Third-person point of view is the best
Concluding for this story because readers learn about both characters,
statement
and that makes the story entertaining.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Analyze

whether the author chose the best point of view for the topic.
Remember to introduce your claim and organize your reasons and
evidence clearly. Use possessive nouns correctly as you write.


Name
help you think about transitions to clarify shifts in time or setting.
Draft Model
Uncle Max agreed to show me the magic trick. I tried to learn how to hold
the coin the way he showed me. I got it, and I pulled the coin out of Uncle
Max’s ear.
1. When and why did Uncle Max agree to teach the narrator the trick?
2. What happened after Uncle Max agreed? How was the narrator
able to learn to do the trick?
3. What transitional words and phrases could be added to help

connect all the events?
B. Now revise the draft by adding transitions to clarify shifts in

time or setting.

Vocabulary
Name
commemorate forlorn contemplate majestic
1. (majestic) During our travels,

.
2. (forlorn) The lost dog had

.
3. (commemorate) On the Fourth of July
4. (contemplate) Before responding to an important question,
.

Comprehension: Theme Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the theme graphic organizer.
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name
Read the passage. Check your understanding by asking yourself

what the message of the poem is.
At Grandmother’s Pueblo
When I visit my grandmother’s pueblo,
6 I hear songs I can’t understand.
12 I see folks who are happy and smiling
20 Saying welcome to family land.
25 New Mexico, so dry and vast,

31 Holds a painted canvas before me,
37 With deserts and valleys and mountains
43 As far as the eye can see.
50 Nature proudly displays

53 Her work for us to savor.
59 When the sun bows low, I see
66 A rainbow like a party favor.
72 Grandmother weaves her blankets

76 And tells us stories of tricksters.
82 I listen as if in a trance
89 While the campfire dances and flickers.
95 When Grandma comes to my room

101 Later on, she holds to the light
108 A blanket she made just for me
115 That holds me in its arms all night.

Comprehension: Theme and Fluency
Name
1. What do the words in line 2—“I hear songs I can’t understand”—tell

you about the speaker’s experience at the grandmother’s pueblo?
2. Based on the speaker’s descriptions in stanzas 2, 3, and 4, how do

you think the speaker feels about being at the pueblo?
3. How does the speaker describe the blanket from Grandma?

How does the blanket make the speaker feel?
4. Based on the details and descriptions, what do you think is the

theme of this poem?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
Museum Trip
While walking through the gallery, it seemed
That I was on a journey through the years.
Ancient statues stared ahead and dreamed.
Waiting, watching, beckoning each appeared.
Look at these and this and those things, they said,
As I saw the cases of golden things
That were useful to people so long dead,
Golden crowns and cups, masks and bowls and rings.
But then the afternoon grew late, and we
Had to leave this place of treasures and things rare.
And though we left there’s so much more to see.
I want to come back here again to share.
It makes me wonder what on Earth they’d say
If those people were here to tell us today.
1. How do you know this is a lyric poem? How do you know it is

a sonnet?
2. Copy one line of the poem. Then place an accent mark above each
stressed syllable.
3. Write an example from the poem of four words that create a rhyme
scheme.

Literary Elements: Rhyme Scheme and Meter
Name
Rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyming words at the ends of lines.

Meter is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Rhyme scheme and meter give poetry a lyrical, musical quality.
Read the stanza from a lyric poem below. Then answer the
questions.
At Grandmother’s Pueblo
Nature proudly displays
Her work for us to savor.
When the sun bows low, I see
A rainbow like a party favor.
1. Going from top to bottom, assign a letter—a, b, c, d—to each new

sound at the end of a line. If a sound rhymes with an earlier one,
give it the same letter as the rhyming word. If not, give it a new
letter. Write the rhyme scheme of the stanza.
2. Which syllables in each line need to be stressed? Write the last line
of the stanza on the line below. Underline each syllable that needs
to be stressed.

3. How do you think rhyme and meter affect this poem?
4. Write a short poem about one of your favorite places. Write one
four-line stanza. Use an abcb rhyme scheme and a meter of
your choice.

Vocabulary Strategy: Personification
Name
Read each passage. Then answer the questions about

personification.
1. New Mexico, so dry and vast,

holds a painted canvas before me
What is personified?
What is its human action?
2. Nature proudly displays

Her work for us to savor.
3. When the sun bows low, I see

A rainbow like a party favor.
4. I listen as if in a trance
While the campfire dances and flickers.
5. A blanket she made just for me

That holds me in its arms all night.

Phonics: Consonant + le Syllables
Name
throttling squiggle befuddle scramble simplicity

noodle scrambling simple throttle squiggly
A. Read the first syllables below. Then write the word from the
box that begins with the first syllable and ends with a consonant
+ le syllable.
1. throt-
2. scram-
3. squig-
4. noo-
5. sim-
B. Read each sentence. Circle the word that has a consonant + le

final syllable. Then write the consonant + le syllable on the line.
6. Their squabble did not interrupt the dinner.
7. Our beagle has been trained to fetch a ball.

8. We enjoyed hearing the sound of the train whistle.
9. I ride my bicycle to school every day.
10. The ice skater performed a quadruple jump.

Name
P6_Text
student
P6_Textwho wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that shows how the
poet used literary language in a poem.
In the poem “At Grandmother’s Pueblo,” the poet uses

Topic
literary language to communicate the speaker’s feelings
sentence
of welcome and belonging when visiting Grandmother.
For example, New Mexico is personified as holding a
“painted canvas” of the beautiful land and nature “proudly
Evidence displays” her works for the visitor. A simile comparing a
rainbow to a party favor increases the feeling of welcome.
Finally, a special blanket holding the speaker creates
feelings of safety and love. The literary language conveys
Concluding
statement feelings associated with family, welcome, and belonging.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Analyze the
author’s use of literary language. Cite evidence from the text.
Remember to include relevant facts, definitions, concrete details,
and quotations, and to use appositives correctly.


Name
help you think of precise, vivid words you can add.
Draft Model
Wherever I go, I bring my sketchpad and special pencil. They are two of my
favorite possessions. The pages are blank until I draw a picture on them. This is
why I love my sketchbook so much.
1. What does the sketchbook look like? Why is the pencil special?
2. What descriptive words can show how the narrator feels about the
blank pages?
3. What precise, vivid words can describe the drawings the narrator
creates on the sketchbook pages?
B. Now revise the draft by adding precise, vivid words to help

readers understand more about the writer and the sketchbook.

Vocabulary
Name
resemblance unseemly enthralled regulation

capacity fallow negotiate insight
1. enthralled, resemblance
2. unseemly, negotiate
3. capacity, regulation
4. fallow, insight

Name
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name
Read the passage. Use the make, confirm, and revise predictions
strategy to help you understand the theme.
Stuck Together
Rosa entered her apartment building just as a woman with red hair was
13 coming out. The woman nodded at Rosa but didn’t say anything. Rosa
25 remembered seeing the woman when she was getting mail, but other than
37 that, Rosa had no idea who she was. Then again, Rosa didn’t know anyone
51 in the building. She and her mother had just moved in a month ago, and
66 while people weren’t rude, they weren’t exactly friendly, either. Everyone
76 kept to himself or herself. Rosa missed the people in her old building
89 where tenants knew one another and chatted in the lobby, knocked on
101 doors to borrow milk, and had a big holiday party annually.
112 Rosa pushed the “up” button on the elevator and allowed her backpack
124 to drop to the floor as she waited for the elevator to arrive. And waited.
139 And then she waited some more. “Oh no,” she muttered quietly to herself,
152 “not again.”
154 Rosa lived on the seventh floor. Sighing, she slung the strap of her
167 heavy backpack over her shoulder and trudged slowly up the stairs. By the
180 time she got to her floor, there were beads of sweat rolling down her face.
195 Rosa’s mother was inside the apartment, painting the walls. “Que pasa,
206 mija?” asked her mother.
210 “I had to walk up the stairs, again. Somebody should do something

222 about that elevator,” Rosa answered.
227 “I called the landlord several times, but I haven’t heard anything back,”
239 her mother told her.
243 The next morning, Rosa and her mother walked to the elevator and
255 hoped for the best. Luckily, the elevator actually arrived. There were a
267 few people already on it, including the red-haired lady. Rosa and her
279 mother entered, and the doors closed behind them. People smiled, but
290 no one spoke. That is, nobody spoke until they realized that the elevator
303 wasn’t moving.
305 “Great,” the woman with the red hair said sarcastically.

Name
“I’ve written to the landlord about how frequently this broken elevator
malfunctions,” said a man with a black briefcase. He pulled the red alarm button,
and it began to clang outside the door. “Now we just have to wait until someone
hears the signal and pushes a button for the elevator.”
Rosa looked at her mom, who smiled and said, “It doesn’t seem like the
landlord is listening to our complaints. Maybe if we all got together and
pressured him, he would fix the elevator.”
“I don’t know,” said a man in jogging shorts. “I don’t really like to get
involved in problems.”
Rosa smiled at him. “You’re stuck in an elevator. You’re already involved.”
She put out her hand. “I’m Rosa, in 7L, and this is my mom, Maria.”
The man shook Rosa’s hand. “Okay, you have a point. I’m Saul, 8R.”
One by one, everyone in the elevator introduced himself or herself, and as they
waited, they talked about the difficulties they’d been having with the elevator
and ways to get the landlord to fix it.
“Perhaps if we could write a letter and have everyone in the building sign it,
the landlord would listen,” someone suggested.
“We could say that we are going to contact the city’s housing department,”
Saul put in. “Or if we all say that we won’t pay our rent, I bet we get the
elevator fixed.”
“I can write the letter,” offered Rosa’s mother.
The other people in the elevator agreed to
review the letter and help get signatures from

all the building’s tenants.
Just then the elevator started descending
again. As it made its way down to the first
floor, Rosa felt proud of her mother for
getting everyone to agree to work together.
Maybe this building would turn out to be as
friendly as the old one. At the very least, it
would have a working elevator.

Name
1. At the beginning of the story, how does Rosa feel about living in her
new building?
2. What had happened when Rosa’s mother called the landlord about
the broken elevator?
3. How do the people in the elevator respond when Rosa’s mother

says they should get together and pressure the landlord to fix
the elevator?
4. Based on the events of the story, what do you think the theme of
this story is?

expression. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
Practice Makes Perfect

“Rosa, it’s a great way to practice your Italian,” my mother had told me. She
had asked me to babysit for Christina, my four-year-old cousin from Italy.
“La palla!” Christina screams from the backyard.
“What are you saying?” I mumble. Crying, she points up at a red ball caught
in the tree.
My neighbors, the Chens, rush over. “Why is Christina screaming?” they ask.
“Her ball’s up there,” I reply.
“Get some other balls from the bin, Rosa,” Mrs. Chen suggests. “We’ll toss
them up and try to free hers.”
Agreeing, we throw balls into the tree, knocking the red one down. “La palla,”
I say, handing Christina her ball.
Mr. Chen says, “Rosa, you speak Italian!”
1. List three text features that let you know this is realistic fiction.
2. From what point of view is the story told? How do you know?
3. How is foreign language dialogue used to portray Christina?
4. How does the first sentence of the text foreshadow future events?

Name
In each item below, underline the context clues that help define
the word in bold. Then write the word’s meaning on the line.
1. Rosa missed the people in her old building where tenants knew
one another and chatted in the lobby, knocked on doors to borrow
milk, and had a big holiday party annually.
2. “Oh no,” she muttered quietly to herself, “not again.”
3. Sighing, she slung the strap of her heavy backpack over her
shoulder and trudged slowly up the stairs.
4. Sighing, she slung the strap of her backpack over her shoulder and
trudged slowly up the stairs. By the time she got to her floor, there
were beads of sweat rolling down her face.
5. “I’ve written to the landlord about how frequently this broken

elevator malfunctions,” said a man with a black briefcase.
6. Just then the elevator started descending again. As it made its

way down to the first floor, Rosa felt proud of her mother for getting
everyone to agree to work together.

Phonics: Vowel Team Syllables
Name
A. Read each word below and listen for the sound of the vowel
team. Sort the words by writing them in the correct column
below. Underline the vowel team in each word.
moisten guarantee household impeach exploit

painful agreed straighten about creatures
ai as in main ea as in reader ee as in breezy ou as in mouth oi as in coil
B. Find the word in each row that has a vowel team used in the
chart above. Write the word on the line, divide the word into
syllables, and circle the vowel team.
1. streamline shimmer solution
2. calming earthbound coward

3. equality pedigree understood
4. spoilage paper lurking
5. education boyhood gaining

Name
student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence to support his or her
argument about the author’s development of a theme.
In “Stuck Together,” the author uses believable dialogue
Topic
and an everyday setting to help create realistic characters
sentence
and to convey a theme. Rosa’s conversations with her
mother and with the people on the elevator are friendly,
Evidence and help to convey the importance of cooperation. The
use of realistic details makes it easy for the reader to
understand and relate to the story’s message. With energy
Concluding
and teamwork, the people in the apartment building can
statement
solve a problem.
well you think the author developed the theme. Cite clear reasons
and relevant evidence from the text. Remember to include strong
action verbs, and use direct and indirect objects correctly.


Name
to help you think about transitional words and phrases that
will make it easier for readers to keep track of where and when
events take place.
Draft Model
It had snowed hard during the night. The snow was very deep. Sally and her
sisters built a snow fort. They saw that their elderly neighbors needed help
shoveling their sidewalk. Sally and her sisters discussed together the idea of
helping them.
1. What transitional words and phrases would show when Sally and
her sisters built the fort? What words and phrases would show
when other events happened?
2. What transitional words and phrases would show where different

events took place?
3. What other words and phrases would help guide the reader
smoothly from one event to the next?
B. Now revise the draft by adding transitions to help readers keep

track of when events take place and where the sisters are when
events occur.

Vocabulary
Name
recoiled feebly skewed roused

vastness summon persistent dilemma
1. (summon) In order to lift the heavy box,

.
2. (feebly) The sick dog
3. (dilemma) Having to decide
4. (roused) This morning, my parents
5. (vastness) After our ship left the port,
.
6. (recoiled) The boy
7. (persistent) In order to get this problem solved
8. (skewed) The path of the storm suddenly

Name
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name
strategy to help you understand the theme.
Poppy and the Junior Tigers

Poppy observed the group of 12-year-olds listlessly dribbling
8 basketballs around the court at the community center.
16 “C’mon,” Poppy shouted. “More energy! Try passing.” As usual,
25 however, passing was a total disaster. Balls hit people’s heads, legs, and
37 shoulders and only very occasionally landed in anyone’s hands.
46 Poppy shook her head in disbelief. This was not what she had had in
60 mind when she had volunteered to coach the community junior league
71 basketball team. She had figured she’d be a superb basketball coach. After
83 all, she was a state champion forward on her high school’s basketball
95 team. Coaching would be fun! But after a few weeks with the Junior
108 Tigers, Poppy was changing her tune. Not only were the Junior Tigers not
121 interested in dribbling drills, but they also balked at running drills and
133 shooting drills. Although Poppy had tried to explain just how important the
145 drills were to performing well, the Junior Tigers just didn’t appear to care.
158 Poppy called out, “Kia, you’re begging for someone to steal the ball.
170 Pass lower! Rosa, stop fiddling with your hair and focus! Carl, don’t run
183 with the ball, but don’t trip over it, either.”
192 Mike, a tall, skinny kid who enjoyed hogging the ball, smirked. “Yeah,
204 Carl, love your coordination.”

208 “Cut it out, Mike,” said Poppy. “Can we please actually function like a
221 team?”
222 That evening, Poppy explained the situation to her dad. “None of the
234 children seem to care about playing well, and I just don’t see the point
248 when they make no effort. Maybe I should just quit and put us all out of
264 our misery.”

Name
“Or maybe they just need some really compelling motivation,” said
Poppy’s dad.
The following day at practice, Poppy made an announcement to the team.
“You know, you guys could be playing games that make your community proud.
You could be learning teamwork and cooperation skills that will help you your
whole life, and some of you could maybe be good enough to one day get a
basketball scholarship. Instead, you just want to fool around. You don’t care,
and since you don’t care, well, I don’t care either. So, I want to tell you that
today is my last day coaching you guys. Oh, and yeah, by the way, the center
has to find a replacement, and unless that happens, it will be your last week for
a while, as well.”
“Really?” asked Mike, looking crestfallen,
his usual grin gone. “But I like basketball.”
“Yeah, we all do. Don’t you think you’re
being a little mean?” asked Kia. “We’re just
kids.”
Poppy sighed, “Yep, kids that should try
harder and put in real effort. Now, line up
for layups. I’m still the coach for now.”
To Poppy’s surprise, the Junior Tigers
actually lined up without the usual shoving
and pushing. They took turns shooting at the basket in an almost orderly fashion,
and when Carl missed, Mike did not make fun of him.

Poppy tried dribbling drills. While there was still a bit too much chatter and
running with the ball, for once, there was no loud complaining.
At the end of practice, Poppy felt encouraged. She said, “Hey, guys! You made
some effort out there, so I’ll make some effort as well. If you want to do this—
really do this the right way—I’ll stick around and try to whip you into shape.
What do you think? Raise your hand if you are really ready to be a team.”
Then Poppy smiled because everyone’s hand went up.

Name
1. In the beginning of the passage, how does Poppy feel about the
Junior Tigers? Why?
2. What does Poppy need to do to get the team to work harder in

practice?
3. How do the Junior Tigers change their behavior when they think
Poppy is going to quit?
4. What do you think the theme of this story is?

phrasing. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
Mustering Courage
On weekends, Julian toils hard at his landscaping job, mowing lawns, clipping
hedges, and heaving heavy loads of mulch all morning. By noon, he is starving,
so he heads toward the town deli to buy lunch. A long line confronts him, and
his stomach growls angrily. “Who’s next? What can I get for you?” the man at
the deli counter hollers.
People behind Julian start to shout their orders: “Tuna on whole wheat!”
“Hot pastrami on rye!” “Grilled cheese!” Julian gazes around and feels lost.
His English is improving, but at times his throat closes and his face reddens.
A woman says to him, “It’s your turn, dear. Go ahead. I will wait.”
Julian musters his courage. “Turkey on a roll!” he shouts.
“You got it, my friend,” answers the man.
Confident, Julian replies, “Thanks, buddy!”
1. List three text features that let you know this is realistic fiction.
2. From what point of view is the story told? How do you know?
3. Choose a sentence from the text that contains strong verbs. How
does this sentence provide a vivid picture?
4. What is the theme of the story? List one clue that the writer provides.

