Storage & Handling LPG

Sr.
Number:OISD/DOC/2016/419
Page No. I
OISD – RP – 158
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BULK
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
OISD-RP-158
First Edition, July, 1997
Amended edition, August,2000
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
8th Floor, OIDB Bhavan, Plot No. 2, Sector – 73, Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Website: www.oisd.gov.in
Tele: 0120-2593800, Fax: 0120-2593802
Sr.Number:OISD/DOC/2016/419
Page No. II
OISD – RP -158
First Edition (July, 1997)
Amended edition, August,2000
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BULK
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
Prepared by
COMMITTEE ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF
BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

8th Floor, OIDB Bhavan,
Plot No. 2, Sector - 73
Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Page No. III
Preamble
Indian petroleum industry is the energy lifeline of the nation and its continuous performance is
essential for sovereignty and prosperity of the country. As the industry essentially deals with
inherently inflammable substances throughout its value chain – upstream, midstream and
downstream – Safety is of paramount importance to this industry as only safe performance at all
times can ensure optimum ROI of these national assets and resources including sustainability.
While statutory organizations were in place all along to oversee safety aspects of Indian petroleum
industry, Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) was set up in 1986 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Gas, Government of India as a knowledge centre for formulation of constantly updated world-scale
standards for design, layout and operation of various equipment, facility and activities involved in this
industry. Moreover, OISD was also given responsibility of monitoring implementation status of these
standards through safety audits.
In more than 25 years of its existence, OISD has developed a rigorous, multi-layer, iterative and
participative process of development of standards – starting with research by in-house experts and
iterating through seeking & validating inputs from all stake-holders – operators, designers, national
level knowledge authorities and public at large – with a feedback loop of constant updation based on
ground level experience obtained through audits, incident analysis and environment scanning.
The participative process followed in standard formulation has resulted in excellent level of
compliance by the industry culminating in a safer environment in the industry. OISD – except in the
Upstream Petroleum Sector – is still a regulatory (and not a statutory) body but that has not affected
implementation of the OISD standards. It also goes to prove the old adage that self-regulation is the
best regulation. The quality and relevance of OISD standards had been further endorsed by their
adoption in various statutory rules of the land.
Petroleum industry in India is significantly globalized at present in terms of technology content

requiring its operation to keep pace with the relevant world scale standards & practices. This
matches the OISD philosophy of continuous improvement keeping pace with the global
developments in its target environment. To this end, OISD keeps track of changes through
participation as member in large number of International and national level Knowledge Organizations
– both in the field of standard development and implementation & monitoring in addition to updation
of internal knowledge base through continuous research and application surveillance, thereby
ensuring that this OISD Standard, along with all other extant ones, remains relevant, updated and
effective on a real time basis in the applicable areas.
Together we strive to achieve NIL incidents in the entire Hydrocarbon Value Chain. This, besides
other issues, calls for total engagement from all levels of the stake holder organizations, which we, at
OISD, fervently look forward to.
Jai Hind!!!
Executive Director
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Page No. IV
FOREWORD
Oil Industry in India is more than 100 years old. Over the years, a variety of
practices have been in vogue because of collaboration/ association with different
foreign companies and governments. Standardisation in design, operating and
maintenance practices was hardly in existence at a national level. This lack of
uniformity, coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that occurred in
the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for the industry to
review the existing state-of-the-art in designing, operating and maintaining oil
and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a
Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), staffed
from within the industry, in formulating and implementing a series of self
regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and
upgrading the existing standards to ensure safer operations. Accordingly, OISD
constituted a number of functional committees comprising of experts nominated
from the industry to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects.
The present document has been prepared by the Functional Committee on

Recommended Practices on Storage and Handling of Bulk Liquefied Petroleum
Gas (LPG). This document has been prepared based on the accumulated
knowledge and experience of the industry members and various national and
international codes and practices.
This document will be reviewed periodically for improvements based on the new
experiences and better understanding. Suggestions from industry members may
be addressed to:
The Member Coordinator

Committee on Recommended Practices on Storage and Handling
Of Bulk Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
th
8 Floor, OIDB Bhavan, Plot No. 2, Sector – 73, Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Page No. V
NOTE
OISD publications are prepared for use in the oil and gas
industry under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
These are the property of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Gas and shall not be reproduced or copied or loaned or
exhibited to others without written consent from OISD.
Though every effort has been made to assure the

accuracy and reliability of the data contained in these
documents, OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or
responsibility for loss or damage resulting from their use.
These documents are intended only to supplement and

not to replace the prevailing statutory requirements.
Note 2 in superscript indicates the modification/changes/addition based on the

amendments approved in the 18th Safety Council meeting held in August,2000.
Page No. VI
COMMITTEE ON
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF
BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME ORGANISATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LEADER
Shri B.R.B.Mathur, Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
MEMBERS
Shri R.N.Das, Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd., Mumbai
Shri E.Nandakumar, Cochin Refineries Limited, Cochin
Shri A.C.Agarwal, Indian Oil Corporn. Ltd., Faridabad
Shri S.C.Meshram, Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd.(M.D.), Mumbai
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
Shri S.N.Mathur, Oil Industry Safety Directorate, New Delhi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(In addition to the above, several other experts from the industry contributed in the preparation, review
and finalisation of this document.)
Page No. VII
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
CONTENT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.NO. Description Page No.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SCOPE 1
3.0 DEFINITIONS 1
4.0 PRESSURISED LPG STORAGE 2
4.1 APPLICABLE CODES & DESIGN PARAMETERS 2
4.2 LAYOUT 2
4.3 FOUNDATION & SUPPORTS 3
4.4 VESSEL ACCESSORIES 3
4.5 COMMISSIONING AND DECOMMISSIONING 5
4.6 INSPECTION & TESTING 7
4.7 PAINTING 7
4.8 INSULATION 7
5.0 ANCILLIARIES 7
5.1 PUMPS 7
5.2 COMPRESSORS 8
5.3 PIPING 8
5.4 VALVES 8
5.5 THERMAL PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEM 8
5.6 FITTINGS 8
6.0 BULK HANDLING AND TRANSFER 9
6.1 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY ROAD 9
6.2 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY RAIL 12
6.3 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY SEA 18
7.0 SAMPLING AND DRAINING 22
7.1 SAMPLING 22
7.2 DRAINING 23
8.0 ODORISATION 24
8.1 SAFETY RELATED PROPERTIES OF 24
ETHYL MERCEPTAN
8.2 HANDLING OF ETHYL MERCAPTAN 24
8.3 EQUIPMENT FOR ETHYL MERCAPTAN SERVICE 25
Page No. VIII

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.NO. Description Page No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.4 DISPOSAL 25
9.0 ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION 26
9.1 ELECTRICAL 26
9.2 INSTRUMENTATION 26
10.0 SAFETY AND FIRE PROTECTION 27
10.1 SAFETY 27
10.2 FIRE PROTECTION 27
11.0 REFERENCES 28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANNEXURES
A: LPG STORAGE VESSEL - P&I DIAGRAM 30
B: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF LPG TANK TRUCK (LORRY) 31
C: A TYPICAL LPG TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR 32

FILLING TANK TRUCK/WAGON
D: SAFE FILLING OF LPG VESSEL 33
E: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING TANK TRUCK 34

UNLOADING OPERATIONS
F: TYPICAL LPG TANK WAGON 35
G: SHIP/SHORE SAFETY CHECK LIST 36
TABLE
SAFETY RELATED PROPERTIES OF LPG 39

OISD – RP – 158 Page No. 1

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Liquefied Petroleum Gas, otherwise known as LP Gas or simply LPG, is obtained by refining
crude oil in petroleum refineries and fractionating natural gas available from oil and gas fields.
The product conforms to the requirements of IS : 4576 - 1978.
There has been a tremendous growth in the use of LPG as domestic fuel as well as in industries.
This rapid growth in demand of LPG has led to a substantial increase in the requirement of bulk
storage and handling facilities. Because of its flammability and explosive nature, LPG is a
hazardous substance (Refer Table-I for safety related properties of LPG ). The purpose of this
standard is to recognise the potential hazards of LPG and recommend guidelines on safety
procedures and practices to be followed in its storage and handling.
2.0 SCOPE
This document covers operation of equipment and facilities connected with storage and handling
of LPG at Gas Processing Plants, Refineries and other Bulk Handling installations. It also
includes some basic concepts for design and construction of such facilities. It does not include
the requirements associated with bottling and other marketing functions or transportation of LPG
by trunk pipelines. Also, unless otherwise indicated, it does not apply to refrigerated,
underground and mounded storage of LPG.
3.0 DEFINITIONS
(i) Bulk Storage
Bulk storage shall mean provision of storage facilities where more than 1000 litres of LPG is
stored in a pressure vessel, e.g. Bullets and Horton Spheres (Refer SMPV Rules).
(ii) Pressure Vessel
Pressure vessel (both static and mobile) means any closed metal container or tank of any
shape, intended for storage of LPG which is subjected to internal pressure and having water
capacity of more than one thousand litres.
(a) Bullet
A cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical or dished ends, laid horizontally.
(b) Horton Sphere
A spherical pressure vessel, supported vertically.
(iii) Water Capacity
Maximum volume of water a vessel will hold at 15 degree C.
(iv) Filling Density
Filling density means the ratio of weight of liquefiable gas allowed in a pressure vessel to the
weight of water that the vessel will hold at 15 degree C.
“OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting
from the use of OISD Standards/Guidelines.”

