Assignment

Assignment on Light ,Color & Their Interaction

Course Code: STex-4015

Course Title: Special Wet Processing Technology

Submitted To : Mr. A.B.M Foisal

Senior Lecturer
Department Of Textile Engineering
Submitted By
Name: Mithun Dev Nath
ID: 2018000400019
Batch: 37th
 Light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye.
Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of
400–700 nm, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the
ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths).This wavelength means a
frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz).

A triangular prism dispersing a beam of white light. The longer

wavelengths (red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue) are separated

Type Of Lights:
There are two types of light: natural light or artificial light.
Natural light:
The most important source of natural light is the sun.The sun gives the
earth light and energy.
Artificial light:
Artificial light is light that is made by people, or man-made.E.g.-candles,
kerosene lamps, flashlights, and light bulbs.
Energy conservation is becoming more and more of a concern. One
solution is to use moreenergy efficient bulbs at home, schools,
businesses and public places. This document will introduce key terms to
use when talking about lighting as well as types of light bulbs in use.
Key Terms:
• Watt (abbreviated W) is the unit corresponding to the rate of energy
consumption (or power) in an electric circuit needed in this case to light
a light bulb.
• Lumens are the unit describing the amount of light (energy) as seen
by the human eye that is given off by the light bulb.
• Lux is defined as being equivalent to one lumen spread over an area
of one square meter. To put it another way, a measurement of lux (light
intensity) tells you how many lumens are needed for the area being
illuminated.
• Efficiency is the amount of light that comes out of a light bulb
compared to the electrical energy that goes into it. Energy efficient
bulbs waste less energy in producing light than less efficient bulbs.
Efficiency is an output over an input.
• Efficacy is related to the efficiency of the light bulb. It is also an output
over an input. The output is the lumens of light and the input in power
in watts. So, the expression we use to describe the efficacy of our light
is “Lumens Per Watt” or lumens divided by watts. Keep in mind, the
bigger the efficacy, the more efficient the bulb.
• Some bulbs make things they are illuminating look a different color
than they really are. This property is called Color Rendition. Generally,
bulbs with good color rendition are used. Color rendition can be
measured by the Color Rendering Index1 (CRI), which is a scale ranging
from 0 (very poor color rendition) to 100 (nearly perfect color
rendition). In cases of extremely poor color rendition, that bulb’s CRI
value can be negative. Incandescent bulbs are defined to have perfect
color rendition.

Light-Matter Interactions:
The term “spectroscopy” comes from the Latin “spectron” for spirit or
ghost and the Greek "σκοπιεν" for to see. These roots are telling
because in molecular spectroscopy you use light to interrogate matter,
but you actually never see the molecules, only their influence on the
light. Different types of spectroscopy give you different perspectives.
This indirect contact with the microscopic targets means that the
interpretation of spectroscopy requires a model, whether it is stated or
not. Modeling and laboratory practice of spectroscopy are dependent
on one another, and spectroscopy is only as useful as its ability to
distinguish different models. This makes an accurate theoretical
description of the underlying physical process governing the interaction
of light and matter important.
Quantum mechanically, we will treat spectroscopy as a perturbation
induced by the light which acts to couple quantum states of the
charged particles in the matter, as we have discussed earlier. Our
starting point is to write a Hamiltonian for the light–matter interaction,
which in the most general sense would be of the form
H=HM+HL+HLM(7.1.1)
Although the Hamiltonian for the matter may be time-dependent, we
will treat the Hamiltonian for the matter HM as time-independent,
whereas the electromagnetic field HL and its interaction with the
matter HLM are time-dependent. A quantum mechanical treatment of
the light would describe the light in terms of photons for different
modes of electromagnetic radiation, which we will describe later. We
begin with a semi classical treatment of the problem, which describes
the matter quantum mechanically and the light field classically. We
assume that a light field described by a time-dependent vector
potential acts on the matter, but the matter does not influence the
light. (Strictly, energy conservation requires that any change in energy
of the matter be matched with an equal and opposite change in the
light field.) For the moment, we are just interested in the effect that the
light has on the matter. In that case, we can really ignore HL , and we
have a Hamiltonian for the system that is
H≈HM+HLM(t)=H0+V(t)
which we can solve in the interaction picture. We will derive an explicit
expression for the Hamiltonian HLM in the Electric Dipole
Approximation. Here, we will derive a Hamiltonian for the light–matter
interaction, starting with the force experienced by a charged particle in
an electromagnetic field, developing a classical Hamiltonian for this
interaction, and then substituting quantum operators for the matter:
p→−iℏ∇^x→x^
In order to get the classical Hamiltonian, we need to work through two
steps:
describe electromagnetic fields, specifically in terms of a vector
potential, and
describe how the electromagnetic field interacts with charged particles.