Vocabulary Strategy: Paragraph Clues
Name
figure out the meaning of each word in bold. Then write the
1. Not only were the Junior Tigers not interested in dribbling drills,
but they also balked at running drills and shooting drills. Although
Poppy had tried to explain just how important the drills were to
performing well, the Junior Tigers just didn’t appear to care.
2. Poppy called out, “Kia, you’re begging for someone to steal the ball.
Pass lower! Rosa, stop fiddling with your hair and focus!”
3. “Really?“ asked Mike, looking crestfallen, his usual grin gone. “But
I like basketball.”
4. “Carl, don’t run with the ball, but don’t trip over it, either.” Mike, a
tall, skinny kid who enjoyed hogging the ball, smirked. “Yeah, Carl,
love your coordination.”
5. To Poppy’s surprise, the Junior Tigers actually lined up without the

usual shoving and pushing. They took turns shooting at the basket
in an almost orderly fashion.

Phonics: r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Name
A. Read each sentence. Circle the word with an r-controlled vowel

syllable. Write the word on the line and underline the r-controlled
vowel syllable.
1. I am the only daughter in my family.
2. My ancestors came to the United States from China.
3. Would you like oil and vinegar dressing on your salad?
4. I like to keep a calendar in my notebook.
5. The class chose apple juice as its top flavor.
6. My dad made a huge vegetable platter for the holiday.
B. Read the words in the box below. Sort the words by their
r-controlled vowel syllable. Write the words that have the same
final syllable in the correct column.
cellar observer janitor traitor

waiter singular customer similar
actor dollar ancestor stroller

-er -tor -lar

Name
student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that supports his or her
argument about how the author developed the theme.
In “Poppy and the Junior Tigers,” I believe the author

Topic
uses the characters’ dialogue to communicate the theme
sentence
that hard work pays off. For example, at first, Poppy
thinks coaching basketball will be easy, but she is not
successful. A dialogue with her father helps Poppy see
Evidence that she should work harder. The players aren’t serious
about practicing until Poppy motivates them to try harder
and put in effort. Then the team starts focusing and
working together. The characters’ dialogue helps develop
Concluding
the theme.
statement
the author develops the theme. Cite evidence from the text. Be
sure to introduce your claim, use evidence to support your claim,
and organize reasons and evidence clearly. Also be sure to use
correct verb tenses and subject-verb agreement.


Name
help you think of ways to make the conclusion stronger.
Draft Model
Susan said her last lines in the play and the stage went dark. The lights came
back on, and the audience went wild with applause. She had done it!
1. How does Susan feel when she hears the audience’s reaction?
Why?
2. What does Susan learn about herself from finishing the

performance?
3. What other details could help clarify previous events and give
readers a sense of closure?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details that will help the reader
better understand how Susan feels and what she has learned.

Vocabulary
Name
windswept sharecropper impoverished abundant

unearthed solitude ingenuity productivity
1. sharecropper, windswept
2. impoverished, unearthed
3. ingenuity, productivity
4. abundant, solitude

Comprehension: Sequence Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the sequence graphic organizer.
Event

Name
Read the passage. Use the summarize strategy to identify

important ideas and events.
Clean Water Partners

The facts are clear. Nearly a billion people in the world need safer
13 drinking water. Unclean water causes many diseases that result in millions
24 of deaths. Imagine how your life would be transformed if you didn’t have
37 a reliable supply of water. What if your water was contaminated?
48 A Water Crisis
51 In some countries, people spend hours a day carrying water to their
63 homes. Women and girls are often the ones assigned the chore of collecting
76 water. Because of this chore, the women cannot take jobs, which would help
89 their finances. The girls are unable to attend school, which would prepare
101 them for future opportunities. Sometimes they must walk long distances to
112 find water, but often the water is unhealthy. Where water is scarce, people
125 are usually poor. Where there is no clean water, people are often sick.
138 Solving the Problem

141 Getting clean water to all people is a serious problem. However, some
153 progress has been made. More people are speaking out, drawing attention to
165 this concern. Many groups are actively raising money to build wells in remote
178 places. People are working together to provide clean water for those in need.
191 First Things First

194 To start a water project, planners know what must come first. Outsiders
206 must take time to learn the beliefs and culture of the people they want to
221 help. Once there is trust and respect, then everyone can begin working
233 together to solve the problem.
238 The next step is to train members of the community. Project planners teach
251 people how the water source will work. The people can learn about sanitation
264 issues. They discover how to troubleshoot problems that may arise later. When
276 everyone agrees on the plan, then the community decides how to participate.

Name
Everybody Worked Together

Modderspruit is a tiny village in South Africa.
They had nothing but a trickle of water for nearly
2,000 families. The villagers knew they must act
to solve their problem. A dam had been built in
the region in the 1920s, creating a reservoir. It
was used mostly to water farm crops. Over the
years, more and more canals were added like
fingers on a hand. Those canals distributed water
to new villages. Over time, the people who lived The village of Modderspruit
at the end of the line had little or no water. is about an hour’s drive from
To survive, the villagers had to transport water Johannesburg, the capital of
South Africa.
from a water source across a busy highway. Every
day they dodged speeding vehicles as they carried containers of water to their
homes. Even the highway company recognized the villagers’ need.
Teamwork
In a spirit of cooperation, the highway owners offered to help. They promised
to drill a borehole, a deep hole used to find a hidden source of water. The villagers
had a community center that was seldom used because there was no water for it.
Modderspruit decided the center would be a perfect location to drill.
Then the highway company contacted another agency to help with the next

step. Once the water was found, it had to get above ground to the people. It was
time to decide how to pump the water to the community center. The agency and
village leaders decided on a solar-powered pump. There is only a little electricity
in South Africa but a lot of sunshine. A solar pump and two 5,000-liter storage
tanks were installed at the center. The borehole successfully produced an
abundance of clean water.
A Satisfying Outcome
The villagers often use the community center now. Water is available for
bathrooms and showers. The children can play and attend school instead of
always carrying water. The villagers are grateful for all the people who helped
solve their problem.

Name
1. What is the main problem mentioned in the first paragraph?
2. List the events under the heading “Teamwork” that helped the
villagers of Modderspruit, South Africa, build a new well.
3. What was the outcome of the steps used to solve the village’s
water problem?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Florida Community Defeats Air Polluters

For 30 years, a charcoal factory owned by Royal Oak Corporation operated
in Ocala, Florida. Ruth Reed, a community leader of African American
homeowners, organized her neighbors to demand that the factory stop polluting
the air. The group wrote letters to city and state officials to complain. When that
didn’t work, they hung bed sheets out to catch soot from the factory and brought
the dirty sheets to city council meetings as proof. Eventually, government
agencies listened and said they would investigate. Not trusting them, Ruth’s
group wisely hired their own experts to test the air. Afraid of what the tests
would reveal, Royal Oak decided to close the factory.
1. What two features of narrative nonfiction can you find in this text?
2. What is the text’s topic? What was your first clue?
3. Give an example of a sentence in the text that shows the author’s

tone and point of view on the topic.
4. List two important facts from the text that are important to the story.

Vocabulary Strategy: Prefixes and Suffixes
Name
A. Choose the prefix un- or trans- to change the meaning of each

word below. Then use each word in a sentence.
1. clean
2. helpful
3. form
4. port
5. available
B. Read the words below. On the line provided write how (or
whether) the part of speech changes when the suffix changes.
6. sanitary sanitation
7. transport transportation
8. plan planner
9. outside outsiders

Word Study: Frequently Misspelled Words
Name
dollar people enough answer address

instead receive children always receipt
A. Read the words in the box above. On the lines below, write
the words that have two syllables that are divided between
consonants. Mark the other words with an X.
B. In each row, choose the word with a vowel team that makes
the short vowel sound in bold. Write the word. Then underline the
two letters that make the vowel team.
1. short e against strain retrieve
2. short e believe railroad ready
3. short e greed guess monkey
4. short u enough cloud scream
5. short u cousin coarse tiptoe

6. short u refuse boast because

Name
author used a sequential text structure to convey information.
In “Clean Water Partners,” the author uses sequence of

Topic
events to explain how a South African community obtained
sentence
clean water. People in the community were spending too
much time carrying water from far away. To solve the
problem, project planners first chose where to drill for
Evidence
water. Then the people decided to use a solar pump to
pump the water from underground. Finally, the people had
clean water close by. The author includes details about
Concluding
each event to help clarify sequence and tell the story.
statement
the author used a sequence of events to convey information.
Cite evidence from the text. Remember to appropriately use
transitions, main verbs, and helping verbs to strengthen your
writing.


Name
to help you think about what relevant details and evidence you
can add.
Draft Model
Mom and Dad were tired because they had three kids and full-time jobs. I got
my big brothers to agree that we would cook dinner twice a week. Everything is
better now.
1. What facts, examples, or quotations could you add to help readers

understand the family’s situation?
2. What details could you add to help readers understand the

narrator’s actions?
3. What details would help readers better understand and visualize

the conclusion?
B. Now revise the draft by adding relevant details and evidence to

help readers learn more about how one family solves a problem.

Vocabulary
Name
adept prominent spectators aristocracy

prevail collective perseverance trailblazer
Write a complete sentence to answer each question below.

In your answer, use the vocabulary word in bold.
1. What is an activity you want to be more adept at doing?
2. What might make someone a prominent citizen?
3. Why would spectators go to a basketball game?
4. What group of people might be considered part of the aristocracy?
5. What does it take to prevail in a difficult situation?

6. What is a collective decision?
7. Why might someone be considered a trailblazer?
8. What is an example of perseverance?

Comprehension: Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the cause and effect graphic organizer.
Cause Effect

Name
Read the passage. Use the summarizing strategy

to identify important events in Clemente’s life.
Roberto Clemente: A Legendary Life

From Puerto Rico to America
5 American baseball Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente was born in rural
16 Puerto Rico in 1934. No one imagined that little boy would someday set
29 amazing records in baseball. From early childhood, Clemente showed
38 exceptional athletic skill. As a teenager, baseball was his passion.
48 Soon the word was out. Clemente was offered a baseball contract with
60 the Dodgers when he was still in high school. He accepted, but one year
74 later moved on to the Pittsburgh Pirates. Clemente was a Pirate for 18
87 seasons until his untimely death at age 38 in a tragic plane crash.
100 Clemente was an American success story. He rose from a life of poverty
113 to become a professional athlete. He stepped into a sport that had been
126 played mostly by white men. This paved the way for other Latinos.
138 Clemente broke through the racial barriers of his day. To achieve his goals,
151 he overcame many obstacles.
155 Strike One

157 When young Clemente came to the United States, he didn’t know
168 English. A worse challenge that he had to face was discrimination.

179 Clemente had not thought much about his race as a black Puerto Rican.
192 However, the United States had laws that separated blacks and whites in
204 the 1950s. Most hotels and restaurants would not allow blacks back then.
216 Clemente had to find separate lodging during spring training. He often ate
228 his meals on the team bus.
234 Clemente may have thrilled baseball fans, but sports reporters did not
245 rally around him. They teased him for his strong Latino accent. Clemente
257 seemed like a foreigner to the African American community. He was
268 an outsider in the mostly white steel town of Pittsburgh. It seemed that
281 Clemente didn’t fit in.

Name
Clemente quickly became a defender of his own and others’ rights. When he
heard insults thrown at a teammate, Clemente let everyone know it was wrong.
He became a leader in the Major League’s union. He demanded fair working
conditions for all.
Reporters tried to nickname him “Bob” or “Bobby.” Clemente rejected those
American names. He said words to the effect of “I’m Puerto Rican and you can
call me Roberto.” He was proud of his heritage.
Play Ball
Clemente was a powerhouse. He was a hard hitter with a lifetime batting
average of .317. Clemente routinely kept hopeful batters from getting to base.
He could track down balls hit between right and center field with lightning
speed. Fans were awed by Clemente’s throwing arm.
Clemente won many awards. He took four National League batting titles.
Clemente was one of only ten players who had gotten 3,000 base hits.
He was awarded 12 Gold Gloves, an honor given to the best fielding players
in the league.
Making a Difference
Clemente was a planner and a doer.
Don Tremain/Photodisc/Getty Images

In 1972 Nicaragua suffered a huge
earthquake. Clemente rounded up supplies

to aid the victims. On New Year’s Eve, he
told his wife good-bye and took off on a
flight to Nicaragua. Just after the plane
was in the air, one of the engines exploded.
Then there was another explosion. Two
more blasts followed. The plane went down. When the word got out, fans around
the world mourned his death.
Clemente had seen people struggle, and he wanted to help. He died serving
others, which had become his life goal. Those who knew him best would say that
Clemente was a model of hard work. He was a man of integrity who stood by
what he believed.
Clemente was willing to break down barriers and lead the way for others
to follow.

Comprehension: Cause and Effect and Fluency
Name
1. What were two effects of the discrimination that Clemente faced in

the 1950s?
2. What were some effects of Clemente’s great skill at playing

professional baseball?
3. What caused Clemente to travel to Nicaragua in 1972?
4. What effect did Clemente’s career and life have on Latinos who
played professional baseball in later years?

to phrasing and rate. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Thurgood Marshall: First African American

Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland.
After finishing college, he experienced racial discrimination firsthand. He was
rejected from University of Maryland law school because he wasn’t white. How
would this brilliant man resolve this obstacle? He kept his dream and attended
Howard University law school. After graduating first in his class from Howard
University, Marshall was thinking, “I want to work for the rights of all people,”
so he became a civil rights lawyer. His biggest victory was Brown v. Board
of Education of Topeka in 1954. In this case, the Supreme Court found racial
segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1967 Marshall became the first
African American on the Supreme Court. As a Supreme Court Justice, Marshall
worked for civil rights until he retired in 1991. He died in 1993.
1. How do you know the text is a biography? Who is the subject?

2. What sentence in the text adds suspense and makes you want
to know more?
3. What sentence or part of a sentence in the text presents a thought

that Marshall may have had?
4. What events do you think caused Marshall to become a civil rights

lawyer?

Name
Read each passage. Underline the context clues that help

you figure out the meaning of each word in bold. Then write
the word’s meaning on the line.
1. Clemente was a Pirate for 18 seasons until his untimely death

at age 38 in a tragic plane crash.
2. Clemente broke through the racial barriers of his day. To achieve

his goals, he overcame many obstacles.
3. A worse challenge that he had to face was discrimination.

Clemente had not thought much about his race as a black Puerto
Rican. However, the United States had laws that separated blacks
and whites in the 1950s. Most hotels and restaurants would not
allow blacks back then.
4. He said words to the effect of “I’m Puerto Rican and you can call
me Roberto.” He was proud of his heritage.
5. Clemente was a powerhouse. He was a hard hitter with a lifetime

batting average of .317. Clemente routinely kept hopeful batters
from getting to base.
6. He was a man of integrity who stood by what he believed.

Word Study: Prefixes
Name
A. Add the prefix to each word. Write the new word on the line.
1. un + known =
2. in + credible =
3. out + post =
4. super + market =
5. en + rich =
6. un + sightly =
un- not; opposite in- not; into

en- to make; put into super- above; beyond
B. Read the prefixes and their meanings in the box above. Use
the prefixes to help you decode and understand the words below.
Circle the prefix in each word. Then write the meaning of each
word on the line.
7. independent

8. enlarge
9. uncommon
10. superhuman

Name
argument about the author’s use of a cause-and-effect text structure.
In “Roberto Clemente: A Legendary Life,” the cause-

Topic
and-effect structure helped me to clearly understand the
sentence
important events in Roberto Clemente’s life. For example,
reading that Clemente was athletically talented as a child
helped me understand how he became a top baseball
player. Descriptions of the discrimination Clemente
Evidence
faced after he left Puerto Rico helped me understand
why he defended other people’s rights and demanded
equal working conditions for everyone. The author’s use
Concluding of cause and effect gave me a full picture of Roberto
statement Clemente’s life.
author used a cause-and-effect text structure to convey ideas
and events. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to support
your argument with clear reasons and use linking verbs to
connect ideas.


Name
help you think of ways to add a distinctive voice to the text.
Draft Model
The sky was dark. The wind blew hard. A tree crashed in the yard, and the
lights went out. My little brother started to cry, but Mom calmly lit candles and
started telling us stories.
1. How can you change the first sentence to give it an engaging style
and tone?
2. What sensory details would help describe the storm?
3. What details would explain the narrator’s feelings?
4. What details would show the author’s attitude towards the mother?
B. Now revise the draft by adding strong adjectives and verbs to

present the information in a more engaging voice.

Vocabulary
Name
commonplace initial invasive optimal

advocates designate insulation irrational
1. (initial) They had to come up with a new solution when

.
2. (commonplace) Where I live
3. (irrational) The idea that
4. (designate) I think the plan is
5. (optimal) My mother decided
.
6. (advocates) We were able to buy new books
7. (insulation) The builders installed
8. (invasive) The vines were pretty to look at, but

Name
graphic organizer.
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail

Name
Read the passage. Use the ask and answer questions strategy
to check your understanding of the text.
Trees for a Healthier Africa

Environmentalists are calling for people to plant millions of trees in an
12 effort to improve life in Africa. How can planting trees boost the quality of
26 life? Forests in many regions of Africa have not been conserved. Instead of
39 being protected, many trees have been overharvested. Such deforestation
48 can cause dire results. Less rain, more heat, and erosion are just a few of
63 the grim effects of deforestation. These conditions can cause crops to fail,
75 leading to famine. As people compete for resources, conflicts can occur.
86 Environmentalists believe planting and growing large numbers of trees
95 will bring about a positive reversal of deforestation.
103 Learning to Change

106 Knowing the impact of destroying forests may help prevent such ruin
117 in the future. People have learned what went wrong and how to restore
130 the forests. In the past, it was easy to take the trees for granted. Now the
146 people know that when trees cease to exist, the climate, land, and people
159 are all affected. When the trees disappear, they must be replaced.
170 African people have learned about trees and the greenhouse effect.
180 Plants store carbon dioxide (CO2). When forests rot or burn, they put
192 more CO2 in the atmosphere, which causes the “greenhouse effect.” Gases
203 like CO2 trap heat close to the earth. The gases work like a glass roof
218 in a greenhouse that holds in the sun’s heat. The greenhouse effect can
231 cause our climate to become warmer. People in Africa are learning how
243 to improve their environment by planting and protecting this important
253 resource.

Name
RIPPLE Africa—Cook Stoves and Fruit Trees

RIPPLE is a group in Malawi, Africa, that Fruit Tree
Planting
has helped plant millions of fast-growing
trees to improve the environment. Some
families have received as many as 25 trees. Income from More Food
They learn how to cut only the branches for Sales of Fruit Improved Nutrition
firewood instead of the whole tree. RIPPLE

has combined tree planting with a cook stove Motivation
project. People are taught to build cook stoves for Planting
More Trees
with mud bricks. RIPPLE supplies a new fuel
for the stoves, which saves trees. They have also helped people grow fruit trees.
The trees help with both food and income, which encourage more planting.
Green Belt Movement—Wangari Maathai

A Nobel Peace Prize winner from Kenya also helped people protect their
environment by planting trees. Beginning in 1976, Dr. Wangari Maathai
encouraged tree planting. Through a group called The Green Belt Movement,
Maathai helped women plant more than 40 million trees. At the United Nations,
Dr. Maathai called for all nations to stop taking the trees for granted.
The African Wildlife Foundation

The African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) is another group working hard to

reverse deforestation. AWF studied the dwindling forests in an effort to slow
CO2 buildup. They made plans to increase tree growth instead of letting the
forests shrink even more. AWF found places where women could grow tree
seedlings. The seedlings became a source of income for the women. The AWF
bought the trees for replanting after they grew. Dr. Steven Kiruswa is the former
AWF Director in Tanzania. He says, “AWF knows the threat of climate change to
Africa and is working on ways to reduce CO2 and deforestation.”
What Does It Take?