Keeping in view the industry practice of leaving 5% free space in the vessel, the above
definition gets modified to:
It is the ratio of the weight of liquefied petroleum gas introduced in the vessel, so as to leave a
free space of 5% by volume at the reference temperature, to the weight of water the vessel will
hold at 15 degree C. Thus, the filling density is numerically equal to 0.95 times the density of
LPG at the reference temperature.
(v) Reference Temperature
This is the temperature at which the density of liquid LPG is to be evaluated for calculating the
filling density. In India, the reference temperature considered for LPG pressure vessels is 55
degree C.
(vi) Vapour Pressure
The vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid in a
closed container at a particular temperature. The vapour pressure of LPG depends upon the
temperature of the liquid and the composition of LPG.
4.0 PRESSURISED LPG STORAGE
LPG is stored in a pressure vessel. Refer Annexure-A for a LPG storage vessel P&I diagram and
Table 1 for safety related properties of LPG.
4.1 APPLICABLE CODES & DESIGN PARAMETERS
(i) Bulk LPG storage facilities shall be installed in accordance with "The Static & Mobile
Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules, 1981" as amended from time to time.
(ii) Bulk LPG storage vessel shall be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with
Bureau of Indian Standard Code IS : 2825 or any other code approved by CCE.
(iii) The design pressure of vessel for bulk LPG storage shall not be less than the vapour
pressure of LPG in the vessel at 55 degree C. In case of propane storage, the design
pressure shall not be less than the vapour pressure of propane in the vessel at 55 degree C.
(iv) The design temperature of the vessel shall be in line with the specifications of LPG and
statutory requirements.
(v) The maximum quantity of LPG that can be stored in a pressure vessel shall be governed by
the filling density of LPG and shall be such that the vessel shall not be more than 95% liquid
full due to expansion of the contents with rise in the temperature to 55 degree C. (Refer
Annexure D)
(vi) OISD-STD-144 on "LPG Bottling Plant Operations" may be referred for more information.
4.2 LAYOUT
For general guidelines, reference shall be made to OISD Standard 118 on "Layouts for Oil & Gas
Installations" and OISD Standard 144 on " LPG Bottling Plant Operations". Salient features are
given below:
(i) Each above ground pressure vessel shall be located in accordance with the following :
(a) A minimum safety distance shall be maintained as per OISD-STD-118 on "Layouts for Oil
and Gas Installations".

(b) Vessel shall be in an open space. Pumps shall be in open space or under an open shed.
(c) Vessels shall not be installed one above the other.
(d) Bullets shall be oriented so that their longitudinal axes do not point towards other vessels,
vital process equipments, control rooms, loading stations and flammable liquid storage
tanks.
(e) LPG storage installations shall be located in specially prepared industrial type fenced
compound having at least two exit gates. However, if such storage is situated inside a
licensed area, separate fencing is not required. The number of storage vessels in one
group shall not exceed six. The aggregate capacity of a storage group shall be limited to
15,000 cu.m.
(f) In case, there are more than one group of storage vessels, the minimum safety distance
between two installations shall be the same as the distance between the vessel and the
property line in accordance with OISD-STD-118 on "Layouts for Oil and Gas
Installations".
(g) The top surface of the vessels installed in a group shall be in the same plane.
(h) Spheres and Bullets shall not be grouped together and shall be provided with separate
piping manifold so as to avoid overfilling of a vessel due to gravitation from the other.
(ii) Because of the pronounced volatility of LPG, dykes usually are not necessary. It is desirable
for the grade to be sloped away from the vessel to a safe area in such a manner that the spills
from one vessel does not pass through the adjoining vessel.
A kerb wall shall be provided on three sides of the vessel with a pit on the fourth side. Refer
OISD Standard 118 on "Layouts for Oil & Gas Installations" for details. The area inside the
storage installation shall be kept free from weeds and dry grass.
4.3 FOUNDATION & SUPPORTS
(i) The materials, principles, methods and details of design and construction of foundation and
supports should comply with approved codes and specifications.
(ii) The grade for the vessel shall preferably be elevated slightly above the surrounding terrain to
ensure complete drainage from beneath the bottom of the vessel.
(iii) Suitable stairs, ladders, walkways and platforms shall be provided allowing easy access for
operation/maintenance of valves and equipments. These structural items shall be welded on
the pad plates made of the same material as the main equipment. Welding shall be done by
qualified welder following approved welding procedures. In a group of storage vessels, inter-
connecting walkways with suitable guards shall be provided at the top.
(iv) Supporting structures shall be fire-proofed so as to support vessel and pipes safely in line
with OISD-STD-144.
4.4 VESSEL ACCESSORIES
(i) All fittings and accessories of the storage vessel shall be conforming to "Static & Mobile
Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules, 1981".

(ii) Each storage vessel shall be provided with the following :
Inspection manhole 1 No.

Pressure relief valves 2 Nos.
Bottom nozzle for liquid
inlet and outlet 1 No.
Pressure gauge 1 No.
Liquid level indicator 2 Nos.
Temperature measuring
device 1 No.
Vapour inlet and outlet nozzle 1 No.
High level alarm switch 1 No.
a) One number of Inspection manhole at the top
(b) Spheres and bullets shall have a single nozzle at the bottom for inlet as well as for outlet. The
nozzle shall be full welded pipe, stress relieved along with the vessel and shall extend minimum
three (3) metres from the shadow of the sphere / bullet. A fire safe remote operated (shutdown)
valve (ROV) shall be provided on this bottom nozzle at a distance of at least three (3) metres
from the shadow of sphere/bullet. The nozzle pipe shall have a slope of 1.5 degrees.
There shall not be any other flanges, manhole, instrument tapping on this nozzle upto the ROV
or on sphere/bullet bottom. In order to avoid stress on the nozzle due to relative settling of
support and sphere, supporting the bottom nozzle from the vessel support legs should be
considered. The top vapour zone of the vessel shall be provided with nozzles for vapour outlet
and re-circulation which shall also be provided with fire-safe ROVs (Refer OISD Standard 144).
All the fittings shall be suitable for use at not less than the design pressure of the sphere/bullet
and for the temperature appropriate to the worst operating conditions. The remote operated
valves on the sphere/bullet connected lines shall be fire-safe type. The flange joints of these
valves shall either have spiral wound metallic gasket or ring joints. Plain asbestos sheet gasket
shall not be used.
Flange connections shall be a minimum of ANSI-300 lb flange class. All fittings shall be
minimum 20 mm in length.
(c) Bottom water draw off/drain valve
Two valves, with suitable distance piece between them, shall be provided between ROV and the
first isolation valve. The first drain valve from the vessel should be of quick shut-off type valve
while the second valve should be throttle type (Globe Valve) Note 2. The material for the drain pipe
and related fittings shall be suitable for cryogenic application.
(d) Sampling Valve
Two valves with suitable distance piece between them shall be provided between ROV and the
first isolation valve for avoiding icing problem in the upstream valve.
(e) Liquid level gauging device
The storage vessel shall have minimum two different types of level indicators and one
independent high level switch. One level indicator shall be float type and the other may be
differential pressure type in case of spheres. DP type level transmitter shall either be sealant filled
type or LP side tubing heat traced. Magnetic float type gauge is recommended for bullets in place
of differential pressure type. High level alarm shall be set at the level not more than 85% of the
volumetric capacity of the vessel. Audio visual indication shall be at local panel and control room.

(f) Pressure Gauge
Minimum of one pressure gauge, duly calibrated, shall be provided in the vapour space at the top.
(g) Temperature Gauge
One temperature gauge shall be provided in the liquid space at the bottom of the vessel.
(h) Pressure relief valve
(i) Minimum of two pressure relieving valves shall be provided in the vapour space at the vessel
top in accordance with the design code of the vessel.
(ii) Relief Valves shall be spring loaded. Weight loaded relief valves shall not be permitted.
(iii) Each safety relief valve (having 100% relieving capacity) shall be set to start-to-discharge at a
pressure not in excess of 110 percent of the design pressure of the vessel and shall have a
total relieving capacity sufficient to prevent the maximum pressure in the vessel of more than
120 percent of the design pressure.
(iv) Each safety relief valve shall be provided with isolation valve between it and the vessel. Each
valve shall be of adequate capacity to allow full required capacity flow through it. Suitable
provision to avoid accidental closing of the isolation valve is recommended.
(v) Relief valves shall be fitted with extended vent pipes having outlets at least 3 meters above
the top of the vessel and atleast 3.5 meters above the ground level when not connected to
flare system.
(vi) Relief valves shall be tested for correct operation not less than once in a year or as per the
statutory requirements and a record of such tests shall be maintained.
(vii) For additional information, OISD Standard 106 on "Pressure Relief and Disposal System"
may be referred.
(i) Inside of bottom crown of sphere should be painted with anti-corrosive paint to protect it from
corrosion.
4.5 COMMISSIONING AND DECOMMISSIONING
4.5.1 COMMISSIONING
(a) The following inspections / checks shall be carried out :
(i) Check that all foreign matters have been removed and the vessel interior is cleaned before
boxing it up.
(ii) Check that all relief valves have been installed after due testing and calibration.
(iii) Check that all other fittings and instruments are calibrated.
(iv) Check that valves are installed after necessary inspection and removal of blinds.
(v) Check that all safety facilities such as water sprays, fire protection equipment etc. have been
provided and are in working condition.
(vi) Ensure that pressure testing of the vessel has been carried out as per appropriate code
mentioned in para 4.1 and a certificate to that effect from the approving authority is
obtained.