Volume scattering:

Out-scattering and attenuation The third basic light interaction in

participating media is scattering. As a ray passes through a medium, it
may collide with particles and be scattered in different directions. This
has two effects on the total radiance that the beam carries. It reduces
the radiance exiting a differential region of the beam because some of

it is deflected to different directions. This effect is called out-scattering

(Figure 11.6) and is the topic of this section. However, radiance from
other rays may be scattered into the path of the current ray; this in-
scattering process is the subject of the next section.
Figure: Like absorption, out-scattering also reduces the radiance along a
ray. Light that hits particles may be scattered in another direction such
that the radiance exiting the region in the original direction is reduced.
The probability of an out-scattering event occurring per unit distance is
given by the scattering coefficient, σs. As with absorption, the reduction
in radiance along a differential length dt due to out-scattering is given
The total reduction in radiance due to absorption and out-scattering is
given by the sum O, +Os. This combined effect of absorption and out-
scattering is called attenuation or extinction. For convenience the sum
of these two coefficients is denoted by the attenuation coefticient O
ot (p, w)= Oa (p, w)+o, (p, w).
Two values related to the attenuation coefficient will be useful in the
following. The first is the albedo, which is defined as The albedo is
always between 0 and 1; it describes the probability of scattering
(versus absorption) at a scattering event. Thesecond is the mean free
path, 1/0, which gives the average distance that a ray travels in the
medium before interacting with a particle. Given the attenuation
coefficient Ot, the differential equation describing overall attenuation.

Color
Color is the characteristic of visual perception described through color
categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or
purple. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of
photoreceptor cells (in particular cone cells in the human eye and other
vertebrate eyes) by electromagnetic radiation (in the visible spectrum
in the case of humans). Color categories and physical specifications of
color are associated with objects through the wavelengths of the light
that is reflected from them and their intensities. This reflection is
governed by the object's physical properties such as light absorption,
emission spectra, etc.

Fig: Color

Color basics
A color wheel is an illustrative model of color hues around a circle.  It
shows the relationships between the primary, secondary, and
intermediate/ tertiary colors and helps demonstrate color temperature.
Digital teams communicate exact colors through the use of hex codes.
Understanding the Color Wheel
Many color wheels are shown using 12 colors.  Using this color wheel as
an example, it can be read as follows:
 







 Three Primary Colors (Ps): Red, Yellow, Blue
 Three Secondary Colors (S’): Orange, Green, Violet
 Six Tertiary Colors (Ts):  Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green,
Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Red-Violet, which are formed by mixing a
primary with a secondary
It’s important to note that some people add more intermediates, for 24 total
named colors, and some color wheels show interior points and circles, which
represent color mixtures.

Rods and Cones in the Retina:The cones are red.

green. and blue some animals. Perceptions of color is a
complex neurophysiological. The science of color is
sometimes called chromatics, calorimetry, or simply color
science.
 Fig: cross section of Human Eye

Color Theories :
1. Subtractive Theory

The subtractive, or pigment theory deals with how white light is

absorbed and reflected off of colored surfaces.
2. Additive Theory

The Additive, or light theory deals with radiated and filtered light.

