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Experiment - 05

The document summarizes an experiment on operational amplifiers conducted by Aditi Maurya. The aims were to examine the basic properties of op-amps in inverting and non-inverting configurations, and to implement differentiator, integrator, and other circuits using op-amps. The experiments were simulated using software. Key results showed the circuits functioning as expected based on theoretical calculations for gain, frequency response, and by implementing summers, followers, and other circuits. The conclusions discussed factors like biasing voltage and feedback ratios that must be considered to keep the op-amp in its active region.

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Sagar Sharma
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912 views17 pages

Experiment - 05

The document summarizes an experiment on operational amplifiers conducted by Aditi Maurya. The aims were to examine the basic properties of op-amps in inverting and non-inverting configurations, and to implement differentiator, integrator, and other circuits using op-amps. The experiments were simulated using software. Key results showed the circuits functioning as expected based on theoretical calculations for gain, frequency response, and by implementing summers, followers, and other circuits. The conclusions discussed factors like biasing voltage and feedback ratios that must be considered to keep the op-amp in its active region.

Uploaded by

Sagar Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT - 05

NAME ADITI MAURYA

ROLL NUMBER 19CY20001

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

● Explanation of Basic properties of operational amplifiers with both


Inverting and Non-Inverting configuration amplifiers.
● Explanation of Differentiator and Integrator using Operational Amplifiers.
● Frequency Response of Operational Amplifiers.
● Specific Circuits including Operational Amplifiers: Virtual Ground
Circuit| Adder Circuits | Voltage Follower Circuits | Superposition and
Differential Amplifier Circuits.

TOOLS USED:

All experiments are done in Vlabs; LTspice; Falstad Software and no real
tools are used in the experiment.

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:

- The Operational Amplifier, or Op-amp as it is most


commonly called, can be an ideal amplifier with infinite
Gain and Bandwidth when used in the Open-loop mode
with typical DC gains of well over 100,000 or 100dB. The
basic Op-amp construction is of a 3-terminal device, with
2-inputs and 1-output, (excluding power connections).
Op-amps can be connected into two basic configurations,
Inverting and Non-inverting.

- Voltage follower is an Op-amp circuit whose output


voltage straight away follows the input voltage. That is
output voltage is equivalent to the input voltage. Op-amp
circuit does not provide any amplification. Thus, voltage
gain is equal to 1. They are similar to discrete emitter
follower. The other names of voltage follower are
Isolation Amplifier, Buffer Amplifier, and Unity-Gain
Amplifier.

- By adding more input resistors to either the inverting or


non-inverting inputs Voltage Adders can be made.

- The Differential Amplifier produces an output that is


proportional to the difference between the two input
voltages.

- The Integrator Amplifier produces an output that is the


mathematical operation of integration.

-The Differentiator Amplifier produces an output that is


the mathematical operation of differentiation.
DC GAIN:

- Circuit Diagram:

GRAPH:

Observation/Measurement Data :
For Rf = 100kOhm
Vout (calculated) = -(Rf/Ri) *Vin = - 10V
Vout (observed) = -9.999V
Voltage at the inverting input pin2 of OpAmp = 99.99uV
As this value is very small, hence we can say that it is in
virtual ground compared
to Vin.
Voltage across Ri = -0.99V
Current= Vi/Ri = 0.99V/(10kohm) = 99uA
Rin = Vin/Ii = 10.1kohm

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
- Circuit Diagram:
- Observation Table:

Vin = 1V

- For Frequency response:


For 100Kohm Rf,
fL = 7.24 Hz
fH = 97.4 kHz
Bandwidth = 97.4 kHz
Gain Bandwidth = 1.06MHz
Beta = 0.0909
Ao = 1345.67

- Graphs :
The gain vs frequency response graph for 100Kohm
Rf.

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER:

- Circuit:
- Observations:
Vout = Vin is verified from the graph where input and
output voltages are same.
The maximum and minimum voltage at which this stops
being true is +15V and -
15V respectively which are the saturation voltages of the
Op Amp circuit.