Reversing deforestation takes time, but many people are working to turn it
around. People have chosen not to make the same mistakes again. By working
together they hope to improve the earth’s environment.

Name
1. What are three details that support the main idea that deforestation
can cause dire results?
2. What is the main idea of paragraph 3 on the second page of

the passage?
3. What is the main idea of the entire passage?
4. What are two details that support the main idea of this passage?

rate and accuracy. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Making Fashion from Plastic Bags

As part of the worldwide movement to “go green,” Trim and layer bags
some fashion designers are creating clothing from
plastic bags. Here’s how: First, flatten three or four
Cover with paper
bags and use a scissors to trim off the handles and
bottom seams. Next, layer the bags into one pile. Place
paper on top of and below the bags. Next, iron for Iron
about fifteen seconds per side. Allow it to cool and
then peel away the paper. Use your new plastic fabric Sew
to sew dresses, tote bags, wallets, and more.

3. Is the heading a strong one for this text? Why or why not?
4. What information does the flowchart provide?

Vocabulary Strategy: Synonyms and Antonyms
Name
Read each passage. Look at the word in bold. If the underlined

word is a synonym clue write S after the passage. If it is an
antonym clue, write A. Write a definition of the word in bold. Then
write a sentence using the word.
1. Forests in many regions of Africa have not been conserved.

Instead of being protected, many trees have been overharvested.
2. Such deforestation can cause dire results. Less rain, more heat,
and erosion are just a few of the grim effects of deforestation.
3. Knowing the impact of destroying forests may help prevent such

ruin in the future. People have learned what went wrong and how
to restore the forests.
4. AWF studied the dwindling forests in an effort to slow CO2 buildup.

They had the goal of increasing tree growth instead of letting the
forests shrink even more.
5. Reversing deforestation takes time, but many people are working

to turn it around.

Word Study: Suffixes -ion and -tion
Name
A. Read each sentence. Add either the suffix -ion or -tion to the
word in parentheses. Write the new word on the line to complete
the sentence.
1. The (react) of the crowd was surprising.
2. In order to use the computers, we will need some (instruct)
3. The entire school has a high-speed Internet (connect)
4. Our district has strong (represent)

in Congress.
5. What kind of (consult) did the counselor

provide?
6. Painting has always been my favorite form of (express)
B. Change each verb into a noun by adding the suffix -ion or

-tion. Each answer will require either dropping or changing

the final e.
7. illustrate
8. observe
9. hesitate
10. separate
11. inspire

Name
author’s word choice helped convey an overall message.
In “Trees for a Healthier Africa,” the author’s choice

Topic
of words helped to convey the message that deforestation
sentence
must be reversed. The author used powerful words, such
as “dire,” “grim,” and “ruin,” and concrete details to
describe the effects of deforestation: greenhouse effect,
carbon dioxide, and climate change. The author identified
Evidence
specific groups and people who are teaching Africans
how to “stop taking trees for granted.” Also, the quotation
from the former AWF director in Tanzania helped make
the deforestation problems in Africa seem more real. The
Concluding
author effectively used specific words, terms, and phrases
statement
to get the overall message across.
Write a paragraph about a text you have chosen. Show how the
author’s choice of words helped to convey an overall message.
Cite evidence from the text. Remember to develop the topic with
concrete details, quotations, and examples and to use irregular
verbs correctly.

Name
A. Read the draft model. Use the questions that follow the
draft to help you think about ways to add opposing claims and
counterarguments to help strengthen the writer’s argument.
Draft Model
We should all own a reusable shopping bag. This will keep plastic out of our
landfills.
1. How might readers challenge or criticize the statement in the first

sentence? Make this criticism an opposing claim.
2. What would be a good counterargument to that opposing claim?
3. What might be an opposing claim to the statement in the

second sentence?
4. What would be a good counterargument to that opposing claim?
B. Now revise the draft by adding opposing claims and

counterarguments to those claims.

Vocabulary
Name
alignment calamity generated periodic

prolonged tenacity eclipse inconvenience
1. calamity, generated
2. prolonged, inconvenience
3. alignment, periodic
4. tenacity, eclipse

Name

graphic organizer.

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to check details in the
text to make sure you understand it.
Preparing for an Inevitable Earthquake

If the ground starts to shake, what should you do? Many people who
13 live where earthquakes are likely need to know. Having a plan for this kind
27 of crisis can save lives. The state of California has a history of serious
41 earthquakes. People there have learned how to reduce the risk of lost lives
54 and property damage. California’s Emergency Management Agency tries
62 to prepare everyone.
65 The breaking and shifting of rock plates far below the earth’s surface
77 causes earthquakes. Pressure builds between the plates until they finally
87 break free, shifting the earth above. Powerful earthquakes can cause
97 buildings to collapse. Phone service is often lost. Gas and electricity lines
109 can break. Landslides, floods, and fires may take place. In coastal areas,
121 tsunamis can bring huge sea waves over the land. To prepare for these
134 disasters, people must be trained so lives can be saved.
144 What Rescuers Recommend

147 Surprisingly, one of the greatest dangers is caused by what people do
159 during an earthquake. By instinct, people tend to run outside to escape.
171 Most injuries occur when people try to exit or move within a building.
184 Broken ceilings and windows can injure the person fleeing. Rescue teams
195 from all over the world agree on one thing. To reduce injury and death,
209 people should take three simple steps. The earthquake plan is called
220 “Drop, Cover, and Hold On!” The first step is to drop down on your
234 hands and knees. This keeps you from falling if the floor is moving. The
248 next step is to take cover under a strong table or desk. Hold on to the
264 table tightly. If you don’t have a sturdy table, find the closest inside wall.
278 Cover your head and neck with your arms. This sounds easy, but without
291 practicing this procedure often, people may still panic and run.

Name
Managing the Risk

Most Californians realize they may someday face an earthquake. The history
of California earthquakes goes back more than two hundred years. The first
recorded earthquake dates back to 1769 when an explorer felt the ground
shaking. In 1906 the San Francisco earthquake lasted less than one minute, yet
destroyed the city. Between 225,000 and 300,000 people became homeless. Five
major earthquakes have struck since 1906. These major earthquakes have caused
California leaders to take action.
The leaders have done research to help reduce loss of life in earthquakes.
Lawmakers have made important changes to building codes. Builders must now
make homes and buildings better able to withstand an earthquake. They have
mapped the land to show which areas would be most affected by an earthquake.
Builders are not allowed to build in those high-risk places. Older buildings must
have inspections. Dangerous structures must have signs posted so people know
the risk. Government programs help fund the repairs.
In countries where buildings are
made of mud-brick (adobe), there
is much more danger. They are not
built to withstand an earthquake.
That is when it does make sense to
run. In California, most buildings
G.K. Gilbert/USGS
are not as likely to collapse. The
stricter building codes have reduced

this danger.
Preventing Unnecessary Loss

Earthquake scientists, emergency managers, and community leaders are
working together in California. People study public school structures to ensure
those buildings meet safety codes. The leaders have published a handbook about
how to respond to earthquakes. They hold public drills to help people practice
the “Drop, Cover, and Hold On!” procedure. A coloring book is available for
children with tips on how to stay safe. If everyone prepares for what may come,
injuries will be less likely.

Name
1. What fact does the author provide about the cause of most injuries
during earthquakes?
2. What steps do rescuers recommend that people take to reduce the

risk of injury during earthquakes?
3. Is the author in favor of these steps? How can you tell?
4. What is the author’s point of view about being prepared for

earthquakes? Does the author present this point of view
objectively? Explain.


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Reforestation in Guatemala
Entire villages in Guatemala can be wiped
out by mudslides. In 2005, Anne Hallum
witnessed the horrible effects. She recalled that
one couple lost their home and their children in
a mudslide. Deforestation, or cutting down trees,
is a huge cause of this problem. “We learned
the hard way that without trees, we are at risk,”
said José Avelino Boc, a lemon farmer. Hallum,
co-founder of the Alliance for International
Lloyd Sutton/Alamy
Reforestation (AIR), teaches Guatemalan
villagers to plant pine trees to protect their
forests and villages. Hallum said, “Food, shade,
fertilizer and mudslide protection—the trees can Replanting trees is one way
do it all.” to protect villages from
mudslides.
1. What text features does this text contain? List two.

2. What event does this text first describe? What positive actions
happened as a result of the event?
3. What does the photograph add to your understanding of

mudslides?

Name
Read each passage. Underline the paragraph clues that help

you figure out the meaning of each word in bold. Then write the
1. In coastal areas, tsunamis can bring huge sea waves over the land.
To prepare for these disasters, people must be trained so lives can
be saved.
2. Surprisingly, one of the greatest dangers is caused by what people

do during an earthquake. By instinct, people tend to run outside to
escape. Most injuries occur when people try to exit or move within
a building. Broken ceilings and windows can injure the person
fleeing.
3. The earthquake plan is called “Drop, Cover, and Hold On!” The first
step is to drop down on your hands and knees. This keeps you from
falling if the floor is moving. The next step is to take cover under a
strong table or desk. Hold on to the table tightly. If you don’t have
a sturdy table, find the closest inside wall. Cover your head and
neck with your arms. This sounds easy, but without practicing this
procedure often, people may still panic and run.
4. The leaders have done research to help reduce loss of life in

earthquakes. Lawmakers have made important changes to building
codes. Builders must now make homes and buildings better able to
withstand an earthquake.

Word Study: Suffix -ion
Name
permission inclusion exclamation

division explosion explanation
A. Read each word below. Choose a word from the box that
shows the word with the suffix -ion added to it. Then write the
word on the line.
1. explode
2. permit
3. explain
4. include
5. divide
B. Add the suffix -ion to each of the following words. Remember

to change the spelling of the word, as needed, to change the
word to a noun.
6. admit + ion =

7. collide + ion =
8. omit + ion =
9. transmit + ion =

Name
author developed the topic of the text.
In “Preparing for an Inevitable Earthquake,” the author

Topic
sentence develops the topic by providing detailed information for
the reader. For example, the author informs the reader
about what to do during an earthquake. The author also
provides background on the topic by explaining how an
Evidence
understanding of earthquake safety has developed over
time. The topic of earthquake preparation can be covered
differently depending on the way an author writes the text.
Concluding In this case, the author covers the topic in an impartial,
statement
objective way.
author developed his or her topic. Cite evidence from the text.
Remember to use pronouns and antecedents correctly and to
avoid using vague pronouns.


Name
help you think about how to make the order of importance clear
to the reader.
Draft Model
There are good reasons to have an earthquake kit. Lights may go out, so you
will need flashlights. Gas lines may break, so you will need ready-to-eat food.
Water may become undrinkable, so you will need bottled water.
1. What is the most important reason to have an earthquake kit?

What words or phrases would help show its importance?
2. How can the other reasons be changed or rearranged to help

clarify the logical sequence of the text?
3. What sequence words and phrases would help clarify the

relationships between the ideas?
B. Now revise the draft by rearranging sentences and adding

sequence words and phrases to strengthen the order of
importance.

Vocabulary
Name
assess compensate deteriorated devastating

implement peripheral potential summit

1. What new programs would you like your school to implement?
2. What does your peripheral vision help you to see?
3. If an athlete goes to practice every day, what does she or he have
the potential to do?
4. Where is the summit of a mountain?
5. In a dance contest, what do judges assess?

6. How can you compensate for not doing a homework assignment?
7. Why would it be dangerous to walk on a bridge that has
deteriorated?
8. What could be devastating news to a runner?

Name

graphic organizer.

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to check for

understanding as you read the passage.
Jesse Owens: A Message to the World

Jesse Owens was an African American track and field legend who
11 set world records and won four Olympic gold medals. Without a doubt,
23 Owens had his personal victories at the 1936 Olympic Games held in
35 Berlin, Germany. However, he achieved even more for people worldwide.
45 At that time, Germany was under the reign of the Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler.
59 The Nazis had hoped to prove that white athletes were better than those of
73 all other races. Jesse Owens won four gold medals and dealt a blow to that
88 Nazi myth. Owens was clearly a superior athlete.
96 Ready. Set. Go!

99 When Owens was born in 1913, his parents named him James Cleveland
111 Owens. The family moved from Alabama and settled in Ohio in the 1920s
124 in search of a better life. It was there that a teacher mistook his nickname,
139 “J.C.,” for “Jesse.” His new name stuck. Owens became a track star in high
153 school, setting records in the high jump and running broad jump. He went
166 on to The Ohio State University in 1933, proving to be an outstanding
179 athlete. In 1935, Owens tied world records for the 100-yard dash. He set
192 new world records for the 220-yard dash, the 220-yard low hurdles, and
204 the running broad jump. Owens’s success was not just a flash in the pan.
218 He was only warming up for the Olympics.
226 Hitler had made promises not to promote racism during the 1936
237 Olympics. He didn’t want to lose the chance to hold the Olympics in
250 Germany. Yet, when the time came, signs of Nazi beliefs were clearly
262 seen in banners, salutes, and symbols. The Nazis wanted to prove that
274 white, blue-eyed people were the best. It was in this tense, unwelcome
287 setting that Jesse Owens competed. Performing to the best of his abilities,
299 Owens proved the Nazis wrong before the whole world—not just once, but
312 four times.

Name
Excellence Confronts Discrimination

Owens set new Olympic and world records even though the Nazis called
him inferior. Upon returning to America, he needed bold courage again. People
cheered his success, but discrimination was a fact of life in America. After all
the problems in Germany, Owens still had to ride in the back of the bus at home.
He couldn’t choose where he wanted to live, because black people did not live in
white neighborhoods. Even though he was an American hero, he wasn’t invited
to the White House for honors.
Despite his problems, Owens was a man who inspired others. He enjoyed
speaking at youth groups, sports banquets, and other organizations. Owens loved
working with youth. He served as a director and board member for the Chicago
Boys’ Club. He passed on his life message, “Find the good. It’s all around you.
Find it, showcase it, and you’ll start believing it.”
Receiving Recognition
The man who had carried the weight of the world on his shoulders and
triumphed at the 1936 Olympics eventually got the honors he deserved. In
1976, Jesse Owens was finally invited to the White House. President Gerald
Ford presented him with the Medal of Freedom that year. After Owens’s death,
President George H. W. Bush awarded
him the Congressional Gold Medal
in 1990.

Today Owens’s desire to help youth
continues through the Jesse Owens
Foundation. His three daughters
work to keep his mission alive.
Ingram Publishing
The Foundation provides finances,

support, and services to young people
to help them go the extra mile and Jesse Owens won four gold medals
become all they are meant to be. at the 1936 Olympics.

Name
1. According to the author, what did Owens achieve at the 1936

Olympic Games?
2. According to the author, how did Owens act upon his return to the
United States after the Olympics?
3. What does the author say about the honors that Owens received
from President Ford in 1976 and President Bush in 1990?
4. What is the author’s point of view about Jesse Owens?


to intonation. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Battle with Polio

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) Major Events Related to
served as the 32nd president of the Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Life
United States from 1933 to 1945. Date(s) Event
The only U.S. president elected four
1921 Diagnosed with polio
times, FDR saw the country through
1929–1939 The Great Depression
two crises: the Great Depression and
World War II. Many Americans at the FDR is president of
1933–1945
time were not aware that FDR had the United States
suffered a crisis of his own. Diagnosed United States enters
1941
with polio in 1921, FDR became World War II
paralyzed and lived for many years 1945 World War II ends
confined to a wheelchair. He did not President Roosevelt
let his disease slow him down, and he 1945
dies
became a champion of polio research. Salk Polio vaccine
This research finally led to a vaccine in 1955
used effectively
1955—ten years after FDR’s death.
1. What is your opinion of FDR based on this text?
2. How is the information in the table organized? How does it help

you understand FDR’s years as president?
3. Give two examples of additional information that the table presents.

Vocabulary Strategy: Idioms
Name
A. Read each passage. Figure out the meaning of the idiom in

bold by looking at the context and the literal meaning of the
words. Write the meaning of the idiom on the line.
1. Owens tied world records for the 100-yard dash. He set new world
records for the 220-yard dash, the 220-yard low hurdles, and the
running broad jump. Owens’s success was not just a flash in the
pan. He was only warming up for the Olympics.
2. The man who had carried the weight of the world on his shoulders
and triumphed at the 1936 Olympics eventually got the honors he
deserved.
3. The Foundation provides finances, support, and services to young

people to help them go the extra mile and become all they are
meant to be.
B. Use each idiom below in a sentence of your own.

1. flash in the pan:
2. carried the weight of the world on his/her shoulders:
3. go the extra mile:

Phonics: Vowel Alternation
Name
resident metallic national

competition criminal invitation
A. For each word below, find the related word in the box and write
it on the line. Circle the vowel or vowel team that sounds different
from the original word.
1. nation
2. compete
3. reside
4. invite
5. crime
6. metal
B. Match each word in the left column with its related word in the
right column. Circle the vowel that changes its vowel sound.

7. acquire natural
8. nature decision
9. decide collision
10. ignite acquisition
11. collide ignition

Name
author provided support for his or her overall message.
In “Jesse Owens: A Message to the World,” the author

Topic
sentence includes many details of Owens’s life to support the
message that Owens was a superior athlete and individual.
The author describes the track records Owens broke and
his victories at the 1936 Olympic Games in Germany
Evidence despite being surrounded by Nazi racism. After the
Olympics, Owens faced discrimination in America but
continued to help and inspire youth. He received two
Concluding medals from U.S. presidents. These details all support the
statement idea that Owens was a remarkable person.
author used details to support an overall message. Cite evidence
from the text. Remember to use strong transitions to clarify the
relationships among ideas and concepts. Also be sure to use a
variety of pronouns, such as reflexive and intensive pronouns.


Name
to help you think about what transitions you can add to connect
ideas and indicate time order.
Draft Model
My brother was born healthy. He developed a heart problem. His weak heart
made him sick.
1. When was the brother born in the list of events? What transition
word or phrase could help the reader understand the order?
2. When did he develop his heart problem? What transitions could

help the reader understand the order?
3. What transitions would help the reader understand why the

brother’s heart problem led to sickness?
B. Now revise the draft by adding transitions to connect ideas

and to show when events took place.