(b) Leak testing of the vessel and fittings shall be carried out with nitrogen, carbon dioxide or water at
a pressure of 7 kg/sq.cm. When using nitrogen/ carbon-dioxide for leak testing, leak can be
located with soap and water.
(c) If nitrogen/carbon-dioxide is used for leak testing, it is sufficient to vent the vessel and proceed
with LPG filling operation ensuring a pressure of 1.5 kg per sq.cm.(g).
(d) If water was used for leak testing, then water can be displaced with LPG vapour, fuel gas or
natural gas prior to LPG filling operation.
(i) As water is displaced by equivalent volume of LPG vapour/fuel gas/natural gas, a constant
watch on the pressure and level of water shall be maintained.
(ii) Care shall be taken to drain the residual mixture of water and gas.
(iii) Similar care shall be taken when filling the vessel with LPG and venting the natural gas to a
suitable flare/venting system.
4.5.2 DECOMMISSIONING
The following inspections/checks shall be carried out :
(a) Water purging has the disadvantage that it can dissolve about 150 parts per million (by wt.) of
gas at ambient temperature and pressure. Thus, there is a hazard in releasing the purge
water into drains. Immediate flushing with fresh water minimise this hazard. Alternatively, the
water may be released to a safe disposal system.
(b) For displacement purging with no mixing, the inert gas volume will approximately be equal to
that of the vessel. For dilution purging with thorough mixing, the volume of inert gas required
will be about five times the vessel volume. To inhibit mixing and thereby excessive
consumption of purge gas, ensure that the densities of the purge gas and the gas to be
purged are widely different. Thus, Carbon dioxide (SG: 1.52) is useful for removing air (SG:
1.00) and Nitrogen (SG: 0.97) for removing propane (SG: 1.52) or butane (SG:2.01).
(c) In the case of an inert gas purged vessel, precautions should be taken when entering the
vessel for inspection and repair. Personnel should be provided with breathing apparatus or
better, the vessel be air purged. The interior of the vessel shall be checked for breathable
atmosphere and to ensure that the LPG concentration is below 5% of the LEL. ( Refer OISD
Standard 112 on Safe Handling of Air-Hydrocarbon Mixtures and Pyrophoric Substances).
Preferably, a running air hose may be provided during the initial period.
(d) When opening up a LPG storage vessel in which a stock containing sulphur has been stored,
deposits of pyrophoric iron sulphide may be found. They must be kept wet until they are
removed. If allowed to get dried, these deposits may ignite automatically in presence of air.(
Refer OISD Standard 112 on "Safe Handling of Air-Hydrocarbon Mixtures and Pyrophoric
Substances").
(e) During every hydro-testing, all nuts and bolts of manhole cover of sphere/bullet should be
replaced.
4.5.3 If air is required to be displaced from a storage vessel during commissioning, then purging
with inert gas like nitrogen or carbon dioxide is required to be carried out to lower the oxygen
content of the vessel atmosphere to less than two percent (2%) before admitting LPG. The
residual oxygen content of a vessel which is being put into service or the residual

combustibles in one which is being decommissioned, are limits which must be scrupulously
observed for the sake of safety.
4.6 INSPECTION & TESTING
(i) A pressure vessel shall be maintained according to the requirements for which it was
designed or fabricated as mentioned in para 4.1.
(ii) The reasons for inspection and testing are to determine the physical condition of the vessel
and the type, rate and causes of deterioration. These informations shall be documented after
each inspection. Such data will enable the management in maintaining safety, enhancing
continuity of operation and predicting future repair/replacement requirements.
(iii) Frequency of such inspection and testing by a competent person at a pressure marked on the
pressure vessel shall be at intervals of not more than five years.
(iv) For details on inspection and testing, refer OISD Standard 128 on "Inspection of Unfired
Pressure Vessels".
(v) Precautions shall be taken against fire or explosion due to pyrophoric deposits in a vessel.
(Refer OISD Standard 112 on Safe Handling of Air-Hydrocarbon Mixture & Pyrophoric
Substances).
(vi) Vessel shall be isolated using blinds of a suitable rating. It shall be drained, purged, cleaned
and gas tested before entering.
(vii) Work shall be carried out only after obtaining appropriate work permit.(Refer OISD Standard
105 on "Work Permit System"(Rev.I).
4.7 PAINTING
Storage vessels and their supports shall suitably be painted externally to prevent corrosion.
4.8 INSULATION
In order to protect the vessel from overheating during the initial period of fire, it is
recommended that the storage facility be provided with fire proofing in line with OISD-STD-
144.
5.0 ANCILLIARIES
5.1 PUMPS
(i) Pumps may be centrifugal, reciprocating or other types, designed for handling of LPG and
safely withstand the maximum pressure which could be developed by the product and / or
transfer equipment. Pumps shall conform to API 610.
(ii) Pumps shall be fitted with suitable leak proof glands like mechanical seals. Glands fitted with
double mechanical seals are recommended.
(iii) Pumps shall have a by-pass valve and other suitable protection against over pressure on the
delivery side.
(iv) Check valves shall be installed on the delivery side of all centrifugal pumps.
(v) The electrical motor drive and switchgear shall be of flame proof type according to area
classification as per OISD Standard-113 on "Classification of Areas for Electrical Installations
at Hydrocarbon Processing and Handling Facilities". Belt drives shall be of the anti-static type.

5.2 COMPRESSORS
(i) Compressors shall be suitable for handling LPG and designed to safely withstand the
maximum outlet pressure to which these will be subjected. Compressors shall conform to API
618 & API 619.
(ii) A suitable size scrubber or liquid knockout drum shall be installed upstream of the vapour
compressor. It shall be equipped with a gauge glass, a drain and high liquid level shut down
device. The drain shall be connected to a safe disposal system.
5.3 PIPING
(i) Piping shall conform to the provisions of ANSI B 31.3.
(ii) Furnace butt welded or spiral welded pipes shall not be used.
(iii) Only seamless pipes are to be used.
(iv) Pipe joints should be welded as far as practicable with full penetration weld. Number of
flanged or threaded joints should be kept to a minimum.
(v) Low point drains and high point vents shall be plugged or capped suitably.
(vi) Buried piping should be protected against physical damage and corrosion with suitable
sleeves, properly sealed at both the ends, at road crossings.
(vii) The design, material and construction of hoses shall be suitable for LPG (Refer OISD
Standard- 135 on Inspection of Loading/ Unloading Hoses for Petroleum Products).
5.4 VALVES
Steel valves conforming to relevant API standards shall be used. Cast iron valves should not be
used.
5.5 THERMAL PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEM
Any equipment or section of pipeline in which liquid LPG may be trapped e.g. between shut off
valves, should be protected against excessive pressure developed by thermal expansion of the
contents by providing suitable thermal pressure relief valve(s). If pressure relieving devices
discharge to atmosphere, the discharge should be arranged in a safe manner.
5.6 FITTINGS
(i) Steel flanges and flanged fittings conforming to relevant API/ANSI specifications shall be
used. Slip on or weld neck flanges should be used. Screwed flanges for sizes 50 mm or
smaller may be used. Steel flanges should conform to the applicable provisions of ANSI B
16.5.
(ii) Steel screwed fittings and couplings shall conform to ANSI B 16.11. Steel unions shall have
ground metal to metal seats. Gasket type unions shall not be used.
(iii) Plugs shall be of steel. Cast iron or brass plugs shall not be used.
(iv) All flanges will be connected for bonding for electrical continuity.

6.0 BULK HANDLING AND TRANSFER
6.1 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY ROAD
LPG is moved by road in tank trucks. The tank truck shall be designed, constructed and
tested in accordance with the Static and Mobile Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules, 1981. A
sketch showing General arrangement of LPG Tank Truck is enclosed as Annexure-B.
6.1.1 FACILITIES
(a) Loading –
Each loading station shall consist of the following :
(i) A filling line with an isolation valve and excess flow check valve.
(ii) A vapour return line with an isolation valve connected back to the storage vessel from which
the loading pump is drawing LPG.
(iii) Suitable loading arm/flexible hoses (Ref.OISD-STD-135 on Inspection of Loading/ Unloading

Hoses for Petroleum Products) shall be provided at the end of filling and vapour return lines
for connecting to the tank truck vessel.
(iv) Weigh bridges of suitable capacity / mass flow meters shall be provided for custody transfer
of product by weight.
(v) A check valve shall be provided in the vapour return line.
A typical sketch of loading facilities is shown in Annexure-C.
(b) Unloading -
Unloading of LPG from tank truck is carried out with vapour compressors using pressure
differential method of liquid transfer. The compressor shall be placed at the unloading point with
the following facilities:
(i) Vapour line with isolation valves
(ii) Product transfer line with isolation valves
(iii) Weigh bridge of suitable capacity
A typical sketch of unloading facilities is shown in Annexure-E.
6.1.2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Transfer of LPG to or from a tank truck requires special attention as accidental movement
of vehicle may cause rupture in the transfer equipments.
2. No source of ignition must be allowed in the area where product transfer operations are
carried out.
3. Fire extinguishers shall be placed near the tank trucks during transfer operations.
4. The first operation after positioning the truck should be to provide proper earthing. Earthing
shall be disconnected just before the release of the truck.

