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Maths-Chapter 5 Formulas

The document discusses several important results in calculus including: 1) Tests for continuity and differentiability of functions, including that a function is continuous if limits from both sides are equal and differentiable if right and left derivatives are equal. 2) Standard limits, such as the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches 0 equals 1. 3) Techniques for finding derivatives including the derivative of a sum/difference of functions, derivatives of inverse functions, and using substitutions. 4) Theorems such as Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem, which relate to the existence of points where the derivative of a function is zero or constant over an interval.

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112 views4 pages

Maths-Chapter 5 Formulas

The document discusses several important results in calculus including: 1) Tests for continuity and differentiability of functions, including that a function is continuous if limits from both sides are equal and differentiable if right and left derivatives are equal. 2) Standard limits, such as the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches 0 equals 1. 3) Techniques for finding derivatives including the derivative of a sum/difference of functions, derivatives of inverse functions, and using substitutions. 4) Theorems such as Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem, which relate to the existence of points where the derivative of a function is zero or constant over an interval.

Uploaded by

fariya deeba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter5

Continuity and

Differentiability
Important Results
lim fx) or fla +0)
1. ()Right hand limit X0

Rule Replace xby(a + h) and take the limit as h-0

(i) Lefthandlimit lim fx)or f(a-0)


Xa

Rule Replace x by(a-h) and take the limit ash-0

2.Test for continuity If fla)= lim fx)= lim flx), then


X-a
then fx
continuous at x = a otherwise, f(x) is discontinuous at x =Ea

3. () Right hand derivative Rf (a) = lim fa +h)-f(a


h>0 h
(i) Left hand derivative Lf'(a = lim fa-h)-f(a
h0 -h
4. Test for Differentiability
fx)is differentiable at x = a if Rf'(a) = Lf'(a), otherwise fx) is not
differentiable at x = a.
5. Properties of Continuity
) Every constant function is continuous.
(ii) Every identity function is continuous.
(ii) Every polynomial function is continuous
(iv)If f and gbe two continuous functions in domain D, then
(a) (f+g) is continuous (b) (f-g)is continuous
c) cf is continuous
(d) fg is continuous
(e)-iscontinuous in Dexcept at the points where gx
(v) If fis continuous, then Ifl is continuous.
6. Every differentiable function is continuous. But a countinuo
function need not be differentiable.
Standard results
(i) lim - q "
lim = na (ii) lim Sin
1
(ii) lim tan
anxX 1
=
x->a X-a X0 x
X0 X
sin x 1 (V)
(v) limLan
iv) lim
=
lim
X-0 =1 (vi) lim
x>0 X X
x>0 X 1
(vii) lim - 1
ivi) lim
- =
log, a (vii) lim Ogl+ x) )-1
x-0 X X0 X

(ix) Xlim0(1+x)* =ee (x) lim


X00
1+ =e (xi) lim sinx =0
Sin
Xo X

Differentiation

1. Derivatives of standard functions


d d
)x)=nxn-1 (i) (constant) =0
dx
d x-1 d
(iil)(cx") =cn (iv)(sin x) =cosx
dx dx
d d
() cOs x)=-sinx (vi)(tan x) = sec
dx
d
(vi) COsec x) =-COsec x cot xx
ix
d
tanx
(vii)(sec x) = sec x
dx
d
ix)-(cotx) = - cosec'x (e)=ex
dx dx
d
(xi)a =a log a, a >0 (xi)(log.
dx
x) =x>0
dx
d
(xii)(log, x) =- a > 0, a #1
dx log.a functions
2. Derivatives of sum or difference of two or more

du dv
()(ut
dx
v)= dx dx
dtvtwt...)=ad
d dxdx
dw .

(Product rule)
(11)uv = u v + v d u
d
dx dx dx
d u-u v (Quotient rule)
dx
v2

[fx)]ot)aY-[ftx)]at) g r(x) + log(x) g'(x)


y dx f(x)
dy
aydt
then
y=o ,
(v1) lf x=ó()and dx dx
dt

(vi) Ify=f gx), thenf'gx)


dx
g'(x)
3. Suitable substitutions

Function Substitution Function

Na?-x X = a sin 0 or acos0 X Substitution


x =atan'
a+x
-a Xa sec 0 or a-X X COS20
a cosec 0
atx
X-a) (b-x) X a sec+ bsin 0 Wax-x X a Sin
x-a) (x-b X =a sec-btan 0 x X =a sin
Va-x
X =
a tan 6 or a cot 0 Va-x2 x acos28
4. Differentiation of a determinant

P r
Ify =u v w,then
1 m n
dp dq dr
dx dx dx Pdu dv rdw P 9
dy =u V W +1u V W
dx dx dx dx dl dm dn
mn m n
dx dx dx
5. Useful logarithmic formulae (in differentiation)
m
) log, mn =log, m+ log, n (1i) log,= log, m - log, n
n
(i) log, m" =n log, m (iv) log, a =1
(v) log, m = log, m + log, b (vi) log, m x log, a =1

(vil) 1
log, a=log,
m
a (vii) log, a =.
log, b
ix) log, a=09m
(x) a9=m
logb
6. Rolle's theorem If a function y =fix) is defined in (a, bj and
(i) fx) is continuous in Ja, b]
(11) f(x) is differentiable in (4, b) and
ii) fa)= fb)
Then, there will be atleast one value of c e(4, b) such
sud that fc)
mean value theorem f
Lagrange's a
function fx) is said
defined on (a, b] and to be
continuous in [a, bJ and
i
(i) d i f f e r e n t i a b l e in (a, b), then there
wil be atleast one
value
such that f' (C D)-f(a)
cEa, b) =

b-a
Note Lagrange's mean
value theorem is valid irrespective of
whether fla) fb) or fla) *
=
fb).

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