Vocabulary
Name
benefactor empathy endeavor entail

extensive indecision multitude tentatively
1. (multitude) In the springtime, the park
2. (tentatively) I wasn’t sure if I liked the music,
3. (entail) Does being on the dance team
4. (extensive) Doing well on the test requires
5. (indecision) After an hour of

6. (benefactor) Our school needed money to buy books for the library,
7. (empathy) I was new at the school last year,
8. (endeavor) My bedroom is an absolute mess,

Name
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name
Read the passage. Use the summarize strategy to check your

understanding.
Decisions
Scene 1: Shama’s bedroom in the afternoon. The walls are plastered
11 with posters depicting Shama’s favorite band, The Black Hats. Shama is
22 sitting at her desk, frantically typing on her computer while she talks on her
36 telephone.
37 Shama (worried): I can’t get on the ticket site. Something’s not
48 functioning properly. It’s just NOT right. What? Are you certain? (growing
59 more upset) The concert is sold out? Is there anything I can do? (brief
73 pause) Good-bye. (Hangs up the phone and lets out a wail. The door
86 opens, and Shama’s older brother, Danny, walks into her room.)
96 Danny: Are you okay?
100 Shama: Not okay—a total wreck, actually. The concert is sold out. (She
113 abruptly begins to bawl.) I desperately wanted to go.
122 Danny: Yeah, your anticipation level was up there. I’m sorry.
132 Shama (sniffling and wiping away her tears): Oh, well, Ms. Allie
143 wanted to know if I could babysit the twins that night because it’s her
157 wedding anniversary. I suppose now I can tell her “yes.”
167 Danny: Better you than me. Those twins are an absolute nightmare. I
179 babysat them once and vowed never to do it again.
189 Scene 2: It’s a few weeks later, and Shama is on her bed, reading a book.
205 We hear her mother calling.
210 Mother’s Voice: Shama? (Sound of footsteps pounding up the stairs.)
220 That racket you hear is Rhonda running up the stairs.
230 Rhonda (excitedly): I have unbelievably awesome news! Someone gave
239 my aunt tickets to the concert tonight, and she has no desire to go, so
254 guess which lucky duo gets them?
260 Shama (jumping up in excitement): Yes! (grimacing and letting out a
271 groan) Oh no! I told my neighbor I would babysit.

Name
Rhonda: Just cancel. This is definitely more important.

Shama: It’s her anniversary, so I can’t just leave her in the lurch.
Rhonda: That’s total insanity. It’s the Black Hats, your all-time favorite band,
and who knows when they’ll return? On the other hand, wedding anniversaries
come every single solitary year!
Shama: You’re right. Maybe she won’t object to celebrating tomorrow,
instead, since it’s not like they won’t still be married.
Scene 3: Shama is standing in front of

Ms. Allie’s door. Just as she starts to knock,
Ms. Allie pulls into the driveway and then gets
out of the car with shopping bags.
Ms. Allie: Hi, Shama! I just bought the most
extraordinary dress for my anniversary dinner,
and we got a reservation at the hottest new
restaurant. I can’t tell you how ecstatic I am
that you agreed to babysit for us. It will be the
perfect tenth anniversary!
Shama (trying to look happy): Great. I just
wanted to confirm. See you tonight.
Scene 4: Shama’s kitchen. Danny is hunched over his homework at the

cluttered kitchen table. Shama enters.

Shama: Hi, magnificent brother. Rhonda got me a ticket for the Black Hats
tonight, but I’ve committed to babysitting the twins—
Danny: I know what you’re going to ask, and no, I absolutely can’t
accommodate you on this one. Not only are those twins a nightmare, but also I
have homework. Plus, I promised Mom I would finally clean my room.
Shama: What if I promise to clean your disgusting, germ-filled room? I assure
you it will be immaculate.
Danny: Not worth it.
Shama: What if I promise to clean your room for a month?
Danny: A month? That sounds pretty equivalent to a night with the terrible
twins. It’s a deal.
Shama: Yes! Black Hats, here I come.

Name
1. In Scene 2 of the play, what conflict does Shama have?
2. In Scene 3, why does Shama go to Ms. Allie’s house? What

happens?
3. In Scene 4, how does Danny react when Shama first asks him
to babysit in her place so she can go to the concert? What does
Shama promise to do to get him to agree?
4. What do you think is the theme, or message, of this play?



Words Read – =
Errors Score
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Name
Hard Rock!
SCENE 2 The basement of Scott’s house; Scott tunes his guitar and Jake
adjusts his drum set.
SCOTT (strumming the guitar): Hey, Jake. Are you ready to hear the new
song I wrote?
JAKE: Sure, why not? Let’s hear it.
Scott turns his amplifier up and begins to strum loudly and sing in a raspy
voice. As the song increases in volume and intensity, Jake gets up and paces
around the room uncomfortably. He taps his foot nervously as Scott finishes the
song with three loud chords—bomp, bomp, BOHHHHMP—and a fierce scream
into the microphone.
SCOTT (breaking the sudden silence): So . . . what do you think? It’ll be our
first big hit, right?
JAKE (stroking his chin, as if deep in thought): Um, well, it is original. I
mean, I’ve never heard anything quite like it before . . . (His voice trails off.)
SCOTT: Awesome! I knew you’d like it.
1. List three text features that let you know this text is drama.

2. Which text feature tells you where the action takes place?
3. Where in the play do you think this scene takes place? Explain.
4. What do you think Jake’s conflict is? Does he resolve it?

Vocabulary Strategy: Homophones
Name
A. Write the definition for each word below. Then provide a

homophone for each word.
1. bawl
2. wail
3. night
4. stairs
5. groan
B. Finish each sentence two ways, once for each of the

homophones provided.
6. (right/write) I will
I will
7. (sight/site) The new school will
The new school will
8. (your/you’re) I love to dance
I love to dance
9. (great/grate) Last night, my mom
Last night, my mom

Word Study: Prefixes and Suffixes
Name
A. Read each sentence. Circle the word that has a prefix. Then
write the meaning of the word on the line.
1. The players thought it was unfair that the same pitcher ended
each game.
2. The jeweler was able to reattach the band to the watch.
3. Does this clue enable you to solve the mystery?
4. With her amazing speed, she could easily outdistance the

other runners.
unhappiness discouragement unselfishly

enjoyment retirement distrustful
B. Write the prefix and the suffix for each word. Then write the word

in the box above that has the same prefix and the same suffix.
Word with the Same

Prefix Suffix
Prefix and Same Suffix
5. disappointment
6. unpleasantness
7. disgraceful
8. enforcement

Name
author conveyed the theme.
In “Decisions,” the dialogue conveys the theme that

Topic
sentence compromising helps people get what they want. In
Scenes 1 and 2, the dialogue shows that Shama wants to
go to a concert but has a babysitting job that night. In
Scene 3, Shama realizes that the babysitting job cannot
Evidence
be postponed. In Scene 4, Danny agrees to babysit for
Shama if she agrees to clean his room for a month. Shama
gets to attend the concert. Through dialogue, the author
Concluding
effectively conveys a theme about compromise.
statement
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Show

how the author conveyed the theme. Cite evidence from the
text. Remember to organize your ideas logically and to use
possessive pronouns correctly.


Name
to help you think about how adding dialogue would help develop
the characters.
Draft Model
“Let’s do something to help Lucy with her math,” Hiram suggested. Jarel
asked, “What should we do?”
1. What additional dialogue would tell readers more about Hiram’s

personality?
2. What dialogue would tell readers more about Jarel?
3. What other words could Jarel and Hiram say to show how each one
feels about Lucy?
4. What language would convey the characters’ tone of voice?
B. Now revise the draft by adding dialogue and other details to

help develop the characters.

Vocabulary
Name
adjustment chattering ember mentor

nomadic sturdy rapport reunites

1. Why might people chattering in a movie theater bother you?
2. Why would it be dangerous to pick up an ember with your

bare hands?
3. Why might going to a new school be a difficult adjustment?
4. Why might it be useful to have a mentor?

5. How would you describe nomadic people?
6. Why shouldn’t you sit in a chair that is not sturdy?
7. What is an occasion that often reunites family members?
8. Why is it important to have a rapport with the people you are

friends with?

Name
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name

understanding.
DELAYED
DELAYED, DELAYED, DELAYED read the Departure Board.
7 All flights in and out of Chicago were stalled
16 by the howling winds outside.
21 Rosie stared hard at Delight Flight 2040 Chicago to Boston.

31 Change, Change, Change! she yelled silently at the board.
40 Get me out of Chicago!
45 Suddenly the Departure Board flickered and Rosie held her breath.
55 DELAYED blinked and changed . . . to CANCELLED.
61 STUCK, JUST MY LUCK!
65 Next to her, another girl gave a gasp.

73 —¡¿CANCELADO!? ¿Por qué?
76 No lo entiendo.
79 Rosie saw tears in her eyes.

85 She must be scared.
89 —What’s your name? Rosie asked.
94 —Me llamo Estrella, said the girl.

100 Pointing to the board, she said,
106 —Y mi vuelo se cancela.
111 —Look, and you’ll see why, said Rosie.

118 A blizzard was swirling outside the large windows.
126 Estrella’s mouth dropped open and she rushed over to look.
136 —This is . . .? said Estrella, her eyes wide.

143 —Snow, said Rosie. —You have never seen snow?
151 —No snow in Panama, Estrella explained.

Name
—I’ve seen plenty of snow, up to here.

I’ve had it with snow, Rosie said.
And I want to get home!
—Yo quiero ir a casa, said Estrella.

She wants to go home, too.
And home is so far away.
Just then the airport speakers

gave a loud crackle.
—Attention ALL passengers! ALL flights are cancelled.
Poor Estrella looks so scared.

—Me llamo Rosie. Let me help you,
Rosie said to the girl.
Rosie spoke to a person at the counter.

—I need to get to Boston,
and my friend needs to get to Panama.
While they waited, Rosie took

Estrella’s arm.
—Come, said Rosie to Estrella.

Let’s go look at the snow!
They wheeled their bags to the

window.
Being stuck together might be better
than being stuck alone.

Name
1. At the beginning of the passage, how is Rosie feeling? Why?
2. How does Estrella’s situation compare with Rosie’s?
3. In the last four stanzas, what does Rosie do? What does she think
in the last stanza?
4. How do Rosie’s feelings change by the end of the passage? Based

on these details, what do you think is the theme of this passage?

intonation. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
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Name
Worlds Apart
I hope the seat next to me stays empty!
I’d love to get some reading done in flight.
I’ll just sit down, spread out my things,
And open my novel, Worlds Apart.
There’s a tall man standing over me, smiling.

Perdone, señorita. Este es mi asiento.
What in the world did he just say? I don’t know what to do!
Perdone, señorita.
I’d better move my things to give the man room.

So much for that empty seat! Gracias, he says.
He’s reaching into his briefcase.
Pulling out his own book Mundos Aparte.
Oh, I can’t believe this! Of all books!

Excuse me, sir! He won’t believe this.
Ah, sí. Worlds Apart. Buen libro!
Laughter between two strangers fills the plane.

1. What elements of free-verse fiction can you find in this text?
2. Based on this interior monologue, how would you describe the main character?
3. What does the last stanza tell you about the characters?

Vocabulary Strategy: Homographs
Name
A. Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have
different meanings. Write a new sentence using a homograph of
each word in bold.
1. All flights in and out of Chicago were stalled by the howling winds outside.
2. Change, Change, Change! she yelled silently at the board.
3. Just then the airport speakers gave a loud crackle.
4. Rosie spoke to a person at the counter.
B. Write a definition for both homographs in each sentence

below. Write the definitions in the order the words appear in
the sentence.
5. I spoke to Hector about the broken spoke on his bike.

6. As the fierce winds blow, the car winds along the mountain road.
7. After I change this dollar, I will have change for the vending machine.
8. The speaker just said, “No one would be hungry in a just world.”

Word Study: Greek and Latin Prefixes
Name
proportion copilot transformation postpone

submit combine transparent cooperate
profession companion suburb postwar
A. Sort each word in the box based on its prefix. Write each word
in the correct column.
co- com- post-
pro- sub- trans-
B. Read each sentence. Circle the word that has a prefix. Then
write the meaning of the prefix on the line.

1. The submarine slipped beneath the waves.
2. I decided to transfer to a more challenging dance class.
3. The postgame celebration starts at 5:30.
4. People on the commission voted on the plans for a new park.
5. The co-workers at the restaurant agreed to switch their shifts.

Name
The student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence that supports his or
her argument about how well the author conveyed the theme.
In “Delayed,” I think that the author does a good job of

Topic
sentence using the main character’s actions and feelings to convey
the theme that helping others makes our own problems
seem less important. At first, Rosie is angry. She is stuck
in an airport because of a snowstorm. Then Rosie meets
Evidence Estrella, who is also stranded. Rosie helps Estrella. The
two wait out the storm together. Rosie realizes that her
situation is not so bad. Rosie’s thoughts and actions help
Concluding
make the text’s theme clear.
statement
well the author conveyed the theme. Cite evidence from the text.
Remember to use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the
relationships among claims and reasons and to make sure all
verbs and pronouns agree.


Name
help you add details and events to develop the plot.
Draft Model
Jojo watched as the movers carried the boxes into the house. She wished she
were still in her old home in her old neighborhood. A boy Jojo’s age came out
from next door.
1. What events and details could be added to tell readers more

about Jojo?
2. What events or details could be added to help make the

conflict clearer?
3. What details would show how Jojo is affected by meeting a

new neighbor?
B. Now revise the draft by adding details and events to help

develop the plot. Your details and events should show readers
more about what happens between Jojo and the neighbor and
how the events affect Jojo.

Vocabulary
Name
lounge obligation answerable proportion
1. (obligation) If you make a promise to a good friend,

.
2. (lounge) At my school, the teachers
3. (proportion) The artist did an excellent job
4. (answerable) The students at the school
.

Name
Read the selection. Complete the point of view graphic organizer.

Name
Read the poem. Check your understanding by asking yourself

what point of view the poem is told from.
Dear Lola,
2 It’s been a full day since you’ve gone missing and
12 I’ve been a bundle of nerves.
18 Time and again I strain to hear you scratching,
27 scratching at the door. Or see your face as you
37 come barreling down the street.
42 I’ve put up posters and pounded the pavement
50 for hours, wishing I had gotten that back gate
59 fixed faster. Then you would still be here, softly
68 snoring in your battered, blue bed, instead of
76 outside scared and alone. I miss you, Lola.
84 I’m wishing on a star that I find you SOON!
94 Love, Carolyn
96 Dear Carolyn,
98 You won’t believe the adventure
103 I’ve been having! It’s been a wild ride!
111 The gate was open, so I raced right out
120 and chased a squirrel for miles. After that,
128 I was lost. I was scared stiff at first,

137 but then a nice woman took me in. She
146 gave me food and made a big bed for me.
156 This morning we walked past a poster
Image Source/PunchStock
163 with a picture that looks a lot like me.

172 She smiled and said that big changes will
180 be just around the corner. She says I’ll
188 have a visitor soon. I hope it’s you.
196 Love, Lola

Name
1. Who is the speaker in the first letter of the poem? What does the
first letter tell you about the speaker?
2. Who is the speaker in the second letter of the poem? What does
the second letter tell you about this speaker?
3. What point of view is each letter written from? How do you know?
4. What do you learn about the story because of this point of view?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
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Genre/Literary Elements
Name
Cheering Callie
Callie was sullen, sad
Since her friend Frances had moved far away.
Her brother Ben wanted to cheer her,
But nothing he said seemed suitably soothing.
Callie just sat in a chair, staring out the window.
Then Ben had an idea;
He started making funny faces and silly sounds,
Flipping backward like a jumping monkey.
He cracked her up with his antics,
And at last, she burst into giggles.
1. How do you know that “Cheering Callie” is free verse?
2. How do you know this text is narrative poetry?

3. Write two examples of alliteration used in the poem. Circle the letter
or letters of each repeated sound.

Literary Elements: Alliteration and Assonance
Name
Alliteration is the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginnings of words

near one another.
Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound inside words near one another.
Poets use both devices to add a musical quality to a poem and to draw
attention to certain words, phrases, or ideas.
Read the lines of the free verse poem below. Then answer
the questions.
You won’t believe the adventure

I’ve been having! It’s been a wild ride!
The gate was open, so I raced right out
and chased a squirrel for miles. After that,
I was lost. I was scared stiff at first,
but then a nice woman took me in. She gave
me food and made a big bed for me. This
morning we walked past a poster with a picture
that looks a lot like me.
1. Find two examples of alliteration in the lines above. Write them below.
2. Find one example of assonance. Write it below.
3. Read the passage aloud. How do alliteration and assonance add to

your enjoyment of reading the passage?
4. Write a short poem about an animal walking or running. Use at

least one example of alliteration and one example of assonance.

Vocabulary Strategy: Figurative Language
Name
Read each passage. Use context clues to help you figure out the
meaning of each idiom in bold. Then write the idiom’s meaning
on the line.
1. It’s been a full day since you’ve gone missing and

I’ve been a bundle of nerves.
2. Or see your face as you

come barreling down the street.
3. I’ve put up posters and pounded the pavement

for hours, wishing I had gotten that back gate
fixed faster.
4. You won’t believe the adventure

I’ve been having! It’s been a wild ride!
5. I was scared stiff at first,

but then a nice woman took me in.
6. She smiled and said

that big changes will be just around the corner.

Phonics: Consonant Alternation
Name
magic office public reject design
A. Read each sentence. Underline the word that has a suffix that
causes consonant alternation. Then choose the related base
word from the box above and write the word on the line.
1. My brother was disappointed when he got the rejection letter.
2. The restaurant got publicity by donating food to the event.
3. I was surprised the magician had tricks that were so clever!
4. We decided to designate my sister as our team leader.
5. The mayor had an official ceremony her first day on the job.
B. Circle the word that matches each clue below.
6. The b is silent in the base word, but not in the word with the
suffix added.
birthday crumble babbling

7. The c in the base word sounds like a k when the suffix is added.
official prejudicial muscular
8. The suffix creates the sh sound, but the base word has the
s sound.
prejudicial justice prejudge
9. The n is now heard, but the sound is not in the original

base word.
solemn solemnity sanity

Name
author used point of view to develop the speakers in the poem.
Topic In “Dear Lola,” the poet uses first-person point of view

sentence to develop two speakers. The speakers describe their
own feelings, using I for themselves and you for each
other. The first stanza is from Carolyn to her lost dog,
Evidence Lola. Carolyn describes how she misses Lola and worries
about her being scared. The second stanza is from Lola to
Carolyn. Lola is not scared. Instead, she describes having
Concluding
an exciting adventure! The point of view shows both
statement speakers’ personalities and their relationship.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Analyze the
poem’s point of view and how the author develops the speaker.
Cite evidence from the text. Remember to use transitions to
clarify relationships among reasons and to use pronouns
correctly.


Name
to help you add sensory language to create a more vivid picture
in the reader’s mind.
Draft Model
The spade digs in the ground.
It lifts the crumbling clods of dirt.
Then it gently covers the tiny seeds.

The soil smells like spring.
1. What do the crumbling clods of dirt look like? Is there anything in

the dirt?
2. In the third line, what is “it”?
3. When were the seeds planted? What do the seeds look like in
the dirt?
4. In the last line, exactly how does the soil smell like spring?
B. Now revise the draft by adding sensory language. Your

changes should help bring to life the speaker’s experience.