5. Before removing plugs or caps, always crack open to allow for release of trapped LPG and
further to ensure that the valves are effectively sealing.
6. Hoses should be handled with care and inspected periodically (Refer OISD Standard 135
on Inspection of Loading / Unloading Hoses for Petroleum Products).
7. While disconnecting hoses/pipes, connections should be loosened only slightly at first to

allow release of trapped pressure, if any.
8. Do not expose hands, face or clothing to liquid LPG. Always use personal protective
equipments while making or breaking the connections to avoid cold burns.
9. Gas detection system shall be provided in line with OISD-STD-144.
10. The master switch shall be put off immediately after parking the truck in position. No
electrical switch on the truck shall be turned " on" or " off" during the transfer operation.
11. No repairs shall be made on the truck while it is in the loading area.
12. New tank trucks vessels or vessels received after repair shall be purged before loading as
mentioned under the Item 4.5 "Commissioning and Decommissioning".
13. It is recommended that the receiving vessel having a pressure of less than 1 Kg/sq.cm.g
should not be filled. Such vessel should be checked for oxygen content/explosive mixture
and purged, if necessary.
14. Venting and purging of LPG during transfer operation normally should not be carried out in
open atmosphere. It should be piped to a suitable flare system. Where such facility does
not exist, vent pipes shall be provided to carry the vented product to a safe distance and
released at a height not less than three metres above the highest point of any building,
shed or structure within 15m radius. Snuffing steam facility may be provided for the vent
line.
15. Filling/transfer operations should be stopped immediately in the event of -
(i) Uncontrolled leakage occurring

(ii) A fire occurring in the vicinity
(iii) Lightning and thunder storm
6.1.3 PROCEDURES FOR OPERATION
(a) LOADING OPERATIONS
1. Check for following in a tank truck before accepting it for filling:
(1) Two safety valves are provided on the vessel.
(2) Fixed tube gauge is provided.
(3) Excess flow valve is provided.
(4) Pressure gauge is provided.
(5) Temperature gauge is provided.
(6) Fire screen between cabin and vessel is provided.


(7) 2 Nos. of10 Kgs. DCP Fire Extinguishers are provided.
(8) Spark arrestors of approved quality are fitted.
(9) No leakage in exhaust silencer pipe exists.
(10) Manufacturer's name plate with date of testing is fitted on the vessel.
(11) Valid Explosive Licence is available.
(12) Approved drawings of vessel are available.
(13) Blind flanges/caps are provided on vessel.
(14) Earthing cable is provided.
(15) Bonding between vessel and chassis is satisfactory.
(16) Bonding between flanges in manifold is satisfactory.
(17) Excess flow valve and control valve are available on water drain line.
(18) Bonding point is available.
(19) Third party inspection/test certificates for vessel/fittings are available.
(20) Liquid / vapour line valves are in good condition.
2. Move truck to the loading bay/weigh bridge and record the weight of the empty tank truck.
3. Stop the truck on a leveled ground and place check blocks at front and rear wheels.
4. Stop the engine and switch off all electrical equipments.
5. All persons should leave the driver's cabin.
6. Make bonding connections of the vehicle at specified point to the fixed grounding system.
7. Connect loading and vapour lines suitably with the loading point. Crack open valves on loading
& vapour return lines and inspect hoses & connections for leakage. Loading should start only
when the system is leak free.
8. Start the loading pump.
9. The quantity loaded into the truck can be determined by -
(i) Liquid level
(ii) Weighment
(iii) Positive displacement meter
10. Liquid level may be determined by roto-gauge or fixed liquid level gauge. Percentage volume to
be filled should be pre-determined (see Annexure-D and Tables-2 & 3).

11. Where weigh bridge is used, it is necessary to determine the density of the product being loaded
to avoid excess filling in terms of volume. The weigh bridge shall be periodically calibrated and
stamped by Weights & Measures Authorities.
12. Whether a gauging device is used or a weigh bridge is employed for filling operation - when
the liquid content is approximately within 5% of the safe filling level, the operator should position
himself so that he is in control of the shut off valve and starts to close the valve as the safe filling
level approaches.
13. When the filling operation is in progress, the pressure within the tank truck vessel should be
observed to ensure that it does not approach the start-to-discharge pressure of the relief valve.
Filling rate may be regulated as required.
14. The couplings may then be removed and plugs/caps 4replaced on the tank truck valves. Re-
check tightness with soap solution.
(b) Unloading Operations
1. Operations described under Item 1 through 6 in para 6.1.3(a) should be carried out.
2. Liquid line and vapour line of the tank truck should be connected to the respective hoses fixed
to the unloading point.
3. Test the connections for leaks by slightly opening the valves for pressurising. When satisfied,
valves on the tank truck and the receiving vessel should be opened.
4. Start the evacuation compressor. Vapours will be sucked from the receiving vessel and will be
discharged into the vapour space of the tank truck vessel creating pressure differential
thereby pushing the liquid from the tank truck vessel to the receiving vessel.
5. Care should be exercised to see that the pressure created within the delivering vessel does
not reach or exceed the set pressure of the relief valve.
6. An authorised person of the company should supervise the transfer operation and respond
immediately in the event of an emergency.
7. After the liquid has been expelled, the vapour recovery operation may be started. Care should
be taken not to bring down the pressure of the delivering vessel below 1.5 Kg/cm.sq.g.
8. Operations described under Item 14 in para 6.1.2 should now be carried out.
A filling line with excess flow check
6.2 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY RAIL
LPG is moved in Tank Wagons by the Railways. These wagons are designed by RDSO and
are fitted with various devices as shown in Annexure F.
6.2.1 FACILITIES
(a) Loading
Each loading point shall consist of the following:
(i) A filling line with excess flow check valve and an isolation valve.

(ii) A vapour line with a check valve and an isolation valve to be connected back to the
vessel from which LPG is drawn.
(iii) Flexible hoses to be connected with the filling and the vapour return lines.
(iv) A check valve to the provided at the end of flexible hose with the filling line.
A typical sketch of loading facility is shown in Annexure-C.
(b) Unloading
Unloading of LPG from tank wagons shall be done with the help of compressor. The
compressor is used to create a differential pressure between the receiving and discharging
vessels by withdrawing vapors from the receiving vessel and forcing it at high pressure into
the discharging vessel thereby establishing a smooth flow. The content of tank wagons
can be ascertained by weighment on weigh bridge before and after emptying or,
alternatively, the quantity can be determined based on wagon gauge readings and
differential in storage tank gauge readings before and after receipt, wherever physical
weighment is not possible.
6.2.2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not allow the locomotive to come on the weigh bridge due to its capacity limitation.
Sufficient number of dummy wagons may be used to avoid loco coming closer to the gantry.
2. In the event of leak :
a) Stop the loading pump.
b) Stop the movement of loco on the adjoining rails.
c) Switch off all internal combustion engines that may be running in the nearby area.
d) Stop hot jobs, if any, in the nearby area.
e) Stop all the vehicular traffic in the vicinity.
f) Start water monitors to form a blanket covering the leak and the wagon/piping from
which LPG is coming out.
g) Call fire engine with crew to standby till the emergency exists.
h) Stop all the maintenance jobs in the area.
i) Depressurise the system before attending to the leak.
j) Take immediate steps to decant the wagon, if the leak is from wagon.
k) Clear the area of all the people except those who are required to meet the emergency
situation.
l) Cut off power supply in the area where leak is detected.
3. The first operation after positioning the wagon shall be to provide for proper earthing.
Earthing shall be disconnected just before the release of the wagon.

4. For connecting and disconnecting hoses, it is advisable to use non-sparking type of tools.
5. After the wagons are placed on weigh bridge and before the loco is detached, the hand
brakes on each and every wagon should be applied.
6. Like-wise, before the wagons are moved from the weigh bridge, release brakes on all the
wagons.
7. Do not use footwear with protruding nails.
8. Ensure that the lower portion of flapper bridge at wagon side is fitted with rubber or wooden
padding.
9. Ensure that coir matting/rubber sheet is spread on the platform.
10. Ensure that electrical continuity of the system is intact.
11. Ensure that all fittings on the wagons are checked physically.
12. Hoses should be hydraulically tested atleast twice a year (six monthly) (Refer OISD-STD-
135 on "Inspection of Loading / Unloading Hoses for Petroleum Products").
13. Excess flow check valve will stop the flow of LPG in case the flow is in excess due to
accidental rupture of hoses etc. Close the isolation valve at grade level.
14. During the loading/unloading operation, the operator must be present near the wagons.
15. During unloading operation, after the liquid transfer is over, the wagon pressure shall not be
reduced below 1.5 Kg/sq.cm.(g).
6.2.3 OPERATING PROCEDURES
(a) LOADING OPERATION
1. Place the wagon on weigh bridge taking care to see that all the four wheels are
properly accommodated on the platform. Engage hand brakes.
2. Ask loco to move away and exhibit caution sign at suitable distance away from the
wagons on both ends.
3. Switch off loco engine, if parked nearby.
4. Note down wagon numbers and placement time.
5. Take loading advice.
6. Note the time of receipt of advice.
7. Connect earthing lugs to the wagons.
8. Lower the flapper bridge slowly on the wagon.
9. Open the lid of the wagon.
10. Take the tare weight reading and set the pointer of the scale to zero. Compare this
with the marked tare weight on the wagon.

