Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Global Campus
Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District
Pin Code: 562 112
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

I/II semester

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

18ESEE02L

LABORATORY MANUAL
(Common to all branches)

Name: ______________________________________

USN: ______________________________________

Year: ______________________________________

1
 List of experiments

Name of Experiment Page no.

1. Measurement of Power & Power factor of Fluorescent tube

2. Staircase wiring

3. Measurement of Electrical Quantities – Voltage, Current, Power, Power Factor

in RLC Circuit

4. Measurement of Energy Using Single Phase Energy Meter (Induction type)

5. Verification of Kirchhoff‟s Laws in DC Circuits

6. Study on working principle and usage of measuring instruments – voltmeter,

ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope, resistors, capacitors and inductors.

7. Study on the construction of dc machine (commutator-brush arrangement),

induction machine (squirrel cage rotor), synchronous machine (field winding -
slip ring arrangement) and single-phase induction machine

8. Study on the synchronous speed of two-pole and four-pole, three-phase

induction motors
9. Measurement of torque-slip characteristics of an induction motor
10. No load test and load test on a single phase transformer

11. Load test on separately excited dc motor and plot the torque-speed
characteristics

Add on Experiments
1. Verification of Ohm‟s Law
2. Calculation of AC values

2
Instructions

 Come well prepared for conducting the experiment.

 Calculations, tables, and circuit diagram/graph must be drawn in the observation book

 Maintain silence in the lab.

 Keep the lab clean.

 Keep your belongings in appropriate place provided to you.

 Do not come late to the lab.

Safety precautions

 Wear leather shoes and come to lab.

 Do not wear loose clothing

 Keep hair, chains, identity cards away from the circuits

 Do not switch on the circuit until the concerned faculty or instructors have checked it

 Before switching on, see that the autotransformer is in zero position. Bring the autotransformer back to
zero position then switched off supply.

Outcome of the lab

A good understanding of electrical networks and electrical terms

3
EX.NO :1 Measurement of Power & Power Factor of Fluorescent Lamp
DATE:

Aim:

To determine power and power factor of given Fluorescent Lamp

Apparatus:

1. Fluorescent tube
2. Choke
3. Starter
4. Electrodes
5. Capacitor
6. Connecting wires

Theory:

Fluorescent tubes, commonly called as tube lights, were invented by American electrical engineer and inventor
Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1901. They are usually available in lengths of 0.61 m and 1.22 m. The inside of a
fluorescent tube contains various chemical components and two electrodes at either end which are wired to an
electrical circuit. These chemical components are mercury, an inert gas like Argon, and fluorescent coating on the
inside of the tube. The powder used as fluorescent material is excited by the ultraviolet rays generated in the tube.
The colour of the light given out by the tubes depends on the fluorescent material used.

The cosine of the angle between voltage and current in an ac circuit is known as power factor. In an ac circuit,
there is generally a phase difference ϕ between voltage and current. If the circuit is inductive, the current lags
behind the voltage and the power factor is to as lagging. If the circuit is capacitive, the current leads the voltage
and the power factor is said to be leading. The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel
with the equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor generally known as static capacitor draws a
leading current and partly or completely neutralizes lagging reactive component of the load current. This raises
the power factor of the load.

Working:

The tube light circuit consists of a long closed tube with electrodes or the filaments at both ends. There is a choke
which is inductive, and a starter. The normal 230 V of our supply is not enough for an electrical connection to be
set up between the two electrodes, as the filaments have no direct contact with each other. The thermal starter
consists of two bimetallic strips and a heater coil. During off stage of the tube, the two strips are in contact with
each other. When the tube is switched on, current will pass through the choke, filaments and the heater. The
heater causes the strips to separate from each other, breaking the circuit. This sudden interruption in the inductive
circuit causes a large surge voltage across the electrodes. If the surge voltage is still not enough, the starter strips
cool down and again contact each other, making another switching on.

4
Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the supply and observe the tube lighting up.
3. Note the values of Voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter.
4. Disconnect the capacitor and note the values of Voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter.
5. Calculate the power factor.

Tabular Column:

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Power Factor

Reading(V) Reading(I) (watts) (cosø)
(Volts) (Ampere) (W)
Without capacitor

With capacitor

Calculations:

K = Voltage range * Current range * Wattmeter power factor

Wattmeter range

Wactual=W*K=VI*cosø watts

cosø = (Wactual/VI)

Result:

5
EX.NO :2 Staircase Wiring
DATE:

Aim:

To control a lamp using

(a) Two-way Control switch
(b) 3-way Control switch

Apparatus:

1. Two way switches: 2

2. Incandescent lamp: 1
3. Connecting wires

(a) Two-way Control of Lamp

Theory:

Two way switches have three terminals. They do not have an ON or OFF position, as the resultant depends on the
position of the second switch. Purpose of using two way switches is to control an electric device, usually a lamp,
from two different points.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the supply
3. With the different combinations of the two way switches, observe the working of the lamp

6
Tabular column:

Switch S1 Switch S2 State of lamp

1 1'
1 2'
2 1'
2 2'

(b) Three-way control of Lamp:

Theory:

An intermediate switch couples together the 2 two way switches SW1 and SW2. It has four terminals CDEF. For one
position it connects points CD and EF which is called a straight connection. For another position it connects points CF
and ED which is called a cross connection. It is possible control the lamp from three points.