Vocabulary
Name
audacity deception desolate exploits

oblivious somber steadfast valiant
1. audacity, deception
2. desolate, somber
3. valiant, steadfast
4. oblivious, exploits

Comprehension: Problem and Solution Graphic Organizer
Name
Read the selection. Complete the problem and solution

graphic organizer.
Character
Setting
Problem
Events
Solution

Name
strategy to check your understanding as you read.
Athena and Arachne

Long ago when Greek gods and goddesses roamed the Earth, there lived
12 a young maiden by the name of Arachne who was known far and wide for
27 her skillful weaving. She could pull beautiful threads from fluffy wool and
39 twirl a spindle until it appeared to be dancing. The cloths she wove had
53 such magnificent patterns and images that women came from all over to
65 gaze upon them with wonder.
70 Those who saw her work said that surely she had been tutored by
83 Athena, the goddess of weaving. When Arachne heard this, she scoffed and
95 said she had taught herself. She even went so far as to claim that her skills
111 were superior to those of Athena, disrespectfully mocking the goddess by
122 declaring, “Let the goddess try to match her skills against mine.”
133 Now, it is a foolish thing to both mock and challenge the gods,
146 especially the Greek gods, but that did not stop Arachne, who was as
159 vain as she was talented. “I have confidence I will best her, and if not,
174 I will accept the penalty of losing.”
181 Athena was greatly displeased when she heard of Arachne’s claims,
191 and she decided to pay the maiden a visit. To give Arachne a chance to
206 apologize for her boasting, Athena disguised herself as an old lady. She
218 wore her hair gray and thinning, lined her face with the wisdom of years,
232 and used a stick to walk.
238 Athena approached Arachne and spoke to her. “Your skill as a weaver
250 is renowned, and I can see that you do your craft well. However, it would
265 serve you to be more humble and not set yourself above the gods and
279 goddesses. You should yield the goddess Athena’s place to her and take
291 back your boastful words. I’m sure Athena would pardon you if you made
304 amends to her.”

Name
Arachne stared at the old woman and said disdainfully, “I don’t need anyone’s
advice but my own. Athena is welcome to come here and try and match my
skills, unless of course she is afraid of losing.”
At those bold and foolish words, the old woman cast off her disguise and said,
“It is I, Athena, and since it is a contest you want, it is a contest you shall get.”
Arachne blushed when she realized to whom she was speaking, but she did not
change her resolve. The contest began at once.
The goddess and mortal took their places at looms. They wove thread in and
out at a furious pace, and it didn’t take long for images to begin appearing on the
cloth, such was the skill of the weavers.
Athena’s images portrayed the power of the gods against various mortals who
had displeased them. Her images were meant as a warning to Arachne that her
pride was both unwise and dangerous.
Arachne ignored the warning, and the images she wove were scenes of the
gods and goddesses doing foolish things. The gods were shown as feeble and
reckless. Arachne’s work was flawless and beautiful but full of scorn for the
gods and goddesses.
Incensed at Arachne’s disrespect, Athena ripped up Arachne’s cloth. Arachne
cried out at seeing her work destroyed. In response, Athena said to her, “You
are foolish and vain, but I can see you love
your craft, so I will take pity on you and not
kill you. Instead, I will let you spin forever.”
With those words, she sprinkled a magic juice

upon Arachne. Arachne’s body shrank, her
limbs changed, and her fingers turned into
legs. Her belly grew round, and from it came
a fine thread. Athena had turned Arachne into
a spider to pursue her skill as a weaver by
making and remaking spider webs.

Comprehension: Problem and Solution and Fluency
Name
1. How does Arachne create a problem for herself?
2. How does Arachne try to prove that her weaving is better

than Athena’s?
3. Even though Athena is displeased with Arachne, she wants to give

Arachne a chance to apologize. Does this solution work? Explain.
4. At the end of the story, Athena’s problem is that she wants to

punish Arachne for making fun of the gods. Yet she appreciates
Arachne’s love of weaving. How does Athena solve this problem?

intonation and phrasing. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Name
The Wings of Icarus

“What are you making, Dad?” Icarus asked his father, Daedalus. He was
constructing something from branches, wax, and feathers. The two had been
imprisoned in the labyrinth his father had created for King Minos—an irony that
was getting the best of Daedalus’s temper.
“You’ll see, Icarus. We will show that crazy king who’s smarter,” Daedalus
declared. “Here, Son, try these on.” Daedulus handed him a pair of wax wings.
“You’re kidding, right Dad?” Icarus replied.
“Not at all. Use these wings to escape,” Daedalus ordered, fastening the wings
to his son’s body. “Now go, but don’t fly too close to the sun.”
As he soared, Icarus felt invigorated and powerful. Forgetting his father’s
warning, he flew higher—almost touching the sun. Suddenly, Icarus felt his
wings getting heavy, and before he knew it, he dropped to the sea below. Sadly,
Icarus drowned. The Icarian Sea was named in his honor.
1. What element found in most myths does the text contain?
2. In your opinion, what lesson does this text teach?
3. Describe the series of events that contribute to the text’s

larger-than-life quality.

Vocabulary Strategy: Word Origins
Name
In your own words, write a definition of the word in bold in

each sentence below. Use the context of the sentence and the
information about the word’s origin to help you.
1. The cloths she wove had such magnificent patterns and images
that women came from all over to gaze upon them with wonder.
Origin: Latin magnificus meaning “noble in character”
Definition:
2. She even went so far as to claim that her skills were superior to
those of Athena, disrespectfully mocking the goddess by declaring,
“Let the goddess try to match her skills against mine.”
Origin: Latin superiorem meaning “higher”
Definition:
3. At those bold and foolish words, the old woman cast off her
disguise and said, “It is I, Athena, and since it is a contest you
want, it is a contest you shall get.”
Origin: Ancient French, deguiser, meaning “a change from the
usual dress or appearance”
Definition:
4. Athena’s images portrayed the power of the gods against various

mortals who had displeased them.
Origin: Latin, protrahere, meaning “to reveal”
Definition:

Word Study: Homophones
Name
miner naval vane pane sheer

navel pain shear minor vein
A. Find the homophone pairs in the box. Write each pair on a line.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Draw a line from each word in the left column to its homophone
in the right column. Then choose one homophone pair and use
both words in a sentence.
6. principle vain
7. aisle idle
8. lesson principal

9. idol isle
10. vein lessen
11.

Name
argument about the author’s use of characters, setting, and plot to describe a
problem and solution.
In my opinion, the author of “Athena and Arachne” does

Topic
sentence
a good job developing the problem and solution through
characters, setting, and plot. For example, the author
paints a picture of Arachne as boastful and makes it clear
that Arachne’s pride in her weaving is a problem. The
Evidence mythical setting allows the goddess Athena to intervene
to solve the problem of mortals who do not realize their
Concluding place. I think the author describes an interesting problem
statement and solution through the characters, setting, and plot.
author used characters, setting, and plot to describe a problem
and solution. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to support
your claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence and use
adjectives to make your writing interesting and lively.


Name
to help you think about what transitions you can add to indicate
shifts in time or setting and to connect plot events.
Draft Model
Jacob heard Dragon was threatening the kingdom. He decided to visit Dragon.
He left for the journey to Dragon’s cave. Jacob arrived at the cave.
1. What transitional words and phrases would help show readers when
it was that Jacob heard about Dragon threatening the kingdom?
What transitions would show when Jacob decided to visit Dragon?
2. What transitions would help show the connections between the

events in the first and second sentences?
3. What transitions would help indicate shifts in setting?
B. Now revise the draft by adding transitions to help clarify shifts

in time and setting and to help connect plot events.

Vocabulary
Name
disposed eavesdropping fortitude infinite

retaliation rigors stoop undaunted
1. (eavesdropping) The little boy learned

.
2. (disposed) If you enjoy volunteering at an animal shelter,
3. (fortitude) It takes a lot of
4. (retaliation) He thought his teammates were being unfair,
5. (rigors) The travelers were worried
.
6. (stoop) The sisters
7. (undaunted) The girl knew the class would be difficult,
8. (infinite) There seems to be

Name
Read the selection. Complete the cause and effect

graphic organizer.
Setting
Event Character’s
Reaction
Event Character’s
Reaction
Event Character’s
Reaction

Name
strategy to check your understanding as you read.
Following a Star
Henry walked carefully through the dark woods. He wished he could
11 progress faster, but he recalled his mother’s words, haste makes waste.
22 It would be dangerous to draw attention to himself. The woods were not
35 a safe place for a runaway slave. Nowhere was. His only hope was to
49 travel safely on the Underground Railroad to Canada and freedom. Each
60 home on the line would provide protection from those who would whip or
73 imprison him—or worse—if they caught him.
81 Suddenly, a twig snapped nearby, and Henry jumped. “Oh, no!” he
92 thought, his heart pounding within his chest. He squeezed his eyes shut
104 tight and told himself, “A coward dies a thousand deaths; a brave man
117 dies but once.” He turned around, anticipating an angry slave catcher, but
129 instead he saw the worried but friendly face of a boy not much older than
144 himself. “I thought…”
147 “Shh!” the boy hushed Henry, then led him to a large oak.
159 Next to the tree was a woman who stood just a little taller than Henry.
174 He didn’t need to see her clearly to know that this figure was the renowned
189 Harriet Tubman, the former slave who had guided so many other slaves to
202 freedom. She was holding a folded sheet of paper in her hand.
214 “I was told that this letter is a warning to folks that you are an escaped
230 slave,” Harriet told Henry quietly. “I will tell you how to make your way
244 along the Underground Railroad.”
248 Then in a calm voice, Tubman explained how to get to the first station.
262 “Look for a lit lantern hanging outside a home.” She reminded Henry that
275 along with those who would help him, there were also those who could
288 destroy him—wild animals and people.
294 “Mrs. Tubman, please take me with you!” Henry blurted out.

Name
“Hush up! I’m sorry, Henry,” Harriet Tubman said quietly, glancing at the
letter in her hand. Harriet knew that escorting Henry along with the other boy,
Timothy, would only put him—and them—in even more danger. “You’ve got to
find it in you to be brave.”
“But how will I know which direction to
go in?” Henry asked.
“Follow the North Star, and always be
remembering, stay alert, and understand
that your very life depends on your actions.
Didn’t your mama ever tell you danger
foreseen is half avoided?”
Henry thanked Harriet Tubman and began
his journey. He knew he couldn’t stay in the
woods much longer. He needed a clear view
of the sky so he could see the North Star.
As Henry moved closer to the edge of the
woods, the moonlight came down on the trees. It created shadows that turned the
trees into snarling dogs and men with sticks and ropes. The images filled Henry
with a twisting fear. Thinking about the punishments he would face if he were
captured terrified him. He began to wonder if he should turn back and return to
the plantation. He might still receive a beating, but it would be nothing like what
would happen if he were captured.
Still, life at the plantation was very hard. Although he was just a teenager,

Henry worked six long days a week, picking cotton under the boiling sun. There
he belonged to the master and could be sold at any time.
Unsure of what to do, Henry hung his head, and with a heavy sigh he thought
of something else his mama used to say, nothing ventured, nothing gained.
Henry had the experience of being a slave his whole life, and he knew that he
just HAD to be free!
Henry looked up at the sky and searched until he found the North Star shining
down on him like a ray of promise. Fortune favors the bold, thought Henry, and
he took off to follow the North Star to freedom.

Name
1. Early in the story, what happens when Henry hears a twig

snap? Why?
2. What causes Harriet Tubman to refuse to take Henry with her?
3. In the text in the middle of the second page, how do the shadows in
the woods affect Henry after he leaves Harriet Tubman? What does
he start to think he should do?
4. In the last two paragraphs, what does Henry remember? What

effect do these memories have on him?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
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Genre/Text Feature
Name
The Strength to Speak Out

“Rebecca’s been gone for what feels like ten years, Pa, but it is still 1838,”
Mrs. Miller told her husband.
Mr. Miller responded, “Be strong, dear. She has an important mission. Here,
a letter came for you today. Read it aloud.”
Mrs. Miller excitedly began reading: “My Dear Mama, I miss you and Papa
so. Please, don’t fret, for I am safe and well. I have listened to powerful speakers
at the abolitionist meeting in Pennsylvania Hall. Angelina Grimké Weld spoke
with fervor about the evils of slavery. She urged us all to join together against
the shame of our nation. Mama, would you believe that even I took the stage and
spoke to our fellow abolitionists? It is true, Mama. Mrs. Weld took my hands,
looked in my eyes, and said, ‘Rebecca Miller, stand up and speak your mind,
for yours is a keen mind and your voice is one of courage.’ Be proud of me,
Mama. I have become the strong woman you had hoped me to be. With love
and devotion to you and Papa, Rebecca.”
1. What text features of historical fiction does the text contain?

List two.

2. What important information about the main character and the plot
does the letter reveal?
3. How does the use of dialect help you understand the time period?

Vocabulary Strategy: Adages and Proverbs
Name
Read each passage below. Using context clues to help you, write
a definition of each adage or proverb in bold.
1. Henry walked carefully through the dark woods. He wished he

could progress faster, but he recalled his mother’s words, haste
makes waste. It would be dangerous to draw attention to himself.
2. Suddenly, a twig snapped nearby, and Henry jumped. “Oh, no!” he

thought, his heart pounding within his chest. He squeezed his eyes
shut tight and told himself, “A coward dies a thousand deaths; a
brave man dies but once.” He turned around, anticipating an angry
slave catcher, but instead he saw the worried but friendly face of a
boy not much older than himself.
3. “Follow the North Star, and always be remembering, stay alert, and
understand that your very life depends on your actions. Didn’t your
mama ever tell you danger foreseen is half avoided?”
4. Unsure of what to do, Henry hung his head, and with a heavy
sigh he thought of something else his mama used to say, nothing
ventured, nothing gained. Henry had the experience of being a
slave his whole life, and he knew that he just HAD to be free!
5. Henry looked up at the sky and searched until he found the North
Star shining down on him like a ray of promise. Fortune favors
the bold, thought Henry, and he took off to follow the North Star
to freedom.

Word Study: Words from Around the World
Name
bazar
¯ ¯ in Persian means “market” plat in French means “flat”
iglu in Inuit means “house” pudelhund in German means “to
splash about” plus “dog”
kruisen in Dutch means “to cross”
Read each sentence. The word in bold has an origin in a

language other than English. Find the related word in the box
and write the word and its meaning on the line.
1. The igloo kept the family warm even in extremely cold weather.
2. Our family took a cruise down the river during spring break.
3. We bought several gifts at the winter bazaar.
4. My poodle loves to play at the dog park.

5. After climbing the steep hills, we were glad to reach a plateau
that extended for miles.

Name
author used characters, setting, and plot to communicate cause and effect.
Topic In “Following a Star,” the author conveys cause and

sentence effect through plot, characters, and setting. The plot is a
series of causes and effects. The main character, Henry,
has run away from slavery, and he fears being captured
Evidence by slave catchers. The setting is a woods at night, where
strange noises and dark shadows cause fear in Henry.
But Henry, encouraged by Harriet Tubman and by his
determination to escape slavery, behaves bravely. The
Concluding
cause-and-effect relationships help readers understand
statement
Henry and his story.
the author used characters, setting, and plot to convey cause
and effect. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to include
precise language, and to use definite and indefinite articles and
demonstrative adjectives correctly.


Name
to help you think about how you can add strong, vivid words to
help readers visualize the setting and the characters.
Draft Model
Song desperately looked for her sister, but the forest hid her well. Song called
out her sister’s name. The only answer was the sound of an owl. Song walked
carefully through the trees.
1. What strong verbs could you use to describe how Song looks
and sounds as she searches and calls out?
2. What vivid words could you use to help readers visualize the
forest and understand what Song feels?
3. How do you want the sound of the owl to affect readers? What
specific words could help you describe the owl’s sound to get
that effect?
B. Now revise the draft by adding strong, vivid words that will
help readers better visualize the setting and the action and to
understand how Song is feeling.

Vocabulary
Name
inefficient nutrients industrial manipulation

modification mutated sparse surplus

1. What might be sparse on a dark winter day?
2. Why do living creatures need nutrients?
3. What is an inefficient way to clear a lawn of fallen leaves?
4. What is something that might be mutated?
5. What is something that is made by using industrial technology?

6. In which of your school subjects do you use manipulation

of numbers?
7. What would you do if you had a surplus of money?
8. Why might you make a modification to a jacket?

Name

graphic organizer.
Cause Effect

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to check your

understanding as you read.
Something to Write On, Please

Paper is so common today that it is hard to think of living without it. Yet
16 for thousands of years before paper was invented, that is just what people
29 did. In spite of this hardship, people managed over the centuries to come
42 up with a great variety of materials upon which to record their ideas.
55 The earliest writing material used by humans was the wall of a cave.
68 While not much is known about prehistoric writing, one thing is sure.
80 Writing on the wall of a cave could not be moved. To read it, a person
96 would have had to come to it. In a time when the only way to get from one
114 place to another was to walk, cave writers did not have a wide audience.
128 Stone and Papyrus

131 Much of the early writing of the Egyptians was hieroglyphics, which
142 means picture symbols. The ancient Egyptians carved their writing into the
153 stone of temples or monuments. Because of where the writing was done,
165 the words were made to be as permanent as the buildings themselves.
177 Later the Egyptians made an early paper-like material called papyrus.
187 This is the word from which paper gets its name. Papyrus was named after
201 a kind of marsh grass growing around the Nile River called papyrus. To
214 make papyrus paper, the Egyptians cut thin strips of grass and soaked them
227 in water. Soaking the strips softened them. To make a flat surface, they
240 laid the strips at right angles to each other and pounded them into a thin
255 sheet. The heat of the sun dried and stiffened the sheets. Dried papyrus
268 was a much lighter substance than stone. It could easily be carried from
281 place to place in rolled sheets called scrolls.

Name
Clay Tablets
Near Egypt and about the same time, the
ancient Mesopotamians made a form of writing
called cuneiform, or wedge-shaped writing.
Like the Egyptians, the Mesopotamians used
materials from their rivers to make writing
materials. The end of a reed made a wedge-
shaped impression in the wet clay. The drying
of the clay made the writing harden and become
permanent. But it could still be carried from one
place to another.
In fact, some historians think that one of the earliest uses of writing in
Mesopotamia was to note lists of goods. These lists were sent along with the goods
when they were shipped. Because the writing on the dry clay could not be changed,
if something was missing from the shipment, the person receiving it would know!
Ts’ai Lun’s Secret Formula

The first person we know of to make something like the paper we use today
was a person named Ts’ai Lun. He worked in the Chinese Imperial Court and
lived over 1,900 years ago. At that time, books in China were made of bamboo,
tortoise shell, and other things that were quite heavy. Silk was also used to make
books, but it made them costly. Unhappy with these materials, Lun set out to

find something more convenient to write on.
He started by soaking pieces of bark and other plant parts in water. Once the
water helped to soften the fibers, Lun pounded them with a wooden tool. After
the soaking and pounding, the fibers became thin and threadlike. Using a sieve,
Lun carefully separated the threads from the mixture. When the threads were
pressed and dried together, they formed thin sheets that one could write on.
Going Paperless?
The amount of paper we use today adds up to a lot of chopped down trees.
One paper innovation in recent years has been the use of renewable plant fibers
such as bamboo. Bamboo grows fast, while trees take a long time to grow. Now
that we use computers to write with, one day, we may not require paper at all!