11. Connect the filling hose and vapour return line hose to the wagon. Ensure that the
flare connection valves are closed.
12. Ensure that the header is charged with LPG and the bulk loading pump is running.
13. Open the tanker filling line valve and vapour return line valve.
14. Open the LPG isolation valve, located near the weigh scale.
15. Check the system for leaks.
16. Open the valve on the vapour return line. Now slowly open the valve on the filling line.
Increase the valve opening and gradually open the valve fully.
17. If everything is satisfactory, gradually throttle valve on return line.
18. Keep a check on the weigh scale readings. As soon as it shows the required weight
of LPG to be filled, close the LPG isolation valve near the weigh scale.
19. Close the wagon filling and vapour return lines valves and also valves on filling and
vapour return lines at the loading point.
20. Recheck final weight and record it. It shall be ensured that final gross weight should
not exceed the permissible axle load of the wagon.
21. Open the valve on flare line connection to both feed line and vapour return line. Thus,
the hoses are depressurised. Then, close the flare line connection valves.
22. Disconnect the filling and vapour return line hose connections from the wagon.
Replace and tighten the plugs on filling and vapour return lines.
23. Close the top cover of the wagon and seal it properly. Remove earthing connections.
24. Prepare the gate pass.
25. Release the hand brake of the wagon.
26. Release all the wagons on the loading points in the lot.
(b) Unloading Operations
1. Ascertain that the liquid discharge valve and the vapour valve within the tank wagon
cover are in the closed position.
2. Open the port covers in the side of the domeshell, if exist. Unscrew the plugs in the
outlets of the vapour valve and the liquid valves using a box wrench. This must be done
slowly.
3. If there is any sound of escaping vapour or if there seems to be pressure behind the
plugs, the pressure must be allowed to relieve itself past the threads before the plugs are
entirely disengaged.
4. If the vapour discharge continues or if there is evidence of a liquid discharge, the valves
should be retightened.

5. With the plugs removed, screw pipe nipples into the outlets of the valves after first having
applied a modest quantity of sealant to the male threads, keeping the sealant away from
the end of the thread. Tighten nipples with a pipe wrench.
6. Connect the two liquid transfer unloading swing arms or hoses to the nipples attached to
the liquid discharge valves. Connect the vapour or equalizing swing arm or hose to the
nipple attached to the vapour valve. In most of the cases, these connections will be made
by means of either a ground joint union or a hose coupling.
7. In the event, a ground joint union is used, no gasket will be required. If a hose coupling is
employed, ensure that the appropriate gasket is in place. Make sure that they are
secured tightly by appropriate means.
8. After the vapour and liquid hoses have been connected and before any valve is opened,
the valves on the tank wagon are crack opened in order to apply pressure to the hoses as
a test for leaks.
9. If any leak appears, the valve should be immediately closed and corrective measures
applied.
10. Recheck the lines and connections to make sure that they are connected correctly.
11. After the liquid and vapour lines have been secured and tested, both liquid education
valves should be opened slowly and completely. Then, open all other valves in the liquid
line working from the tank wagon to the storage tank.
12. Open the storage tank filling valve slowly, be careful not to open this valve too far if the
tank wagon pressure is in excess of the storage tank pressure or the tank wagon excess
flow check valves may get closed.
13. If the tank wagon pressure is higher than that in the storage tank, do not open the valves
in vapour line or operate the compressor. When the rate of liquid flow drops to an
unsatisfactory level with the storage tank filling valve wide open, open the vapour valves
between the tank wagon and the storage tank.
14. At this point, make sure that the control valves at the compressor are in a position which
allow the compressor to draw vapours from the storage tank and force it into the tank
wagon, then start the compressor.
15. When the tank wagon is held at a pressure of 2.0 to 2.5 Kg/sq.cm. above the storage
tank pressure, the tank wagon should be emptied into the storage vessel.
16. A flow of gas instead of liquid through the sight-flow glass in the unloading line indicates
that the wagon is empty of liquid. Recheck this by opening the sample valve in the tank
wagon dome.
17. When the tank wagon is emptied of all liquid, stop the compressor and close the liquid
valves beginning at the storage tank and progressing to the tank wagon.
18. If the facilities are so arranged that vapours may be removed from the tank wagon, the
pipeline at the compressor should be arranged so that the compressor will draw vapour
from the tank wagon and force it into the storage tank. The sequence of piping line-up
during unloading liquid LPG and vapour LPG is shown in Annexure - E.
19. In this operation, the vapour should be discharged below the surface of the liquid in the
storage tank to hasten the liquefaction and, in turn, help prevent excessive pressure in
the storage tank.

20. Restart the compressor and when the tank wagon pressure is reduced to about 1.5 - 2.0
Kg/ sq.cm., stop the compressor and close all the valves in the vapour line.
21. After bleeding off the pressure in the hoses, disconnect both the liquid and vapour lines.
Replace all the plugs in the tank wagon valves and the unloading fittings.
22. Recheck sample valve, gauging device and thermometer well to determine that they have
been returned to their original condition and are closed tight. Lower the dome cover
carefully and lock it in place with the locking pin or secure by appropriate means.
23. Remove bonding connections.
24. Reverse or remove and replace the "Flammable" placard with "Dangerous - Empty"
placard, if applicable.
25. Remove the "Stop - Tank Wagon Connected" sign and wheel blocks.
26. Any defect observed in the tank wagon should be noted on the appropriate forms and
routed in accordance with acceptable procedure.
27. Notify the railways in writing about release of wagon and ensure that it is removed from
the siding promptly.
28. Gauge the storage tanks, within the plant, which have received the LPG to determine that
the liquid level is appropriate.
29. In the event of LPG received on weight basis, the tank wagon may require weighing
following the completion of the unloading operation.
6.2.4 DEGASSING OF SICK/LEAKY TANK WAGONS
(a) Recommended Procedure
In the degassing system recommended for LPG wagons, vacuum cycle purging technique
should be followed as outlined below :
- Vessel should be evacuated repeatedly by a vacuum pump.
- Vapour should be discharged through high rise vent, keeping the steam on.
- Maximum possible vapours should be sucked out in first step depending on the capacity
of vacuum pump/compressor. As per RDSO, vessel can sustain the full vacuum also.
- Between the two vacuum cycles, nitrogen/inert gas should be used for breaking the
vacuum.
- Cycle should be repeated till the LPG concentration is found below the end point of
LPG (for butane, it is 4% by volume when purging is done by nitrogen). Periodically,
samples should be drawn from suitable location and analysed for LPG concentration.
- Finally the vessel should be flushed with air to displace the nitrogen. Barrel should be
tested finally with explosive meter to ensure that hydrocarbon concentration is below 10%
of LEL.

(b) Alternate Procedure
Alternately, wagons may be degassed by steaming or filling with water. However, it should
be ensured that wagon is made water free after degassing.
6.3 BULK HANDLING FOR MOVEMENT BY SEA
Transportation of LPG in bulk by tankers may be carried out under fully-pressurised, semi-
pressurised (semi-refrigerated) or fully refrigerated at atmospheric pressure conditions.
Pressurised Ships
The cargo is carried in a number of cylindrical pressure vessels (or cargo tanks) capable of
withstanding the maximum pressure likely to be met in service (usually 17 bars).
Semi-Refrigerated Ships
The pressure of the cargo is very much reduced by lowering its temperature to about 0 deg.C
by the process of refrigeration and tanks containing the cargo need not be so strong as those of
pressurised ships. The tanks are thermally insulated.
Fully Refrigerated Ships
The cargo is carried at atmospheric pressure and the cargo tanks are "box-shaped" as opposed
to cylindrical/ spherical in case of pressurised/semi-refrigerated tankers for better utilisation of
ship's space.
Pressure ships usually range from very small capacity upto 2000 cum. capacity. The capacity of
semi-refrigerated ships usually ranges from 1000 to 15000 cu.m. Fully-refrigerated tankers
could be made very much larger and for any given size, much lighter.
6.3.1 CARGO CARRIER DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) code for the construction and equipment of ships
carrying liquefied gases in bulk, covers ships contracted on or after October 31, 1976. The IMO
code for existing ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk covers ships built before the application
date of the new ship code. Put together these codes are known as the IMO gas codes. The
international code for the construction and equipment of ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk,
with the short title of the International Gas Carrier (IGC) code, applies to ships contracted on or
after July 1, 1986. With its revised and clarified wording, this IGC code includes all the updated
requirements of the previous gas codes for new ships. The ISG code has been incorporated
into the 1974 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention and in 1986 became mandatory for all
Flags whose governments are signatories to the SOLAS Convention.
Some of the factors to be taken into consideration, which effect the design and construction of
ships carrying gas, are :
(a) Types of cargo to be carried
(b) Condition of the carriage (i.e. fully pressurised, semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated)
(c) Type of trade, which in turn, determines the degree of cargo handling flexibility required
by the tanker.
(d) Terminal facilities available when loading or discharging the vessel.