Applications:

Mainly in domestic use, like in staircase, long corridors and bedrooms,

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the supply
3. With the straight connection of switches i.e. CD & EF, observe the working of the lamp.
4. With the cross connection of switches i.e. CF & ED, observe the working of the lamp.

Tabular column:
7
 S.No Position of Position of Position of State of lamp
Switch Intermediate Switch
SW1 Switch SW SW2

1 A CD,EF G
2 A CD,EF H
3 B CD,EF G
4 B CD,EF H
5 A CF,ED G
6 A CF,ED H
7 B CF,ED G
8 B CF,ED H

Result:

8
EX.NO :3 Measurement of Electrical Quantities – Voltage, Current,
DATE: Power, Power Factor in RLC Circuit

Aim:

To measure electrical quantities like voltage, current and power in an RLC circuit, and calculate the power factor

Apparatus:

1. Ammeter: (0-5) A MI
2. Voltmeter: (0-300) V MI
3. Wattmeter: 5 A, 300 V, UPF
4. Resistor: (0-100) 
5. Inductor: 5 mH
6. Capacitor: 1000 F
7. Single phase autotransformer
8. Connecting wires

Theory:

The basic electrical parameters are current, voltage and power.

Current (I):
It is defined as the rate of flow of charges in a conductor. It is the flow of electrons in a wire or device

Unit of current is Ampere.

Direct current (DC) is measured using moving coil (MC) Ammeter
Alternating current (AC) is measured using moving iron (MI) Ammeter

Voltage (V):
Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a conductor that causes charges to flow (current).
Electromotive force (EMF) to move the charges is created by a battery or generator.
The unit of potential difference is Volt.
DC voltage is measured using MC Voltmeter; AC voltage is measured using MI Voltmeter

Power (P):
Rate of energy consumed by the circuit or load is called power.
In DC circuits, power is given by – Pdc=voltage x current P dc=VI
In AC circuits, it is given by – Pac=voltage x current x power factor P ac=VIcos
Unit of power is Watt, and measured using Wattmeter

Power factor, cos:Power factor is an important parameter only in AC circuits. Power factor (pf) depends on the
load. Due to the nature of the load, in AC circuits, current may be behind (lag) the voltage, or be ahead of (lead)

the voltage. The angular difference between current wave and voltage wave is , and the cosine of this angle is
power factor

9
Given by

where R is the pure resistance, Z is the impedance of the circuit

Z is the vector sum of resistance and all reactances of the circuit
It is also given by

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. With autotransformer at zero position, connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Short the M and C terminals of the Wattmeter
3. Switch on the supply and vary the autotransformer to apply a certain voltage
4. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter
5. Vary the autotransformer for different voltages and note the readings
6. Bring back the autotransformer to zero position and switch off the supply

Tabular column:

Sl. No. V Volts I Amps W Watts Power P=W*K Watts Power Factor, cos  = P/VI

10
Calculations:

Power P=W*K
K is constant based on the meter ranges
K = Voltage range * Current range * Wattmeter power factor
Wattmeter range

Power factor, cos  = P/VI

Theoretical calculation:

R=100 
L=5 mH
C=1000 F
Inductive reactance, XL=2fL = 1.5707 
Capacitive reactance, XC = 1/2fC = 3.1830 
Impedance, = 100.0129 
Power factor, cos = R/Z= 100/100.0129 = 0.999

Result:

11
EX.NO :4 Measurement of Energy Using Single Phase Energy Meter
DATE:

Aim:

To measure the energy consumed by the lamp load using Energy meter & Wattmeter and hence find error.

Apparatus:

1. Single phase energy meter

2. Lamp load
3. Single phase autotransformer
4. Connecting wires

Theory:

Energy meters are integrating devices and hence measure the total amount of energy in kWh supplied by the load
circuit in a given time.
Induction type energy meter is invariably used for AC energy measurement. It works on the same principle of
induction type wattmeter. It is also similar in construction to wattmeter except that the spring control and pointer
in wattmeter are replaced by a braking magnet and a recording mechanism.

Circuit diagram:

12
Procedure:

1. With autotransformer at zero position, connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. With the load switch open, switch on the supply and vary the autotransformer to give rated voltage.
4. Switch on the lamps and note down the wattmeter, energy meter readings & time taken for two revolutions of
the meter disc.
5. Repeat the above for different number of lamps.
6. Bring the autotransformer to zero position and switch off the supply.