Name
1. What did Egyptians do to cause papyrus to become a flat surface

that could be used for writing?
2. What was an effect of the Egyptians carving their writing into the
stone of temples and monuments?
3. Look at paragraph 2 on the second page of the passage. What was

the effect of having lists of goods that were permanently written on
dry clay? What signal word helps you understand this cause and
effect relationship?
4. What caused the plant fibers that Ts’ai Lun worked with to become
thin and threadlike?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
The Abacus: Oldest Counting Machine

For thousands of years, the abacus has
been used as a counting machine. In many
cultures, merchants who traded goods used the
wooden beads of the abacus to count goods
they bought and sold. They also used the
abacus to figure out how much the multiples
of their goods would cost. Historians believe
that the simplest abacuses probably involved
drawing lines in the sand to represent units,
such as 100s and 1000s. Small pebbles were
Wooden beads on an abacus were
used to represent numbers within those units. used to count units. Their value
With the development of number notation, the depended on the column and
abacus lost popularity in Europe. However, position (up or down).
people in many parts of the world use it to

this day.
1. List two features of expository text that this text contains.

2. Besides providing the topic, what does the heading tell you?
3. What information in the text is supported by the diagram

and caption?

Name
Read each passage below. Determine the cause-and-effect

relationship described in each. Write the missing cause or effect
on the line provided. Then, thinking about the cause and effect,
define the word in bold in each passage.
1. To make papyrus paper, the Egyptians cut thin strips of grass and
soaked them in water. Soaking the strips softened them. To make
a flat surface, they laid the strips at right angles to each other and
pounded them into a thin sheet.
cause:
effect: making papyrus paper with a flat surface
definition of pounded:
2. The end of a reed made a wedge-shaped impression in the

wet clay.
cause: end of reed pushed into clay
effect:
definition of impression:
3. The drying of the clay made the writing harden and become
permanent.
cause: drying of the clay
effect:
definition of permanent:
4. Silk was also used to make books, but it made them costly.
cause: using silk, an expensive material, to make books
effect:
definition of costly:

Word Study: Latin Roots
Name
benefit transport structure factory

audience manufacture reflection beneficial
exported reflex destruction audio
A. Read the words in the box above. Sort them based on their
Latin roots. Write each word in the correct column.
aud bene flect/flex port struct fac/fact
Latin Roots and their Meanings

• aud means “hear” • bene and bon mean “good”
• flect and flex mean “bend” • port means “carry”
• struct means “build” • fac and fact mean “make” or “do”

B. Circle the word with the Latin root in each sentence. Use the root
meanings above and your knowledge of word parts to determine
the meaning of the word. Then write the meaning on the line.
1. Cars were sent around the construction site.
2. People filled the auditorium before the show.
3. At the meet, the gymnasts showed how flexible they are.
4. This rug was imported from India.

Name
author used a cause-and-effect text structure to present information.
Topic In “Something to Write On, Please,” the author uses

sentence a cause-and-effect text structure to present information.
For example, the author explains how each step of
preparing papyrus grass causes fibers to be ready for
the next step in the process. The result is the creation of
Evidence paper-like sheets for writing on. The author also uses
steps to describe Ts’ai Lun’s process of paper production.
Transition words such as after and when link causes and
effects. The author explains the process clearly using a
Concluding
cause-and-effect text structure.
statement
the author used a cause-and-effect text structure to present
information. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to develop
the topic with concrete details and examples, and to use
comparative adjectives correctly.


Name
to help you think about how to best organize the text so that
ideas are logically connected.
Draft Model
The washing machine was a very important invention. It made life easier
for many people. Before, clothes were washed by hand. This took hours. Now
washing machines could do most of the work.
1. What signal words can you insert to highlight cause-and-effect

relationships?
2. How could sentences be revised or rearranged to clearly link

causes and effects?
3. What words or phrases can you use to signal the order of events?
B. Now revise the draft by adding signal words that will help
the reader understand the order of events and the relationships
between ideas.

Vocabulary
Name
colleagues conservatively deduction drones

galaxy sustain ultimately verify
1. (verify) Please recheck your facts
2. (deduction) The scientist was

.
3. (drones) In the next room,
4. (galaxy) There are many
5. (colleagues) We weren’t sure what to do,
.
6. (conservatively) I think that we can

.
7. (sustain) Most plants and animals need
8. (ultimately) After a long discussion,

Name
Event

Name
Read the passage. Use the reread strategy to check your

understanding as you read.
Satellites Take Archeology to New Heights

Like detectives in hot pursuit of evidence, archeologists hunt for
10 information that is often hidden. They dig for clues about ancient people
22 whose cultures have vanished and are gone from view. For many years,
34 archeologists used simple tools such as hand shovels and sifters. They
45 carefully removed sand and dirt from relics. They hoped these objects
56 from the past would unlock the mysteries of ancient civilizations. Now
67 a new tool has transformed archeology. Satellite images reveal secrets
77 hidden below the earth. They show in a picture what the human eye
90 sometimes cannot see.
93 Going High-Tech
95 In 2000 archeologist Sarah Parcak began searching for traces of ancient
106 villages in Egypt. She knew that buildings could have been buried in the
119 Nile River floodplain. The shifting desert sands could have covered over
130 whole settlements. However, Parcak wanted to try a high-tech approach
140 to help pinpoint, or narrow down, possible sites. Parcak was familiar with
152 satellite imaging for small projects. She wanted to apply it more broadly
164 across Egypt.

166 In 2010 Parcak and her team had two sets of satellite imaging to look
180 at. For over a year, they studied and compared both sets. Parcak found that
194 the most revealing pictures were taken during late winter when the soil
206 was wet. Parcak and her team could see where the buildings were. The
219 ancient underground buildings were made of mud brick. When the buried
230 walls were wet, the images showed differences between the soil above the
242 walls and the soil next to them. Now the team had clues, a starting point.

Name
Proof on the Ground

In the satellite pictures, Parcak and the team could easily see the sites of
pyramids that were above the ground. They compared those images with the
outlines of similar structures that were underground and found more pyramids.
The satellite pictures also revealed the layout of an underground city. Using
the images, Parcak and her team were able to create a map of Tanis, an ancient
Egyptian capital.
The archeologists knew they would have to prove their theories. In 2011
Parcak’s satellite technology pinpointed where to dig. Partnering with a group
of French archeologists, Parcak’s team explored the Tanis site. They uncovered
a house right where the satellite picture had shown it would be. The team also
did a trial dig for pyramids. They found two. The pyramids were exactly where
the pictures showed they should be. “They found an almost 100% correlation
between what we see on the imagery and what we see on the ground,”
Parcak said.
In total, the high-tech research
has uncovered 17 buried pyramids,
1,000 tombs, and 3,000 settlements.
Parcak’s idea of using satellite
technology has paid off. She is
Purestock/SuperStock
eager to see how this technology
will reveal more about life in
ancient Egypt.

Pictures of the earth taken from satellites
Further Exploration can help archeologists.
Archeologists predict there will be many more uses for satellite technology.
Today the Egyptian government uses satellite imaging to protect their ancient
sites. If there is looting, the authorities can be alerted. This may help keep down
such theft in the tombs. Archeologists can also use satellites to study sites in
war-torn countries, where ground visits are difficult. Another archeologist has
learned how ancient water canals helped the Mayans farm.
Satellites were first developed in connection with space exploration. They are
also helping us get to know our own planet better. Sometimes you have to step
back to see the big picture.

Name
1. What tools did archeologists use for many years to find relics?
What is a new tool? What time word signals the sequence?
2. What signal words tell you how long Parcak and her team worked
with the satellite images of the Nile floodplain? What did the team
of archeologists do with the images?
3. What did the archeologists do right before they started digging

in 2011?
4. How many years after Parcak began searching for ancient villages
did she and her team begin digging at the site of Tanis? How do
you know?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
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Genre/Text Feature
Name
Shipwreck Located Below Lake Ontario

For Jim Kennard, the search for the 18th-century British warship HMS Ontario
lasted 35 years. In 2008, Kennard teamed up with Dan Scoville, and the two men
used sonar, or sound, technology to locate the
shipwreck in Lake Ontario. But underwater
divers could not reach it, because the ship
lay 500 feet below the surface. Instead, the Art to come
men used an underwater remotely operated
vehicle (ROV) that Scoville developed to U005_W004_003P
explore and confirm the identity of the ship. Model of HMS Ontario; provide a scale to show
The ROV has high-intensity lighting and dimensions for length and height.
cameras that take images of shipwrecks. The

images showed a large sailing ship. Finally, The HMS Ontario was 24.5 meters
Kennard had found the HMS Ontario. long (over 80 feet) with masts
almost as tall as the length of
the ship.
1. How is the information in the text organized? How does it help you?
2. What inventions helped Kennard and Scoville make their discovery? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. What part of the process helped confirm the identity of the ship?
4. What technical information do the diagram and its caption provide?

Name
Read each passage. Underline the context clues that define or

restate the meaning of the word in bold. Write the definition
of the word. Then use the word in a sentence of your own.
1. Like detectives in pursuit of evidence, archeologists hunt for clues.
Definition:
Sentence:
2. They dig for clues about ancient people whose cultures have
vanished and are gone from view.
Definition:
Sentence:
3. They carefully removed dirt from relics. They hoped these objects
from the past would unlock the mysteries of ancient civilizations.
Definition:
Sentence:
4. Satellite images reveal secrets hidden below the earth. They show
in a picture what the human eye sometimes cannot see.
Definition:
Sentence:
5. However, Parcak wanted to pinpoint, or narrow down, possible sites.
Definition:
Sentence:

Word Study: Greek Roots
Name
A. Add the word parts to create a word with a Greek root.

Write the word. Then circle the word below that has the same
Greek root.
1. aero + space =
automated aerodynamic alleviate
2. bio + graph + y =
autograph bizarre microwave
3. photo + synthesis =
philosophy telephoto program
4. psych + ologist =
pathetic polar psychic
5. para + graph =
grapes invite graphic
B. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use the

meanings of Greek roots to help you.
aerobic psychology photocopy photographer
6. He made a of his passport before he left.
7. Swimming is considered an excellent activity.
8. A uses a camera to take pictures.
9. In a class, students learn about the mind.

Name
Evidence is details and examples from a text that support a writer’s opinion. The
student who wrote the paragraph below cited evidence to supports an argument
about how well the author uses text features to develop and support ideas.
Topic In “Satellites Take Archeology to New Heights,” the

sentence author’s use of text features helps clarify ideas. The
subheadings help readers understand what each section is
about. “Going High-Tech” tells about one archeologist’s
Evidence idea to try using satellite images. “Proof On the Ground”
tells about what archaeologists did on the ground with the
satellite information. The photo is another helpful text
feature. It lets readers see what the text describes. The
Concluding
author’s use of subheadings and a photo helps support the
statement
text’s ideas.
well the author used text features to develop ideas. Cite evidence
from the text. Remember to clarify relationships among claims
and reasons, and to use the words more and most correctly.


Name
to help you think about how to strengthen the organization of
the paragraph’s main idea and supporting details.
Draft Model
I think we should visit the moon again. The last time a human walked on
the moon was in 1972. Since that time, there have been many advances in
technology.
1. What words or phrases could you add to make the topic sentence
clearer?
2. How could the second sentence be revised to help it better

support the topic sentence?
3. What points could be added to help strengthen the ideas in the

last sentence and to link ideas to the topic? What transitions
could be used?
4. What sentence could you add to the end to make the reader want
to read the next paragraph?

B. Now revise the draft by creating a stronger topic sentence
and by giving stronger, more specific support for the topic.

Vocabulary
Name
catastrophic elevating computations subsequently

magnetic obsolete application deployed

1. Why might you use something magnetic?
2. What kind of homework usually involves computations?
3. What is something you would describe as catastrophic?
4. Why might an ambulance be deployed?

5. If you were injured, what might you subsequently do?
6. What is a typical application for a hammer?
7. Why would you call an old typewriter an obsolete writing tool?
8. What might be one reason for elevating a sign?

Name

graphic organizer.

Name

understanding.
Hurtling Through Space from Home

If you’ve ever wondered what it’s like to travel in space, now you can
14 find out. Space hobbyists have written some amazing computer programs.
24 Some let you see what’s out there as if you were at a planetarium. Other
39 programs let you soar through the universe from home like an astronaut.
51 From the world’s largest map to flight simulations, this space exploration
62 can be a lot of fun. Virtual space flights are not just for kids and teenagers.
78 Many computer astronauts are adults. They want to know how it feels to
91 guide a spacecraft through our vast solar system.
99 Many Ways to Learn with Technology

105 Have you ever looked in awe at the enormous, brightly lit night sky?
118 You can now get a closer look without going to a planetarium. Computer
131 programs are available to the public using data from real orbiters and
143 telescopes. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is an effort to create a map of
157 the universe. Its creators have identified hundreds of millions of objects.
168 Anyone with a computer can see images and data from the survey by
181 logging onto SkyServer. Navigation tools take you on a journey through
192 the night sky. It would be easy to get lost out in the universe. SkyServer
207 provides games and projects to keep computer astronauts on course.
217 Since 2009 NASA and Microsoft have worked together to make
227 planetary images and data available to the public. The result is the
239 WorldWide Telescope. Its creators call it “the world’s best telescope.”
249 This online tool gathers information from telescopes and observatories
258 throughout the world. Guided tours take you on a space journey billions of
271 years into the past. One feature even lets you see into the future. You can
286 view the planets’ positions from any place on Earth at any time.

Name
Stellarium is an easy-to-use astronomy program. You can observe the sun,

moon, planets, and stars just as you might at a planetarium. Zoom in to find the
names of objects in the sky. Look at the universe from anywhere, not just gazing
up from Earth. To visit Jupiter, simply type in the planet’s name. The program
shoots you across the night sky. You can enjoy the wonder at close range.
Celestia is another piece of free software that provides the experience of exploring
our galaxy. You will not be in a cockpit for this virtual adventure. This program is
also more like visiting a planetarium. However, you may plot locations in the solar
system and travel between planets. There is an easy “Go To” feature. Just pick a
planet or star you wish to zoom in on. You see stars, planets, and moons pass by until
you get where you want to go.
Virtual Orbiting
Bruce Irving is one of NASA’s Solar System Ambassadors. He is a skillful
author and teacher of computer space explorers. He has written free online
books to enable people to use a space simulation program called Orbiter. You
can experience a ride in a spaceship by using pre-recorded flights. Launch and
re-entry modeling make for realistic space travel. Later on, you can learn how
to plan your own trip to Mars. Or you can see Jupiter from your virtual cockpit.
Orbiter has enough levels of learning to
challenge even advanced users.
It’s easy to get interested in space
exploration and flight simulation.

Computer programs have paved the way
for many people of all ages to experience
space. Willing scientists and computer
experts have made the thrill of spaceflight
possible for everyone.
Graphics such as this—the cockpit

Simulations Require Training of the Orbiter’s Delta-glider vehicle—
add to the realism of space-flight
Spaceflight simulation demands some simulation.
learning before you can do much more
than take a demonstration ride. As you can see from looking at the virtual
cockpit in the demo model, experiencing simulations of launches of your own
will require some tutorial work.

Name
1. What detail does the author include about what you can do using
the WorldWide Telescope?
2. What details does the author include about what you can do with
the program Celestia?
3. What words that the author uses to describe Stellarium give you
evidence about the author’s view of the program?
4. How would you describe the author’s point of view about computer
programs that simulate space exploration?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
NASA’s Robotic Lander Maximum Hovering Altitude of

Robotic Lander, Oct.–Nov. 2011
Picture a “robot” spacecraft landing on 100
a faraway planet. NASA is testing just such 90
a robotic lander to explore the moon and 80
other bodies in space. “Mighty Eagle,” the 70
first lander of this type, is a 700-pound, 60
50
three-legged craft, and is four feet tall and
40
eight feet wide. During tests in 2011, the lander
30
reached an altitude of 100 feet, hovered a
20
while, and then landed safely. An on-board pre-
10
programmed computer guides “Mighty Eagle,” Altitude First Second Third
our newest advance in space exploration. (in feet) test test test
3. Based on the information in the text, is the heading a strong one? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Why or why not?
4. What information does the line graph provide?

Vocabulary Strategy: Connotations and Denotations
Name
Read each sentence. Then explain how the tone of the sentence
would change if the words in bold were replaced with the words
in parentheses.
1. Other programs let you soar through the universe from home like an
astronaut. (fly)
2. From the world’s largest map to flight simulations, this space

exploration can be a lot of fun. (research)
3. They want to know how it feels to guide a spacecraft through our

vast solar system. (big)
4. You can enjoy the wonder at close range. (impressive sight)

5. Celestia is another piece of free software that provides the

experience of exploring our galaxy. (activity)
6. Bruce Irving is one of NASA’s Solar System Ambassadors.

(Representatives)

Word Study: Suffixes -ive, -age, and -ize
Name
A. Read each sentence and look for words with the suffix -ive,
-age, or -ize. Underline the suffix. Then write the word on the line.
1. I’m glad that my friend could sympathize with my situation.
2. We had the advantage of practicing on the stage.
3. The live debate between the candidates was explosive.
4. Should we organize these drawings by size?
5. The passage across the sea seemed like it lasted for ages.
B. Read the words in the box. Then sort the words based on their
suffixes in the chart below.
vocalize wreckage attractive creative emphasize

criticize storage secretive percentage
-ive -age -ize

Name
author expressed his or her point of view.
In “Hurtling Through Space from Home,” the author

Topic uses evidence that can be checked to support the point of
sentence view that space-exploration software provides valuable
and enjoyable tools. To support this point of view, the
author tells of a number of such programs, such as
Evidence Stellarium and Celestia. The author then provides facts
and details of the wondrous experiences these programs
offer, including facts presented in a sidebar illustration.
Concluding With these examples, facts, and details, the author
statement supports his or her point of view.
author expressed his or her point of view. Cite evidence from the
text. Remember to include concrete details and use comparative
forms correctly.


Name
to help you revise the draft by replacing less-precise words with
content words about the technical subject.
Draft Model
My favorite piece of new technology is a tablet computer. It has a fast processor
and programmable keys. It also has lots of memory.
1. What words in the model can be replaced with more precise

content words about this new technology?
2. How can you use content words to be more specific about the
amount of memory the tablet has?
3. What other content words can you add to the draft? For example,
does the tablet have a camera? Does it have any special apps?
B. Now revise the draft by replacing less-precise words with

content words.