(e) Cargo containment systems (IMO code identifies five different types).
(f) Materials of construction (Fully refrigerated LPG cargoes must have tanks capable of
withstanding temperatures down to (-)55 degree C. Alloy steels such as fully killed fine grain
carbon manganese steel, sometimes alloyed with 0.5% Nickel are used.)
(g) Tank insulation (for refrigerated cargo)
(h) Tanker layout and safety features
(i) Survival capability and tank location
As specified by IMO codes, gas carriers are required to undergo five different types of survey
and have the certificates of fitness issued or endorsed. The certificate of fitness signifies that a
minimum standard of constructional safety has been achieved. In order for a tanker to comply
with code throughout its life time, it must be subjected to re-inspection to maintain its validity.
6.3.2 FACILITIES IN THE TANKER
The cargo handling equipments in a tanker usually comprise of :
Cargo pumps (submersible and booster)
Compressors
Condensers
Heat Exchangers
Vapourisers
Cargo heaters
The deep well pump supplies liquid to the booster pump to send the product ashore. In
pressurised ship, liquid is withdrawn by pressurising the tank through vapour compression from
other tanks. All semi and fully-refrigerated tankers are provided with cargo heaters to enable the
vessels to discharge into pressure storage ashore and a booster pump if the discharge
pressure is significantly above 9 bars. Each cargo tank is provided with the following
equipments:
a) Two cargo pumps, one each on either side of the longitudinal bulk head.
b) Liquid discharge line from the tank dome, connected to the main liquid line.
c) All emergency pump trunk way.]
d) A liquid loading line connected to the main liquid line.
e) Two liquid level indicating devices one on each side. These usually consist of a float
attached to a self winding tape which moves up and down, either on guide wires or inside a
guide tube. The liquid level is read off the tape through a gas-tight window at the top of and
outside the tank.
f) Two sets of purge lines at the top and bottom of the tank. These are used to distribute inert
gas or vapour for gas-freeing or gassing-up of the cargo tanks.
g) A vapour line for withdrawal of vapour to the compressor.


h) Sample tubes.
Safety Devices
(a) Atleast two safety valves in each cargo tank
(b) High and Low level alarms
(c) Overfill alarm. When actuated, this will shuttle main loading valve and sound an alarm.
However, the design of the tankers with regard to provision of facilities, equipments,
accessories and safety features must be in accordance with the IMO requirements.
The electrical equipments of all gas tankers are subject to the requirements of the Flag
Administration, the Classification Society and of IMO. The certified safe electrical equipment
found on gas tankers are :
(i)Intrinsically safe
(iii) Flameproof
(iv) Pressurised or purged
(v) Increased safety
6.3.3 TRANSFER PIPEWORK
The following facilities on transfer piping between Terminal and Shore tanks should be
provided:
(a) ROVs at both the ends of transfer line.(Additional ROV at critical locations in the pipe line
route.)
(b) Relief valves on liquid line to surge vessel with an audible alarm system connected to high
safe venting system
(c) Physical protection against impact to vent/drain pipes
(d) Protection of pipeline against corrosion, particularly when the pipeline passes under public
road way, which is likely to be water-logged
(e) Pipe work passing public road way be designed to acceptable public highway authority
standard in terms of roadway axle weights
6.3.4 TERMINAL FACILITIES
Transfer of LPG from ship to terminal and vice versa is accomplished using hoses or loading
arms. If terminal authorities supply the cargo transfer hoses, it is recommended that NFPA
section 59 regulation 4.5 be followed and complied with. However, if the hoses are ship hoses,
these should conform to section 5 of IMO (IGC).
Provision of vapour return facility depends on economics, transfer rates, distance of jetty from
storage tanks, product pressures and temperatures etc.

In case of pressurised gas transfer, it is observed that the pumping rate falls off gradually due to
back pressure of the shore tank. A suitable vapour recovery system or reliqifaction of the gas
from the receiving tank is well considered.
6.3.5 ANCILIARY EQUIPMENTS
(a) These include pipe work, valves, relief valves, rotating equipment (pumps, compressors),
exchangers, instrumentation, gas detection systems etc.
(b) Transfer line inerting facilities such as inert gas generation combined with water base
foam generator and pipeline pig system or water storage with corrosion inhibitor chemical
dosing transfer and supply facilities.
(c) Nitrogen cylinders with attendant facilities for hose purging/testing and alternate supply to
ROVs and other instruments.
(d) The following agents may be incorporated in terminal fire control system :
(i) Water
(ii) Foam
(iii) Dry chemical powder
6.3.6 UNLOADING OPERATIONS
It is essential that the ship and terminal operators are familiar with the basic characteristics of
each other's facilities, are aware of the precise division of responsibilities and are able to
communicate effectively during the time they are together involved in the joint operation of
cargo handling.
6.3.7 COMMUNICATION
Reliable and effective communications, irrespective of whether they are directly between the
tanker and the terminal or indirectly via third party, are pre- requisites of safe and efficient cargo
operations before the tanker comes alongside and during the period of cargo operations and
until the tanker departs. Terminal communication should be compatible with tanker's system.
6.3.8 PRE-CARGO TRANSFER DISCUSSIONS
Before any cargo transfer operation is commenced, it is imperative that the intended procedures
are thoroughly discussed and a meeting held between the responsible personnel from the
tanker and the terminal. The purpose of the meeting is primarily to make both sides fully
conversant with the characteristics of the tanker and shore cargo handling systems, the
envisaged operational and safety procedures and requirements and the parameters to be
adhered to during the transfer.
The content of the meeting will depend on a wide variety of circumstances but the following
broad outlines form the basis of such meetings :
(a) The names and roles of terminal and ship personnel who will be responsible for cargo
transfer operations may be noted.
(b) The terminal representatives shall check that pre-arrival instructions to the ship on cargo,
cargo disposition and cargo conditioning have been carried out. They also shall check that
all necessary tanker equipments inspection and tests have been performed.

(c) Similarly, the tanker's officers shall satisfy themselves that the relevant terminal equipment
and inspection checks have been carried out satisfactorily.
(d) Terminal representatives and customs and/or independent surveyors, where necessary,
will be informed of the cargo tank data e.g. temperature, pressure, whether free of cargo,
liquid heel or arrival dip, composition of tank vapour and quantity of cargo on board.
6.3.9 SHIP/SHORE SAFETY CHECKLIST
Checklist for Ship/Shore safety is given in Annexure -G.
6.3.10 DISCONNECTION OF HOSE/ UNLOADING ARM
On completion of unloading operation the tanker discharge pipeline need to be purged to push
liquid LPG to the receiving tank. Purging may be done by LPG vapour, inert gas or water as
per the design of the system. However, before disconnecting hoses or unloading arm, it is to be
ensured that there is no liquid LPG left between the tanker main valve and shore isolation
valve. Product from this length of pipeline is to be safely vented.
6.3.11 CALCULATING THE QUANTITY OF LIQUID ON BOARD
Before commencement of tanker discharge operation, tank readings for temperature, pressure
liquid level etc. are jointly agreed by the shore and tank representatives. The corrections
applied to assess the quantity of cargo on board are :
(i) Trim correction - to make allowance for the liquid level indicating devices not centrally
located.
(ii) Shrinkage factor - for correction of volume at 15 deg.C.
(iii) Low sounding trim corrections to allow for the wedge shaped volume.
Volume at Corrected
15 Deg.C = Volume X VRF
Quantity at Volume at
15 Deg. C = 15 Deg. C X Density
at 15 Deg. C
(VRF is ascertained by ASTM-IP Table - 54).
7.0 SAMPLING AND DRAINING
7.1 SAMPLING
(a) Standard for Sampling and Testing of LPG
Sampling of LPG for different analytical tests shall be carried out in accordance with the
guidelines given in IS 1448.
(b) Safety During Sampling
In handling LPG samples, the following safety precautions shall be followed :
(i) Special sampling bombs shall be used for LPG sampling. The coefficient of thermal
expansion of LPG is sufficiently high to develop very high pressure on heating.
Arrangement of rupture disc or any other suitable safety relief device may be
incorporated in the sampling bomb.

(ii) Sampling bombs shall be inspected periodically and tested hydrostatically at regular
intervals. Record of such inspection/test shall be maintained.
(iii) Necessary caution must be exercised to eliminate rough handling of sampling

bombs.
(iv) Discharge of LPG from sampling bomb can cause static electricity. Sample bombs
must, therefore, be earthed effectively before and during discharge of sample.
(v) Sampling normally involves venting product into the atmosphere. Therefore, absence
of source of ignition must always be confirmed before and during sampling of LPG.
(vi) LPG samples shall be collected only in open/ventilated areas and the person taking
the sample shall stand on the windward side.
(vii) Liquid LPG coming in contact with skin produces very severe burns due to frost bite.
The sampler, therefore, must wear protective goggles, hand gloves, shoes etc. while
taking samples.
(viii) Samples, after collection, shall be properly labeled.
(ix) Sampling of LPG should preferably be done in bombs with provision of pre-charge at
one end. This will not only eliminate the possibility of undesirable presence of air in
the bomb, which may become a safety hazard, but also minimises flashing of sample
during collection, thereby providing a truly representative sample.
7.2 DRAINING
1. Effects of Water in LPG system
Presence of water in LPG is detrimental as it may lead to following undesirable situations :
(i) If water in the product is in sufficient quantity, it may cause rust and corrosion to the vessel
which may not otherwise be affected by the product in any way.
(ii) Water in the system, which is subjected to freezing temperatures, may prevent the
operation of internals of valves, which in turn, may obstruct transfer of product by formation
of ice-block.
(iii) Ice formation may also lead to regular freeze up by plugging the orifice and stopping flow of
gas. Additives like methanol or propylene glucol may be added to LPG to prevent water
deposition and/or hydrate formation.
2. Safety during Water Draining
In view of the effects of water in LPG as above, regular checking of storage vessels for presence
of water and its draining is essential. Following precautions shall be followed in carrying out
water draining operation :
(i) While draining water from storage vessels, it shall be ensured that two valves are provided on
the drains connection with a suitable distance piece between them.
(ii) In the draining assembly, the valve nearer to the vessel shall be opened first and draining
controlled by gradually opening the valve farther from the vessel. On completion of draining
operation, the valves shall be closed in the reverse sequence.