- Graphs:

ADDER:

- Circuit:
Observation:
a.
V1 = 2V
V2 = 3V
Vout = -5V
From the graph we can see that the parallel input
voltages get added and
inverted (as they are connected to the inverting
terminal).
b.
V2 = 5V
V1 = 1V 1kHz
V2 acts as an offset and the AC input gets shifted by
5V.
Graph:

SUPERPOSITION:
Ciruit:
Observation:
a.
V1 = 3V
V2 = 2V
V out = .99V
Therefore, we see that the output is the difference of
the both input voltages.
b.
V1 = 2V
V2 = 3V
R1 = 10kOhm
R2 = 10Kohm
R3 = 47Kohm
Rf = 27Kohm
V out (calculated) = 3.752 V
V out (observed) = 3.752 V

. Graph :
INTEGRATOR:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
CIRCUIT ( HAND DRAWN/IMAGE):
CONCLUSION:

Hence, we can enunciate that the experiments that we


performed resonance with the practical data and theoretical
pedagogy hold true for each and every circuits of electronics
mechanism with context to operational amplifiers whether in
an inverting terminal configuration or in an non inverting
terminal configuration of OP-AMP circuits.

For Inverting and Non-Inverting operational amplifiers we


observe that for many values we can see gain = Vo/Vi = -2.7
which is equal to theoretical value of –Rf/R1 = -2.7. For many
values we can see gain = Vo/Vi = -4.7 which is equal to
theoretical value of –Rf/R1 = -4.7.

For Virtual Ground circuits we observe that at a negative


terminal marked as V in the circuit diagram we should get
ideally 0V wrt to Vin. Here we are getting 13.4 micro volts
which is nearly equal to zero. Hence we can say it is virtual
ground wrt to Vin. Hence a gain of infinity is obtained and is
only applicable for ideal operational amplifiers.

As far as the Frequency Response is concerned, we can see


for Rf = 100 ohms the roll off starts first then for Rf =
47Kohms and at last Rf = 27 Kohms. So for high gain circuits
roll off starts first. Thus we conclude that as the Feedback
Resistance is increased we get to observe a better roll off rate
or in other words a lower bandwidth and decreased
magnitude of higher cutoff frequency in the Frequency
Response Curve of Operational Amplifiers.

For the Voltage Follower model, V in circuit is virtual ground


wrt to Vin hence Vin = V = 1V, here V and Vout is connected
hence Vin = Vout nearly = 1V. Hence the gain for Voltage
Follower model circuit is 1. While observing Adder Circuits,
Here Vout is approximately equal to –5V. If we took only one
Voltage source equal to +2V, then Vout1 = -Rf/R1*V1 = -1*2 =
-2V, similarly if we took only one V2 = 3V, then Vout2 =
-Rf/R2*V2 = -1*3 = -3V. Vout = Vout1+Vout2 = -5V.

For Differential Amplifier we know Vout =


V2*[(R3/(R3+R2)]*(1+Rf/R1) - V1*Rf/R1 On calculation we get
Vout = 3*(47/57)*(1+2.7)-2*2.7 = 3.725 V which is consistent
with our experimental results. For differential amplifier we
know Vout = V2*[(R3/(R3+R2)]*(1+Rf/R1) - V1*Rf/R1 On
calculation we get Vout = 3*(47/57)*(1+4.7)-2*4.7 = 4.7 V
which is consistent with our experimental results. Also for the
Superposition circuit, we will apply superposition theorem and
will make one voltage source OFF while taking another one
as ON and vice-versa. Hence, for R=47Kohm if we make Vo1
for 3V and Vo2 for 2V. Then by applying superposition we get
Vo(net) = Vo1+Vo2 =(-4.7*3)+5.7*2= -2.7V, which holds good
with the result. Hence superposition is verified as a result.

DISCUSSION :
1. The biasing voltage needs to be kept in mind while using
Op Amp as the saturation voltage is controlled by the biasing
voltage.

2. The biasing voltage cannot be too high or too low otherwise


the Op Amp would not be in the active region and erroneous
results might be obtained.

3. The Rf/Ri ratio cannot be too high otherwise the maximum


value of the output signal might exceed the saturation voltage
and erroneous results might be obtained.

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