Vocabulary
Name
commodity distribution dominant edible

impenetrable ornate replenished significant
1. impenetrable, significant
2. commodity, distribution
3. edible, replenished
4. ornate, dominant

Name
graphic organizer.
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail

Name
Read the passage. Use the ask and answer questions strategy to
check for understanding as you read.
Harnessing the Sun’s Energy

For as long as people have lived on Earth, they have depended on the
14 sun for the energy they need. Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
28 In ancient times, people were warmed directly by the sun and indirectly
40 by the solar energy stored in wood when they burned it. They used stored
54 solar energy whenever they ate plants or animals that got their energy from
67 plants. Today we use the solar energy stored in oil, coal, and natural gas.
81 All of these are formed over very long periods of time.
92 Because coal, oil, and gas take a long time to form, using them as
106 energy sources has a disadvantage. They cannot be replaced as we use
118 them. Today people are looking for ways to use solar energy directly from
131 sunlight. Solar energy used in this way is called solar power. Because
143 Earth receives light from the sun constantly, direct solar energy is a
155 renewable source of energy.
159 Many ancient people found ways to harness solar power by converting,
170 or turning, sunlight into thermal energy (heat). Greeks and Romans used
181 the sun’s reflection on mirrors to light torches. Romans found that using
193 glass windows would capture the sun’s warmth. Native Americans built
203 houses into the sides of cliffs. They used the sun's heat from the day for
218 warmth at night. Solar technology is not new. However, we continue to

230 learn ways to harness the sun’s power.
237 From Light to Electricity

241 Today we also have the technology to turn solar energy into electrical
253 energy (electricity). In 1839 a French scientist by the name of Edmund
265 Bequerel made a breakthrough discovery. He observed that certain
274 materials made electrical current when they absorbed light. In 1905
284 Albert Einstein described the details of this process. Einstein’s work was
295 the basis for much progress in solar technology.

Name
Convert, Collect, and Store

In the 1950s, American scientists
Cell
developed a solar cell that could convert
the sun’s energy into current. One cell did
not produce much electricity. Soon the
cells were placed into larger units called Module
modules. Then NASA decided to invest in
solar energy for space travel. By combining
solar modules, they made a more powerful
electrical source called an array. NASA first
used this technology on their satellite called Array
Vanguard I in 1958.
The sun’s energy can produce heat and power, but it must somehow be
stored for later use. Some electrical power can be stored in batteries. Solar heat
can also be captured by collectors and then stored. In 1767 a Swiss scientist
developed the first solar collector. A flat plate collector uses black metal plates
covered with pieces of glass. The glass heats up as the sun strikes. The heat is
then carried by water or air to storage. Collectors are often used for heating
homes or water. A focusing collector is used to capture greater heat. In these,
a layout of carefully placed mirrors focuses the sunlight. The light goes from a
wide area and is concentrated into a small black receiver. These solar furnaces
can reach temperatures of up to 2,000 degrees Celsius.

An Available Renewable Energy
Solar power has many advantages. It does not pollute. This resource is free and
widely available. The challenge is collecting and storing energy from this source
cheaply. Today, more people use solar power in their homes and businesses. Water
heaters and collection panels are cutting energy costs. New designs in windows,
skylights, and even roof shingles help homeowners use the sun’s energy directly.
From ancient people to today, humans have looked for ways to harness our
amazing sun. With awareness of the need for renewable, clean energy, looking to
the sun just makes sense. The potential for solar power is enormous.

Name
1. Look at the first paragraph. Write two details that support the main
idea that people have always depended on the sun for energy.
2. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?
3. Look at the second paragraph under the heading “Convert, Collect,

and Store.” What is the main idea of that paragraph? Name one
detail that supports this idea.


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Lithium: The World’s Newest Commodity

Like oil and natural gas that fuel our cars
and homes, lithium has become a valuable
commodity, or product. It is a light silvery-
salt crust
white metal with high electrical conductivity.
liquid brine
Therefore, electronics that require a long
battery life, such as laptops and mobile rock salt
phones, run on lithium. The world’s largest

supply lies within the salt flats of Chile and
Bolivia in South America. Although lithium
is a clean energy source, mining for it is dirty
work. The precious metal is pumped out of Lithium from the liquid brine layer is
the ground and left to bake in the hot desert pumped up to the earth’s surface.
sun. It then becomes a yellow greasy liquid that can be used as energy. For some
people, the question remains: How much environmental damage will lithium
mining cause?
1. What process does the text explain?

2. How do the diagram and caption help you understand this
process?
3. Why are some people concerned about lithium mining?

Vocabulary Strategy: Latin Roots
Name
Read each sentence. Use the chart below to help you figure out
the meaning of each word in bold. Then write the root of each
word and a new sentence using that word.
Latin Root Meaning

flec, flex bend, break
ology study or science of
scrib, scrip write
vert, vers turn
sign sign
1. Many ancient people found ways to harness solar power by

converting, or turning, sunlight into thermal energy (heat).
root:
sentence:
2. Greeks and Romans used the sun’s reflection on mirrors to light

torches.
root:
sentence:
3. Solar technology is not new.

root:
sentence:
4. In 1905, Albert Einstein described the details of this process.
root:
sentence:
5. New designs in windows, skylights, and even roof shingles help

homeowners use the sun’s energy directly.
root:
sentence:

Word Study: Suffixes -ible and -able
Name
A. Read each word in bold. Then circle the related word with the
suffix -ible or -able.
1. value valuable valued remarkable
2. profit professional profitable profits
3. consider changeable considerable considerate
4. love lovely adorable lovable
5. horror horrible honorable horrifying
B. Read each clue. Then choose a word from the box that
matches it. Write the word on the line and circle the suffix.
reversible impossible admirable predictable believable

terrible acceptable reliable noticeable considerable
6. worthy of admiration
7. able to be reversed

8. capable of being noticed
9. able to be believed
10. causing terror

Name
her argument about how the author develops the main idea and key details.
In “Harnessing the Sun’s Energy,” I think the author

Topic
sentence
uses strong details successfully to develop the main
idea that the sun is an important source of energy. For
example, the author begins with how the earliest people
used the sun’s energy for heat and ends with today’s
Evidence technology for getting heat and electricity from the sun.
The author also points out that solar energy is renewable
while many other energy sources are not. I believe the
Concluding
author supports the main idea well with strong key details.
Statement
author developed the main idea and key details. Cite evidence
from the text. Remember to support your claims with clear
reasons and relevant evidence and use adverbs correctly.


Name
help you think about how to vary sentence length and sentence
structure.
Draft Model
We need to protect our water supply. People, animals, and plants will die
without it. We should stop pollution.
1. What new details could you add to the first sentence to grab the
reader’s attention? How could adding this information make the first
sentence a compound sentence?
2. How could you make the second sentence shorter to emphasize

the point? How could this sentence be reorganized so the subject
is not at the beginning?
3. What words, phrases, or clauses could you add to the third

sentence to better relate this idea to the other sentences?
B. Now revise the draft by varying the sentence length and

structure so that the writing seems more natural and more able
to keep the reader’s interest.

Vocabulary
Name
agitated crucial futile populous

presumed smoldering undiminished urgency

1. What kind of situation might create an urgency to leave a building?
2. What kind of place is a populous city?
3. If he presumed he would do well on the test, what did he believe?
4. Why is it dangerous to pick up a smoldering piece of wood?

5. What is something that can cause people to become agitated?
6. Why is it crucial to learn about safety?
7. What is something that can be considered futile?
8. If a fire is undiminished, does it give off less heat than before?

Name

graphic organizer.
Cause Effect

Name
Read the passage. Use the ask and answer questions strategy to
check your understanding as you read.
The New York City Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

New York City was a booming industrial center in 1911. The garment
12 industry was one of the largest employers in the city at that time.
25 Immigrant women and girls were often the ones who worked in these
37 factories, cutting and sewing fabric for clothing. The garment factories
47 were in great competition. As a result, workers’ pay and factory conditions
59 often suffered. It was common for immigrant workers to work in unclean,
71 overcrowded factories.
73 The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory specialized in making a popular
82 women’s blouse called the shirtwaist. The Triangle Factory was on the
93 top three floors of the ten-story Asch building. Nearly 500 of the 600
106 employees were young women and girls. Sewing machines were crowded
116 together with hardly an aisle to walk between them. Cloth scraps littered
128 the floors. Webs of thread and cloth draped over chairs and tables. There
141 was no time for cleanup.
146 At 4:45 p.m. on March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory erupted
158 into an uncontrollable blaze. It was the close of a workday. Many were
171 ready to walk out with their coats in hand. How cruel was the fate of the
187 148 people who died, trapped in flames within minutes of their freedom!
199 A tailor on the eighth floor heard the first cry of fire. He and the
214 manager grabbed buckets and began dousing the flames with water. A
225 feast for the hungry fire, long rope lines of shirtwaist garments hung above
238 sewing tables. While the men tossed water on the fire, the rope burned in
252 two. As a result, the flaming blouses fell onto electric sewing machines
264 and wooden tables below. Soon the cloth-filled room was an uncontrolled
275 wildfire.

Name
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words

As clouds gather before a storm, the first sparks of flame foreshadowed an
unthinkable disaster in New York City. Chaos reigned inside the factory. The
workers found exit doors locked. There was only one fire escape. One elevator
worked, but for only a short time. Stairwells soon filled with fire. Because they
had nowhere to go, the employees faced unwelcome choices.
Sarah Friedman Dworetz worked on the ninth floor that dreadful day. She
said in an interview, “There was screaming and shoving and many girls tried to
climb over the machine tables.” As Sarah waited for the elevator, she saw the
flames coming from all sides. “Suddenly I was holding to the sides of the door
looking down the elevator shaft with girls screaming and pushing behind me.”
She reached for the elevator cable and grabbed hold. Sarah slid down the shaft,
landing on top of the elevator, unconscious. Other girls followed Sarah, many
falling on top of her broken body.
Many girls rushed to the windows to escape the flames. A gathering crowd
below yelled, “Don’t jump!” With flames igniting their hair and skirts, the girls
began jumping. Fire Captain Frank Rubino was on the scene. He said, “People
began to holler, ‘Raise the ladders, raise the ladders.’ But we had ladders up.”
Five girls watched as a ladder moved toward them. When the ladder could not
reach, they grabbed one another
and leaped, fire streaking from
their clothes. The murderous fire
was over in thirty minutes. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

In this factory, advice when
most needed was least heeded.
There had been other fires at the
Triangle Factory. Experts had
[LC-USZ62-34985]
called for more safety measures.

In 1909 union workers protested
the conditions in a strike. Their
Horse-drawn fire engine, on its way to the Triangle
suggestions were ignored. The Shirtwaist Company fire
owners were not convicted of a
crime, but public outrage did lead to reform. Workers organized, and political
leaders took action. Many would say that the reforms were better late than never.
For the women who lost their lives, however, it was too little too late.

Name
1. What caused the low workers’ pay and poor working conditions in
garment factories in the early 1900s?
2. Once the fire began, what was the effect of having cloth, thread,
and blouses all over the factory?
3. What caused so many workers to become trapped in the factory?
4. What was the effect of people’s outrage about the fire?


intonation and phrasing. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Baltimore in Flames, 1904

For firefighters at Engine 15 in Baltimore, Maryland, February 7, 1904,
seemed like an ordinary Sunday morning. Everything changed at 10:48 a.m.
when they received a fire alarm from John Hurst and Company. Soon after
the fire engine arrived at the building, a
basement fire caused an explosion in the
elevator shaft. From there, the fire spread
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

rapidly. For two days, firefighters worked
frantically to put out the blaze that swallowed
the city. The New York Times reported on
February 9, 1904, “A territory twelve full
city blocks by nine, and extending beyond
[LC-F8-44294]
over a mile and more of water front, is left
in smoking, hideous ruins.” As destructive
as the fire was, the city of Baltimore Smoke and ruins from the great
quickly began to rebuild and recover. Baltimore fire of 1904
1. List two features of narrative nonfiction that this text contains.

2. What information does the primary source quotation add to the text?
3. How did the photograph impact your understanding of the fire?

Vocabulary Strategy: Adages and Proverbs
Name
Read each passage below. Use context clues to figure out the
meaning of each adage or proverb in bold. Write the meaning of
each one in a complete sentence. Underline the context clues
that helped you understand the adage or proverb.
1. As clouds gather before a storm, the first sparks of flame

foreshadowed an unthinkable disaster in New York City.
2. In this factory, advice when most needed was least heeded. There
had been other fires at the Triangle Factory. Experts had called
for more safety measures. In 1909 union workers protested the
conditions in a strike. Their suggestions were ignored.
3. The owners were not convicted of a crime, but public outrage did
lead to reform. Workers organized, and political leaders took action.
Many would say that the reforms were better late than never.
4. For the women who lost their lives, however, it was too little
too late.

Word Study: Suffixes -ance, -ence, -ant, and -ent
Name
A. Read each adjective in bold. Then circle the word with the
suffix that changes the adjective to a noun. Underline the suffix.
1. important importance import
2. evident evidential evidence
3. defiant definitely defiance
4. excellent excellence excelled
B. Read each pair of sentences and identify the word in bold.

Then complete the second sentence by writing the word in the
box that is related to the word in bold.
importance persistent violence fragrance

observant conference disappearance occurrence
5. The programmers persisted until they found a solution. They were very
6. City leaders proudly reported there were fewer violent incidents this year.

The amount of has decreased.
7. The noisy crows disappeared from the trees last week. The neighborhood is much
quieter since their .
8. The food baking in the oven was deliciously fragrant. The
made my mouth water!
9. Experts on the topic conferred for days to find a solution. In the end, their
was quite successful.

Name
her argument that quoting primary sources is an effective way to develop a text
about a historical event.
In “The New York City Triangle Shirtwaist Fire,” I

Topic believe that the author’s use of eyewitness accounts shows
sentence the tragedy of the fire better than narrative nonfiction that
simply describes the fire could. For example, reading Sarah
Friedman Dworetz’s own words about her experience helps
readers understand how scary the fire was. Also, the fire
Evidence
captain’s quotation shows a different side of the story—
what rescuers were doing outside. These eyewitness
Concluding accounts more effectively help readers understand the
Statement tragedy than just describing the events would.
Write a paragraph about the text you have chosen. Share an

argument about how a topic is developed across texts. Cite
evidence from the text. Remember to include a claim that states
your argument and to organize your reasons clearly. Also, use
adverbs that compare.


Name
to help you think about how to make the style and tone more
objective.
Draft Model
Cars kept zooming through our neighborhood like mad and not stopping at the
stop sign. It was crazy dangerous to cross the streets.
1. How could the sentences or information in the draft be rewritten to

reflect a more formal style?
2. Which words and phrases in the draft should be replaced or left out
to create a more objective tone?
3. Would changing the narrator’s voice help make the draft more
objective? If so, what words and phrases should be changed?
B. Now revise the draft by changing the style and tone of the
piece to give it a more formal and objective voice.

Vocabulary
Name
protein correspond saturated extract

resilient foliage hypothesis alternative
1. (foliage) We went for a walk in the forest

.
2. (saturated) After the river flooded,
3. (resilient) The weeds in his yard
4. (alternative) If you don’t want to explore the caves with us,
5. (hypothesis) The biology student
.
6. (protein) In order to be healthy,
7. (extract) The miners are trying
8. (correspond) Please check to make sure

Name
graphic organizer.
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail

Name

understanding of key ideas.
Researching the Ocean’s Secrets

Scientists didn’t know much about deep-sea life until Jacques
9 Cousteau’s inventions changed everything. Cousteau, a Frenchman,
16 wanted to dive deep below the surface of the sea. Skin divers had to
30 swim near the surface. They had no way to carry air with them. Cousteau
44 invented a portable breathing apparatus and an underwater camera. Those
54 inventions made it possible to explore the ocean and film the wonders of
67 the sea.
69 Goggles, Cameras, and Scuba Diving

74 Goggles were not common diving gear in the 1930s. Free-swimming
84 divers usually swam without anything to cover their eyes. Cousteau tried
95 some goggles and was amazed at what he saw. His love for diving grew
109 even more. Cousteau was excited to share his discovery with the world,
121 but his camera would not work in water. So he figured out how to make it
137 waterproof. With goggles and an underwater camera, Cousteau was set to
148 make history.
150 Still, Cousteau wanted to dive deeper than was possible without an
161 air supply. He envied the freedom of the fish. However, there was no
174 equipment that allowed divers to breathe without hoses or tubes attached
185 to an air supply above the surface. Those lines fastened divers to a vessel
199 that carried their bulky air-supply equipment. In 1943 Cousteau and
209 Emile Gagnan invented a self-contained underwater breathing system.
217 They called the device the Aqua-Lung. This gear ushered in a new era in
231 underwater exploration. The equipment offered a way for divers to get air
243 under water without being connected to an air source above.
253 The new gear became known as Self-Contained Underwater Breathing
262 Apparatus, or SCUBA. The breathing apparatus fed air to divers at the
274 same pressure as the water around them. It allowed divers to spend more
287 time below. Scuba gear changed the way Cousteau and others explored
298 the oceans.

Name
From the Sea to TV

Cousteau’s breathing machine and goggles allowed him to explore the depths
of the sea. He needed a vessel, a boat of just the right size from which he could
dive. In 1950 Cousteau acquired a small ship named Calypso. She was sturdy
and built so she could go in and out of shallow coral reefs. Calypso was perfect
for both exploring and filming Cousteau’s underwater adventures.
Cousteau outfitted Calypso as a laboratory from which he could make dives.
Calypso’s workspace carried underwater cameras and diving gear. A shark cage
was lashed to the deck. An underwater observation room known as “Calypso’s
false nose” was added to the vessel. The nose chamber was a large enough space
for two of the crew to film under water. Cousteau wanted to share what he and
his crew saw below.
Cousteau began recording his explorations. First, he used black-and-white
film and later, color. National Geographic magazine noticed Cousteau’s color
pictures and invited him to work with them. They started filming his underwater
adventures for television. Cousteau’s films soon played on televisions across
America on a weekly basis. His program became so popular that it ran for nine
years. Cousteau narrated the shows himself, describing his discoveries with his
engaging French accent.
Cousteau thought of his films as nature adventures. He was a scientist who
had a sense of wonder about everything he did. He loved to explore unknown
waters. Cousteau explored sea life with
How does SCUBA work?
a sense of awe and shared that with his

TV viewers. Tank is filled with air
Cousteau also brought attention to at high pressure.
marine conservation, so that ocean life
would be preserved instead of harmed.
He founded the Cousteau Society in First-stage regulator lowers
air pressure to a safe level.
1974. Cousteau brought the beauty and
marvel of underwater life into people’s
homes. He inspired the world by
Second-stage regulator supplies air
sharing his love of the sea.
on demand at needed pressure.