(iii) It shall be ensured that the drain outlet is at a safe distance from the vessel so that accidental
ignition of any escaping vapour would not expose the vessel to flame impingement.
(iv) It is important not to attempt removal of the entire quantity of water as considerable liquid
LPG may escape in the process. At the first sign of appearance of LPG, the operation shall be
stopped. Escape of LPG may lead to formation of ice block at the valve seat, preventing
closure of valve. This will result in escape of uncontrolled vapour to the atmosphere causing a
very serious hazard.
8.0 ODORISATION
LPG is an odourless gas, heavier than air. Any leakage developed from a source of LPG can
go undetected, thereby creating a grave safety hazard. Therefore, if LPG is to be distributed
as a utility gas to the consumers, it shall be odorised by addition of a warning agent of such
characteristics that it is detectable by a distinct odour down to a concentration in air of not
over one fifth of the lower limit of flammability.
Ethyl mercaptan is the commonly used odorant for LPG because of its distinctive smell. The
assessment of odour level and the amount of ethyl mercaptan to be dosed are determined as
per the guidelines given in IS 1448 (P : 75) - 1968.
8.1 SOME SAFETY RELATED PROPERTIES OF ETHYL MERCAPTAN
Ethyl mercaptan is extremely flammable. It causes irritation. Prolonged inhalation may cause
nausea and headache; may temporarily desensitize olfactory system (smelling sensation).
The properties of ethyl mercaptan are furnished below :
Boiling Point = 36.2 deg.C

Explosive Limits = 2.8 to 18.2%
Flash Point = Less than 27 Deg.C
Auto ignition
temperature = 299 deg.C
Threshold Limit
Valve (TLV) = 0.5 ppm
Vapour Pressure
at 37.8 deg.C = 1.12 Kg/cm sq.(abs)
Personal protective equipments like hand gloves, aprons and respiratory protection shall be
used when working with ethyl mercaptan.
8.2 HANDLING ETHYL MERCAPTAN
Vapour pressure of ethyl mercaptan increases rather rapidly with temperature. It is, therefore,
recommended that the drums containing ethyl mercaptan be kept cool and away from direct
exposure to heat/sunlight before they are opened.
A useful device for transfer of ethyl mercaptan from a drum consists of a dip pipe assembly
equipped with mercaptan tight bung or fittings. The dip pipe should reach the bottom of the
drum if the drum is not kept tilted. An inert gas is used to apply pressure on the drum to force
out mercaptan through the dip pipe. The system shall have a suitable relief valve to avoid
accidental rupture of the drum due to high pressure built up. Alternately, a suitable pump may
be used for transferring ethyl mercaptan from a drum into a dosing vessel.

8.3 EQUIPMENT FOR ETHYL MERCAPTAN SERVICE
1. Material of Construction of Ethyl Mercaptan containers
Stainless steel and copper free steel alloys are the preferred materials of construction of
equipment for mercaptan service. Aluminium is also acceptable provided the pressure rating of
aluminium is sufficient to meet the actual requirement.
Iron or carbon steel is less acceptable as there is the hazard of formation of iron-sulphur
complexes which are pyrophoric. They can be used if proper steps are taken to suitably
condition them.
Copper or copper bearing alloys shall not be used for mercaptan service as mercaptan readily
attacks and contaminates them.
2. Pumps for Mercaptan service
Because of the odour of mecaptan, only hermetically sealed pumps shall be used.
3. Piping and Fittings
(i) Seamless stainless steel piping is recommended for mercaptan. Threaded fittings can be
used provided they meet the service requirement ratings. A fluoroplastic tape sealant is
recommended.
(ii) Flexible connections shall be seamless stainless steel with pipe nipples welded to each end
or fluoroplastic tube with neoprene cover.
(iii) Relief valves shall be full nozzle, disc type, closed bonnet carbon steel body with 304
stainless steel trim and stainless or aluminized steel spring.
(iv) For transfer valves, stainless steel ball valves with fluoroplastic seats and 316 stainless
steel trim or their equivalent are recommended.
(v) Rigid connection should be welded or flanged joint type.
(vi) Fluoroplastics and asbestos are satisfactory material for gasketing.
(vii) For pressure gauges, stainless steel diaphragm type is recommended with stainless steel
socket and tip.
8.4 DISPOSAL
(i) Drum Disposal
Initially, it shall be ensured that the drums are emptied of mercaptan as completely as
possible. The empty drums then can be washed with water and detergent, followed by wash
with a 5% bleach solution. After again washing with copious amount of water, the drums will
be ready for disposal.
(ii) Treatment of Leaks and Spills
Leaks and spills of mercaptan can be treated with commercially available masking agents
(e.g.Aldor and Neutroleum Alpha etc.) to make them odourless. Large mercaptan spills
shall be covered with sand or activated carbon or any other absorbing material, which are
then buried or incinerated. The area over the spill should then be washed with ordinary
household bleach solution and then thoroughly with water. Dry bleaching powder should
never be used in treating mercaptan spills. A violent reaction could occur.

9.0 ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION
9.1 ELECTRICAL
(i) Electrical installation, equipment and wiring shall conform to "Classification of Areas for
Electrical Installations at Hydrocarbon Processing & Handling Facilities" - OISD-STD-113.
(ii) All motors, in addition to the control gears at MCC, shall have local start/stop facilities.
(iii) Motor terminal boxes should be sealed with cold setting plastic compound.
(iv) Although LPG storage vessels do not require lightening protection, ground rods shall be
provided for vessels supported on non-conductive foundations. Similar ground rods shall
be provided for loading/unloading gantries.
(v) Transfer facilities at loading/unloading gantries shall be grounded and bonded as a

protection against static charges (Refer OISD-RP-110 on Static Electricity).
(vi) Work permit shall be obtained before carrying out any maintenance work (Refer OISD-
STD-105: WORK PERMIT SYSTEM).
9.2 INSTRUMENTATION
Following instruments shall be fitted :

A. Storage Vessel
(i) Pressure gauge - at the top of the vessel in vapour space with remote indication/alarm.
(ii) Temperature -One in the liquid space gauge at the bottom.
(iii) Pressure - 2 Nos. (Minimum)relief valves
(iv) Liquid level - 2 Nos. (minimum)

gauges
(v) Quick closing emergency shut-off valves on inlet/outlet and vapour return line - valves should
be interlocked for emergency operation manually from a safe distance and automatically
through control panel.
(vi) High liquid level switch (Float type) - Alarm, connected to control room for annunciation.
(vii) Liquid level transmitter and indicator - Local and remote, connected to control room for
indication.
(viii) High temperature switch - Alarm, to control room for annunciation.
B. Handling and Storage Area
Explosive Gas - Remote

Detectors Annunciation
with two levels
of alarm at pre-
determined LEL
(ii) Fire alarm


C. Transfer System
(i) Pressure gauges - At suction and delivery

side of pumps and
compressors.
(ii) Excess flow check valves
(iii) Thermal relief valves
(v) High pressure switch - alarm and

shutdown
10.0 SAFETY AND FIRE PROTECTION
10.1 SAFETY
(i) Safety precautions/regulatory signs and signs prohibiting smoking/naked lights shall be
displayed generously.
(ii) No vehicular traffic will be permitted inside the storage and handling area. When
required, vehicles fitted with approved spark arrestors shall only be allowed with valid
vehicle entry permit.
10.2 FIRE PROTECTION
(i) Fire protection facilities shall be provided as per OISD Standards 116 or 117 as the case
May be.
(ii) Fire protection facilities shall be designed to fight two major fires at two locations
simultaneously.
(iii) Water spray system shall be provided in storage vessels, loading / unloading gantries
and LPG transfer pump/compressor areas as per NFPA 15. Such system shall be
automatically actuated by temperature responsive device and also shall have provision for
manual operation.
(iv) Adequate number of portable fire extinguishers of dry chemical type shall be provided at
strategic points.
(v) Gas detection and alarm system shall be provided.
(vi) Fire drills shall be conducted at regular intervals and the observations recorded.

11.0 REFERENCES
1. IS:4576-1978 Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gases.
2. IS:3710-1978 Filling ratios for Low Pressure Liquefied Gases.
3. The Static and Mobile Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules – 1981.
4. Liquefied Petroleum Gases – by A.F. Williams & W.L. Lom, 2nd Edition. Eillis Horwood
Ltd., England.
5. IS:2825-1969 Indian Standard Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels.
6. API Standard 25, 4th Edition, December 1978 – Design and Construction of LP Gas
Installations.
7. Code of Practice for LPG Storage Installations (Part II) IS:6044 (Part II) – 1972.
8. IS:1893 – 1975 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures.
9. IS:456-1978 – Code of Practice for Plain and reinforced concrete.
10. IS:800 – 1962 – Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in General Building
Construction.
11. IS:875 – 1964 – Code of Practice for Structural Safety of Buildings : Loading Standards.
12. IS:2911 – Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Pile Foundation.
13. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Sect. VIII Division 1 American Society of Mech.
Engineers., New York (1977).
14. IS:1448 – Method of Test of Petroleum and its Products.
a) IS : 1448 (P:119) – 1960 Doctor Test.
b) (P:70) - 1968 Residue in LPG.
c) (P:71) - 1979 Vapour Pressure of LPG.
d) (P:72) - 1968 Volatility of LPG.
e) (P:73) – 1968 Hydrogen Sulphide in LPG.
f) (P:74) – 1968 Dryness of LPG
g) (P:75) – 1968 Odour of LPG
h) (P:76) – 1968 Density of LPG.
15. NFPA 59 – LP Gases at Utility Gas Plants, 1979.
16. API RP 510 – January 1979 – Maintenance Inspection, Rating and Repair of Pressure
Vessel.