Subtractive Theory
Black absorbs most light

*White reflects most light

*The primary colors in Subtractive Theory are

*Cyan (C)

*Magenta (M)

*Yellow (Y)

*Black (K)

*Subtractive or Pigment Theory is used in printing and painting.

Additive Theory :
*Black radiates no light

*White (sun) radiates all light.

*The primary colors in Additive Theory are

*Red (R)

* Green (G)

*Blue (B)
The primary colors add together to make white Light Theory is
also called Additive Theory. Light Theory is used in Television,
theater lighting, computer monitors, and video production.

Visible Light Spectrum

Length of visible light wave:

 Color Interaction :
Interaction of Color is a handbook and teaching resource for
artists and designers that shares Albers’ theory of color.
Originally printed in 1963, the text outlines a set of principles
and teaching methods for understanding and perceiving
color in different ways. At its time of publication, the text
created much controversy around its proposition of how
people understand and interact with color. The book is not
so much a theoretical framework but an experimental
approach that looks at how color can be studied in art and
design.

Some of the key principles that Albers presents in Interaction

of Color include:

Colors are in a continuous state of flux and can only be

understood in relation to the other colors that surround them.
Albers makes the provocative statement in the book that
‘colour is the most relative medium in art.’
How people see color is highly subjective and varies
dramatically between individuals;

All colors have two key elements – brightness (which can be

understood as the color intensity) and lightness (a light’s
intensity). Albers practically elaborates on this point in the
second half of the book through sharing a fascinating series
of exercises and optical illusions that explore brightness and
lightness;

Experience is the greatest teacher of color (i.e. an artist or

designer exploring color in their practice is much more
important than studying color theory by itself). Albers
believed that practice precedes theory in the study of color.
This is to say that through doing and practically
experimenting with color, theories are produced:

“Naturally, practice is not preceded but followed by theory.

Such study promotes a more lasting teaching and learning
through experience. Its aim is development of creativeness
realized in discovery and invention – the criteria of creativity,
or flexibility, being imagination and fantasy. Altogether it
promotes “thinking in situations,” a new educational concept
unfortunately little known and less cultivated, so far” (p.68).

Albers’ pedagogical approach of allowing students to ‘think

in situations’ can be understood as a form of experiential
learning. The roots of this educational approach can be
found in the work of John Dewey (1938).
 In all, Albers constructs a pioneering way of seeing, learning,
teaching and studying color by drawing new attention to how
it is perceived and understood in people’s lives.

My two cents…

What I find most intriguing about Interaction of Color is

Albers’ discussion of the practice of teaching art and design.

I really connect with Albers’ discussion of progressive education

teaching methods and how these can be intertwined with
technical and theoretical knowledge that is specific to design.
His ability to acknowledge the significance of combining
technical skill with creative exploration underscores his
pioneering vision for 20th-century design education. It is worthy
to reiterate that Albers was a fully trained primary school
teacher before entering the art world and his expertise as an
educator becomes clear in his ability to bring together
experiential learning teaching methods with his technical
knowledge of art and design. Albers advocates for educators to
construct the pedagogical conditions for students to question
themselves and their learning processes. Again, this teaching
method is grounded in practice and the student’s applied
processes of experiencing color through making. Finally, the
point he makes around the necessity to approach theory as
something that emerges from practice is revolutionary in
stepping away from a dogmatic approach to the theorization of
art, design, and education.

principles of color interaction:

1.Light/Dark Value Contrast
2. Complementary Reaction or Effect
3. Subtraction
Conclusion :

You have learned about color theory, you understand that using color is
a structured process. People who work with color (artists, architects,
interior decorators) do not just use color randomly, they use color
wheels and color theory to help create a piece that conveys meaning
and emotion. Color has a powerful way of creating "mood," especially
when used in a cool, warm, or a monochromatic color scheme. You
now know terms involved in color theory, and can recognize color
schemes that are used in the world around you. After competing this
assignment you will recognize artwork from the artists that you
researched today.

Reference
1. sciencenewsforstudents.org

2. Scribd.com

3. Wikipedia

4. Google Scholars