Name
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph? Which two details in
the paragraph support the main idea?
2. Give two key details in the second paragraph.
3. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
4. Look at the second paragraph under the heading “From the Sea to
TV.” Write one key detail and the main idea of that paragraph.

accuracy. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
Jane Goodall: Chimpanzee Expert

Interested in animals from a young age, Jane Goodall left England in
1960 and went to Gombe, Tanzania, in Africa. There, she began her lifelong
study of chimpanzees. Unlike other scientists, Goodall took a very personal
approach to her research. She gave
the chimpanzees names instead of GOODALL’S DISCOVERIES
numbers. Goodall made many new Observes male chimp eating
discoveries about chimpanzees, a baby bush pig.
including the fact that they are
omnivores. In other words, they eat
other animals as well as plants. In Sees chimps hunting monkeys
1986 Goodall published her book and other small mammals.
Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns
of Behavior. Today, Goodall travels
300 days a year. She educates Discovers male chimps
others worldwide about wildlife making and using tools.
conservation.
1. What technical term is included in this expository text? What does

it mean?
2. Which step in the flow chart provides information that is different

from the other two steps?
3. What can you conclude about Goodall’s commitment to wildlife?

Name
figure out the meaning of each word in bold. Then answer the
question below the passage.
1. Goggles were not common diving gear in the 1930s. Free-swimming

divers usually swam without anything to cover their eyes.
On what part of your body would you wear goggles?
2. In 1943 Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented a self-contained

underwater breathing system. They called the device the Aqua-
Lung. This gear ushered in a new era in underwater exploration.
What is an example of a device you might find in a kitchen?
3. He needed a vessel, a boat of just the right size from which he could
dive. In 1950 Cousteau acquired a small ship named Calypso.
What kind of vessel might you use on a small lake?
4. Cousteau outfitted Calypso as a laboratory from which he could

make dives. Calypso’s workspace carried underwater cameras
and diving gear.
What happens in a laboratory?

5. An underwater observation room known as “Calypso’s false nose”

was added to the vessel. The nose chamber was a large enough
space for two of the crew to film under water.
Instead of in a big theater, where do you think chamber music
is usually played?
6. Cousteau also brought attention to marine conservation, so that

ocean life would be preserved instead of harmed.
What could help conservation of the oceans?

Word Study: Greek Suffixes
Name
technology physician heroism geologist politician

ecologist apology mythology specialist feminism
novelist biologist technician patriotism tourist
A. Read the words in the box. Sort the words by their Greek
suffixes. Write each word in the correct column below.
-ician -logy -ologist -ist -ism
Greek Suffixes
• -ician means “a specialist in” • -phobia means “an abnormal fear”
• -crat and -cracy mean “rule” • -ist means “one who practices”
• -logy and -ologist mean “science

of” and “scientist”
B. Find the word in each row that matches the clue in bold. Write the
word on the line and underline its suffix. Use the meanings of the
Greek suffixes to help you.
1. fear of water aquaphobia anthropology
2. ruled by the people chemist democracy
3. a specialist in music musical musician
4. science of the heart cardiologist cardiology

Name
author used key details to develop the main idea.
In “Researching the Ocean’s Secrets,” the author uses

Topic
key details to develop the main idea that Jacques Cousteau
sentence
changed how people thought about underwater life. One
key detail explains that Cousteau invented an underwater
camera so people could see what he saw. Cousteau also
co-invented Scuba equipment so divers did not need an air
Evidence
connection from the surface. Finally, the author describes
how Cousteau’s television program showed people his
underwater discoveries. These details develop the idea
Concluding that Jacques Cousteau changed people’s understanding of
statement ocean life.
author used key details to develop the main idea. Cite evidence from
the text. Remember to use transitions to clarify the relationships
among ideas and concepts and to correctly use negatives.


Name
help you think about using sequence to order steps in a process
to help readers understand how and why something was done.
Draft Model
To make a goldfish home, you need a bowl or tank, purified water, and special
gravel. Rinse the tank with some purified water. Clean the gravel with purified
water. Put the gravel in the tank. Fill the tank with more purified water.
1. What word or phrase could you add to signal the first step in
making a goldfish home?
2. What words or phrases could you use to signal the second and
third steps in the process?
3. What word or phrase can you use to signal the last step in
the process?
B. Now revise the draft by adding words and phrases that will
help the reader understand the sequence of steps involved in
setting up a goldfish home.

Vocabulary
Name
exquisite intrinsic meticulously excavation

bedrock intriguing methodical embark
1. excavation, intriguing
2. meticulously, bedrock
3. methodical, intrinsic
4. exquisite, embark

Name
Event

Name
Read the passage. Use the summarize strategy to restate the

most important points.
Ancient Threads Reveal Early Weavers

From deep in a mountain cave in Peru, South America, ancient bits of
13 cloth have given scientists a peek into the lives of the people who made
27 them. But when did they live? A new way of finding an object’s age now
42 proves how old the cloth is. Scientists now know they are learning about a
56 culture that is at least 12,000 years old.
64 A New Kind of Test

69 For many years, archaeologists did not have a good way to tell how
82 old their finds were. They could only compare objects found in the
94 same place and guess that they were from the same time period. Then
107 in 1947 a scientist named Willard Libby was trying to find out the age of
122 fossils for a paleontology study. Libby began thinking about a way to get
135 a more precise age. Libby came up with a theory based on the scientific
149 fact that living plants absorb a small amount of carbon-14. The amount of
162 carbon-14 decreases over time. Using logic, Libby inferred that he could
173 tell how long plants had been dead by measuring how much carbon-14
185 was left in them. He called this process “carbon dating.” Thanks to Libby,
198 scientists can be more certain of the age of their discoveries.

209 In the 1980s, archaeologists first found signs that humans had lived
220 inside the cave in Peru. They used carbon dating to find the age of bone
235 and charcoal pieces found in the cave. Those objects all proved to be
248 around 12,000 years old. This proof was important. The information told
259 them that humans had visited the mountains near Peru soon after the last
272 glacier period ended around 12,500 years ago.

Name
More Advanced Dating

Archaeologists also found bits of
rope and woven thread inside the cave
in Peru. They found finely woven
bits of fabric and bundles of plant
material useful for weaving. From
this find, archaeologists could tell
that an advanced people had visited
the cave. They did not know how old
the samples were, however. Scientists
knew humans had disturbed the cave
at some time. No one knew when. So
no one could say for sure if the bits of
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

cloth had been left behind 100 years
ago or 12,000 years ago.
The small pieces of cloth had
not been tested with the other cave
samples for a reason. Until lately,
Guitarrero Cave is located in Peru in South
carbon testing was not reliable with America. Fibers found in the cave were left
small fragments. Finally, in 2011 a behind about 12,000 years ago.
more advanced method of carbon
dating was used on the bits of fabric. This technique can tell the age of even one
hair. Archaeologists learned at last that the bits of fabric were also 12,000 years

old. Now the scientists knew that prehistoric people had made them.
After learning how old the fabric samples were, scientists were able to learn
more about who visited the cave. Early researchers thought that humans had
gone into the mountains to search for food. Hunters would likely have been men.
From what is known about other cultures, scientists believe that women would
have been the ones to weave the fabric. This suggests that women must also
have gone into the mountains and must have stayed long enough to weave fabric.
Perhaps the men hunted while the women made cloth and rope in the cave.
The latest ways of dating artifacts have led scientists to fresh understandings
of ancient times. Carbon dating has given scientists a way to peer into the past—
sort of like having a telescope on long ago. By finding out when something was
made, scientists can discover more about the time before history was written.

Name
1. Look at the first paragraph under “A New Kind of Test.” List the
sequence of events that led to Willard Libby’s carbon-dating
process. What signal words help you follow the sequence?
2. About how long after Libby developed the idea of carbon dating did
scientists find signs of humans inside the cave? How do you know?
3. List the sequence of the steps that archaeologists took to learn

about the people who lived in the mountain cave in Peru.

phrasing and rate. Stop after one minute. Fill out the chart.

Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Text Feature
Name
The Niaux Cave: Gallery of Prehistoric Art

The Niaux Cave, located in the Pyrenees Mountains in southern France, is
famous for its prehistoric wall paintings. The cave entrance is set high on the
side of a mountain. Scientists believe that because this landscape created a
warm climate, the caves sheltered both animals and humans at the end of the
last Ice Age. In 1906 a series of wall
drawings of three bison, a horse,
and a weasel were discovered in the
main hall of Niaux Cave. In 1971 the
first group of scientists studied the
CAROLUS/Pixtal/agefotostock
paintings. A process called radiocarbon
dating was used to identify the age of
the artwork. This process tested the
charcoal used to create the paintings
and confirmed that they were at least A prehistoric wall painting from the Niaux
14,000 years old. Cave in France
1. List two features of expository text that this text contains.

2. What activity is described over a range of time?
3. What idea from the text does the photograph help you to visualize?

Vocabulary Strategy: Greek Roots
Name
A. Read each passage. Look at the meanings of the word parts.

Then write a definition for the word in bold.
1. For many years, archaeologists did not have a good way to tell
how old their finds were.
archaeo = ancient, old; logos = study
2. Then in 1947 a scientist named Willard Libby was trying to find out
the age of fossils for a paleontology study.
paleo = prehistoric; logos = study
3. Finally, in 2011 a more advanced method of carbon dating was used

on the bits of fabric. This technique can tell the age of even one hair.
tech = skill
4. Carbon dating has given scientists a way to peer into the past—
sort of like having a telescope on long ago.
tele = far; scope = see

B. Write another word that has each of the following roots. Use a
dictionary if necessary.
1. tele
2. tech
3. ology

Word Study: Absorbed Prefixes
Name
A. Complete the word equation by adding a prefix to each root

word. Write the new word on the line.
1. im + patiently =
2. ac + commodate =
3. il + logical =
4. ar + rest =
5. ac + company =
6. im + migration =
B. Complete each sentence using the clue in parentheses.

Choose the correct absorbed form of the prefix from the box and
add it to the root word in the clue. Write the word on the line.
Original Prefix and Meaning Absorbed Forms
ad- means “to” or “toward” ac-, ar-, at-

in- means “not” or “the opposite of” im-, ir-, il-

7. The pieces of paper were sizes. (not regular)
8. The driver made an turn and caused an accident.

(the opposite of legal)
9. I wanted to my friend to the meeting after

school. (to go with as company)
10. My pet dog is a very puppy! (not mature)

Name
author used text structure to convey the main idea and key details.
In “Ancient Threads Reveal Early Weavers,” the author

Topic
uses time-order sequence to show how archaeologists
sentence
learned about an early human settlement in Peru. First,
the author describes, in time order, the steps in the
development of carbon dating of ancient objects. Then,
the author explains the process archaeologists used
Evidence
to identify when humans lived in the settlement. This
included carbon dating bones and charcoal first, and later,
bits of cloth. The author’s use of sequence helps readers
Concluding
follow these events.
Statement
the author used text structure to convey the main idea and key
details. Cite evidence from the text. Remember to develop the
topic with relevant facts or examples and to use prepositions and
prepositional phrases correctly.


Name
to help you think about how to choose time-order words to show
the sequence of steps in a process.
Draft Model
Marsha wanted to paint her desk. She prepared the area by putting down
newspaper. She sanded the desk. She cleaned the surfaces gently. She let the
desk dry. She started painting.
1. What time-order word or phrase could you use to show the first
thing Marsha did to prepare the area for painting her desk?
2. What time-order words and phrases could you use to clarify the
order of the next three steps Marsha took to prepare the desk for
painting?
3. What time-order word or phrase could you add to identify the last
thing Marsha did in this paragraph?
B. Now revise the draft by adding time-order words and phrases

that will help readers better understand the order of steps in the
process described.

Vocabulary
Name
incentive horizons recreation unfettered
1. (unfettered) I let my dog out of its cage

.
2. (incentive) My mother said she would take me to the movies
3. (recreation) Swimming at the local pool
4. (horizons) Learning how to speak a new language
.

Name
Detail
Detail
Detail
Theme

Name
Read the passage. Check your understanding by asking yourself

what the theme, or message, of the poem is.
Ode to Mr. Lincoln

I watch as you sit on your marble chair,
9 I see your marble arms and hands, solid and firm
19 As the earth itself, and I think to myself those hands
30 Once held a whole country together. I think to myself
40 Those hands once held the future of democracy
48 As gently as morning light falls on a field of battle.
59 How could one man not bend under that burden?
68 You saw to it that people were free,
76 No matter their color or race or creed,
Photodisc/Punchstock
84 No matter what songs they sang.
90 You saw to it that all of your people had choices.
101 You followed the path you chose for yourself
109 As surely as the stars follow their paths across the sky.
120 The worries of your life are behind you, Mr. Lincoln,
130 Though once they lay heavy on your heart—
138 As weighty as mountains of stone on the horizon,
147 As numerous as snowflakes covering a burial ground.
155 The union has lasted far beyond four score and seven years,
166 but you can rest till time and tide are done
176 and let your thoughts wander wherever they will.

Name
1. What national monument is the poet referring to in the first two

lines of the poem?
2. What lines describe Lincoln’s accomplishments?
3. What does the phrase “The worries of your life are behind
you” mean?
4. What theme, or message, about Lincoln does the poet convey to

the reader?


Words Read – =
Errors Score
First Read – =
Second Read – =

Genre/Literary Elements
Name
To an Artist
The city is bustling, noisy, and bright
With trucks, cars, and taxicabs, both day and night,
And with people so anxious to get here or there,
As they text on their cell phones and fuss with their hair.
On they go, pounding the pavement and street.
On they go, wearing their shoes off their feet.
At a corner an artist stands, paintbrush in hand,
A statue of silence observing the land.
Like a wizard, he captures a moment—Look! There!
Beauty on canvas; most pass, unaware.
1. How do you know that this text is a lyric poem?

2. How do you know this text is also an ode?
3. What repetition can you find in the text?
4. Choose one powerful image from the text. What message do you
think the poet tries to communicate with that image?

Literary Elements: Repetition and Imagery
Name
Repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. Poets use repetition to

emphasize an idea and to give the poem rhythm.
Imagery is the use of words to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind.
Read the lines of the ode below. Then answer the questions.
Ode to Mr. Lincoln
I watch as you sit on your marble chair,

I see your marble arms and hands, solid and firm
As the earth itself, and I think to myself those hands
Once held a whole country together. I think to myself
Those hands once held the future of democracy
As gently as morning light falls on a field of battle.
How could one man not bend under that burden?
1. Find an example of repetition in the poem. Write it below.
2. Find two examples of imagery in the poem. Write them below.

3. How do the repetition and imagery affect the poem?
4. Write a short poem about someone you admire that includes

repetition and imagery.

Vocabulary Strategy: Figurative Language
Name
Read each passage and pay special attention to the hyperbole

in bold. Then decide whether the statement below the passage
expresses the true meaning of the hyperbole. If it does not, write
what you think the words in bold are meant to communicate.
1. I see your marble arms and hands, solid and firm

As the earth itself, and I think to myself those hands
Once held a whole country together.
Because they are marble, the statue’s hands are actually as solid
and firm as the earth.
True False
2. You followed the path you chose for yourself

As surely as the stars follow their paths across the sky.
Abraham Lincoln was extremely sure and steady in his beliefs
and actions.
True False
3. The worries of your life are behind you, Mr. Lincoln,

Though once they lay heavy on your heart—
As weighty as mountains of stone on the horizon,
As numerous as snowflakes covering a burial ground.
Abraham Lincoln had millions of worries that weighed many tons.
True False

Word Study: Words from Mythology
Name
Word from Mythology Meaning
Ceres Roman goddess of grain

Greek goddess; formless gap between heaven
Chaos
and earth
Flora Roman goddess of flowers
Iris Greek goddess of the rainbow
Mercury Roman messenger of the gods
Titans Greek gods who were giants
Sol Roman god of the sun
Psyche Greek character who represents the human soul
Read each sentence below. Use the chart to underline the word
that comes from one of the Greek or Roman names. Then circle
the part of the word that it shares with the name from mythology.
1. We used special glasses to view the solar eclipse.
2. He gave his mother a floral bouquet on her birthday.
3. The powerful hurricane threw the town into chaos.

4. What is your sister’s favorite breakfast cereal?
5. A titanic wave washed onto the deserted shore.
6. During the science experiment, the teacher poured mercury into

the glass.
7. I want to study psychology so I can understand the way people

think.
8. We picked a colorful iris from the garden.

Name
her argument about how the author develops the theme of the poem.
I think that in “Ode to Mr. Lincoln,” the poet does a

Topic good job presenting the theme that Abraham Lincoln’s
sentence
achievements have lived beyond his actual life. For
example, the poet describes the hands of Abraham
Lincoln’s statue holding “the future of democracy.” The
Evidence
poet also tells how Lincoln believed in freedom for all,
Concluding something we still care about today. In my opinion, the
statement theme of the poem is well-developed and meaningful.
the theme is developed in the text. Cite evidence from the
text. Remember to support your claims with clear reasons and
relevant evidence. Also, make sure to combine sentences well.


Name
to help you choose words with connotations that accurately
express the speaker’s feelings.
Draft Model
I like to look at clouds as they move across the sky. They look like a good
place to lie down and take a nap or read a book.
1. Why do the clouds look like a good place to lie down and take a
nap? What words make you think of a relaxing place?
2. How might it feel to lie down on the clouds? What words will best
convey how the speaker feels about lying in the clouds?
3. How would you describe time passed in the clouds? What words
best convey the sort of experience the speaker might have on
a cloud?
B. Now revise the draft by adding descriptive words with

connotations that accurately and clearly express the
speaker’s feelings.

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Grade 6

Bothell, WA • Chicago, IL • Columbus, OH • New York, NY

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

Send all inquiries to:

Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Personal Strength TIME For Kids

Witnesses Taking a Break

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

consolation glimmer indispensable perception

Use each pair of vocabulary words in a single sentence.

Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 1

Read the selection. Complete the character, setting, and plot

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

A. Reread the passage and answer the questions.

1. At the beginning of the story, what is Alex doing? What is his

4. What similarities and differences do you see between Alex’s

B. Work with a partner. Read the passage aloud. Pay attention to

Number of Words Correct

Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 5

The Long Hard Climb

Answer the questions about the text.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

Read each passage. Underline the context clues that help

3. Alex recognized that Sophia was making an effort to put him

Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 7

1. fly grate prank

2. scuff troop flame

3. joke jeep sock

4. shake brim bright

5. wait dent feast

6. The ice coating the street was dense.

7. The team feels proud of their rank.

8. The truck needs to be repaired.

9. A drill was required for the work.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

11. Please lock the door.

12. The boys both wore plaid.

8 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

Topic In “Smart Start,” the author created realistic characters

Write a topic sentence:

Cite evidence from the text:

End with a concluding statement:

Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1 9

1. Why is the narrator at the Grand Canyon?

3. Is anyone with the narrator?

4. What does the narrator see and hear while hiking?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10 Practice • Grade 6 • Unit 1 • Week 1

inflicted adversity alliance confinement

Finish each sentence using the vocabulary word provided.

1. (alliance) In order to defeat the enemy,