17. Guide for Inspection of Refinery Equipment – Chapter VI, Pressure Vessels – 3rd Edition
1976, API Publication.
18. NFPA 58 – Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1979.
19. OISD – STD – 105 on Work Permit System.
20. OISD – STD- 106 on Pressure Relief and Disposal System.
21. OISD- STD – 112 on Safe Handling of Air – Hydro – Carbon Mixtures and Pyrophoric
Substances.
22. OISD-STD-116 on Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries and Oil Gas
Processing Plants.
23. OISD-STD-117 on Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots and Terminals.
24. OISD-STD-118 on Layouts for Oil and Gas Installations.
25. OISD-STD-128 on Inspection of Unfired Pressure Vessels.
26. OISD-STD-135 on Inspection of Loading/Unloading Hoses for Petroleum Products.
27. OISD-STD-144 on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Bottling Plant Operations.




ANNEXURE-D
SAFE FILLING OF LPG VESSEL
LPG has relatively high coefficient of expansion. If sufficient vapour space is not left in the
vessel, pressure inside the vessel would shoot up rapidly once the vessel becomes liquid full. Hence
care is exercised in limiting the filling of storage vessel to the filling density of LPG. The filling density
is defined so as to leave a guaranteed free space of five percent at the reference temperature of 55
degree C. As per Static and Mobile Pressure Vessels (unfired) Rules - 1981, the design pressure of a
vessel shall not be less than the vapour pressure of the gas in the vessel at 55 degree C.
The following information are required to work out the safe filling capacity of a storage vessel.
i) Water capacity of the vessel (WC)
ii) Density of liquid LPG
iii) Filling density (FD)
iv) Ullage factor (U)
WC x U x Density of LPG at 55 degree C

FD = --------------------------------------------------------
WC
= U x Density of LPG at 55 degree C
a) Safe maximum quantity of LPG that can be filled by weight - FDxWC
b) Safe maximum quantity of LPG at 15 degree C that can be filled by volume percent of water
capacity
FD x 100
= ----------------------------------------
Density of LPG at 15 degree C
c) Safe maximum quantity of LPG at t degree C that can be filled by volume percent of water capacity
FD x 100
= -------------------------------------------
Density of LPG at t degree C
FD x 100
= --- ----------------------------------------
Density of LPG as 15 degree C x VRF
Where : FD = Filling density
WC = Water capacity in ltrs. at 15 degree C

(may be taken as total weight of water in Kg.)
VRF = Volume reduction factor for density of LPG at

t degree C as per ASTM Table 54.



ANNEXURE-G
LIQUEFIED GAS-CARGO TRANSFER CHECK LIST
(Items to be checked before cargo transfer begins)
SHIP:_________________________________________DATE:______________
PORT &BERTH:_________________________________TIME:______________
S.NO CHECK POINT FOR SHIP FOR SHORE
1. Has information on cargo and ship-

shore connection been supplied ?
2. Is the agreed ship-shore communic -

ation system operative ?
3. Are fire and other emergency

procedures agreed ?
4. Are local regulations being

observed ?
5. Has safe access been provided and

warning notices posted ?
6. Are moorings secure and agreement

reached on the use of tension
winches ?
7. Are emergency towing-off wires

correctly positioned ?
8. Is the ship ready to move under its

own power ?
9. Are smoking restrictions in force

and notices posted ?
10. Are naked light restrictions being

observed ?
11. Are portable electrical equipment

cables disconnected ?
12. Are all hand torches and portable

R/T sets of approved type ?
13. Are ship's main transmitting

aerials and radar switched off
and earthed ?
Counted....

14. Some doors and ports have to be

closed : are they actually shut ?
15. Are all air conditioning intakes

correctly trimmed and window type
units closed ?
16. Is the water main ready for

immediate use ?
17. Is the water spray system ready

for immediate use ?
18. Are dry powder and all other fire

fighting appliances correctly
positioned and ready for immediate
use ?
19. Is necessary protective clothing

available or being worn ?
20. Are void spaces properly inerted ?
21. Is the required ventilation

equipment in operation ?
22. Is the cargo system set for the

operation ?
23. Are all remote control valves in

working order ?
24. Are cargo tank relief valves

correctly set and in good order ?
25. Are the required cargo pumps and

compressors in good order ?
26. Is reliquefaction or boil-off

control equipment in good order ?
27. Is gas detection equipment set for

the cargo, calibrated and in good
order ?
28. Are cargo system gauges and alarms

correctly set and in good order ?
29. Are scuppers plugged and suitable

drip trays in position ?
Contd...

30. Are cargo and bunker hoses in good

condition and properly rigged, have
certificates being checked ?
31. Are unused bunker connections

blanked and bunker tank lids
closed ?
32. Are unused cargo connections

(including inert gas line)securely
blanked ?
33. Are automatic shutdown systems

working properly ?
34. Does shore know the closing rate

of ship's automatic valve at
operating temperature ; does ship
have a similar details of shore
system ?
35. Are all personnel (including

supernumeraries and new arrivals)
aware that cargo transfer is to
begin ?
36. Have all personnel been allocated

emergency stations ?
37. Are non-essential personnel clear

of the cargo area ?
38. Are those directly involved aware

of the agreed cargo transfer
sequence ?
============================================================================
REMARKS :
We have checked with each other the items on the above check list and have satisfied ourselves that
the entries we have made are correct to the best of our knowledge.
CHECKED BY______________________ _______________________

(For Ship) (For Terminal)

TABLE
SAFETY RELATED PROPERTIES OF LPG
(Water is included for comparison purpose only)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PARAMETER COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL WATER
PROPANE BUTANE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boiling Point, Degree C - 45 -7 +100

at 1 ata
Vapour pressure, 7.3 2.4 0.017

Kg./sq.cm. abs. at 15 degree C.
Limits of flammibility% vol.,H/C in Air
Upper 10.0 9.0
Lower 2.2 1.8
Gas to liquid volume 255 232

ratio at 15 degree C.
Volumes flammable mixture 11591 12889

per unit volume of liquid
Ignition temperature, 450-550 420-540

Degree C.
Co-efficient of expansion 0.003 0.002 0.0002 (liquid)

fraction /
Degree C.
Co-efficient of compress- -4 -4 -5
ibility (liquid), 2 x 10 2 x 10 4.9x10
fraction/Kg.sq.cm
Gas density, Kgs/cu.m. 2.0 2.5

at 15 degree C and 1 ata*
Liquid density, Kgs/cu.m. 510 580 1000

at 15 degree C.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-3
* air = 1.29 Kg.m

Storage & Handling LPG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Storage & Handling LPG

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Storage & Handling LPG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the document about?

What is the document about?

What safety properties are listed for LPG?

What safety properties are listed for LPG?

Sr.

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BULK

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

COMMITTEE ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF

BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

Page No. III

Petroleum industry in India is significantly globalized at present in terms of technology content

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

The present document has been prepared by the Functional Committee on

The Member Coordinator

Though every effort has been made to assure the

These documents are intended only to supplement and

Note 2 in superscript indicates the modification/changes/addition based on the

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF

BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

Shri B.R.B.Mathur, Engineers India Limited, New Delhi

Shri R.N.Das, Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd., Mumbai

Shri E.Nandakumar, Cochin Refineries Limited, Cochin

Shri A.C.Agarwal, Indian Oil Corporn. Ltd., Faridabad

Shri S.C.Meshram, Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd.(M.D.), Mumbai

Shri S.N.Mathur, Oil Industry Safety Directorate, New Delhi

Page No. VII

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BULK LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

Page No. VIII

A: LPG STORAGE VESSEL - P&I DIAGRAM 30

B: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF LPG TANK TRUCK (LORRY) 31

C: A TYPICAL LPG TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR 32

D: SAFE FILLING OF LPG VESSEL 33

E: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING TANK TRUCK 34

F: TYPICAL LPG TANK WAGON 35

G: SHIP/SHORE SAFETY CHECK LIST 36

SAFETY RELATED PROPERTIES OF LPG 39

OISD – RP – 158 Page No. 1

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON STORAGE AND HANDLING

(i) Bulk Storage

(ii) Pressure Vessel

A cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical or dished ends, laid horizontally.

(b) Horton Sphere

A spherical pressure vessel, supported vertically.

(iii) Water Capacity

Maximum volume of water a vessel will hold at 15 degree C.

(iv) Filling Density

OISD – RP – 158 Page No. 2

(v) Reference Temperature

(vi) Vapour Pressure

4.0 PRESSURISED LPG STORAGE

4.1 APPLICABLE CODES & DESIGN PARAMETERS

OISD – RP – 158 Page No. 3

(c) Vessels shall not be installed one above the other.

4.3 FOUNDATION & SUPPORTS

4.4 VESSEL ACCESSORIES

OISD – RP – 158 Page No. 4

(ii) Each storage vessel shall be provided with the following :

Inspection manhole 1 No.