Tabular column:

Sl Load Wattmeter No. of Time (t) Measured Actual Error

no Current Reading revolutions sec Energy (Ei) Energy (Ea)
(IL) (W) (n) KWhr KWhr
Amps Watts

Calculations:
 Wattmeter constant K = Voltage range * Current range * Wattmeter power factor
Wattmeter range

 The actual energy consumed by the load, E a = W*K*t KWhr

3600*1000
 The energy indicated by the energy meter, E i = n/Ek KWhr
Meter constant Ek=375 revolutions/kWh, it means that the disc has to rotate 375 times to record one unit, that
is, one kilowatt hour of electrical energy

 error = Ei - Ea
Ea

Result:

13
EX.NO :5 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws in DC Circuits
DATE:

Aim:

To conduct an experiment on DC circuits to verify KVL and KCL

Apparatus:
1. Ammeter (0-250) mA MC: 3
2. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC: 3
3. Resistors (10  + 10%): 1
(100  + 10%): 1
(200  + 10%): 1
4. Regulated DC power supply (0-30V)
5. Connecting wires

Theory:
For the analysis of complex electrical networks, Ohm‟s law takes lot of time. Hence for such purposes,
Kirchhoff‟s laws comes in handy

Kirchhoff‟s Voltage Law (KVL):

States that in a linear bilateral network, the algebraic sum of EMFs of the sources and the voltage drops across the
elements around a mesh (closed path) is zero
  e+IR = 0 for DC circuits
  e+IZ = 0 for AC circuits
When analyzing a circuit, the emfs are taken as voltage rises and voltage across elements are voltage drops.
Hence Kirchhoff‟s Voltage Law can also be stated as-
sum of voltage rises = sum of voltage drops

Kirchhoff‟s Current Law (KCL):

States that in a linear bilateral network, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is zero
KCL is applied to a node or junction, and hence verification is to be done at a node
  
Kirchhoff‟s Current Law can also be stated as- algebraic sum of incoming currents = algebraic sum of outgoing
currents

14
Circuit diagram for KVL:

Procedure for KVL:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the regulated power supply and apply a voltage to the circuit
3. Record the voltmeter readings
4. Repeat the experiment for different voltage values
5. Bring back the voltage to zero and switch off the supply

Tabular column:

Sl. No. V V1 V2

For KVL, V = V1+V2

Circuit diagram for KCL:

15
Procedure for KCL:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the regulated power supply and apply a voltage to the circuit
3. Record the ammeter readings
4. Repeat the experiment for different voltage values
5. Bring back the voltage to zero and switch off the supply

Tabular column:

Sl. No. V I1 I2 I3

For KCL, I1 = I2+I3

Result:

16
EX.NO :6 Study on working principle and usage of measuring instruments – voltmeter,
DATE: ammeter,multi-meter, oscilloscope, resistors, capacitors and inductors.

AIM: Study on working principle and usage of measuring instruments – voltmeter, ammeter,
multi-meter, oscilloscope, resistors, capacitors and inductors.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: – voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope, resistors, capacitors and

inductors.

THEORY:
Voltage: Voltage, also called electromotive force, is the potential difference in charge between two points in an
electrical field.

VOLTMETER:
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital
voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a
wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed
apparatus. Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a
multimeter, are standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that can be
converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature,
flow or level in a chemical process plant. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few per
cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital meters can
be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher
accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters
using amplifiers can measure tiny voltages of micro volts or less. Part of the problem of making an accurate
voltmeter is that of calibration to check its accuracy. In laboratories, the Weston Cell is used as a standard voltage
for precision work. Precision voltage references are available based on electronic circuits.
SYMBOL OF VOLTMETER:-

CURRENT: Current is the rate at which electric charge flows past a point in a circuit. In other words, current is
the rate of flow of electric charge.

17
AMMETER:
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are
measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Smaller values of current can be measured using a milliammeter or a
microammeter. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments only which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for
operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position
and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.

SYMBOL OF AMMETER:-

OSCILLOSCOPE: Oscilloscopes are a type of signal analyzer they show the experimenter a picture of the
signal, usually in the form of a voltage versus time graph. The user can then study this picture to learn the
amplitude, frequency, and overall shape of the signal which may depend on the physics being explored in the
experiment.

Fig: Block diagram of the oscilloscope, showing the control functions

RESISTOR: A resistor represents a given amount of resistance in a circuit.

Symbol:
R = V/I
Resistors are represented by a zigzag line in an electric circuit, and the letter „R‟ is used in the equations.

18
CAPACITOR: A capacitor is composed of a pair of conductor plates separated by some insulation material. The
same amount of charge „Q‟ (of opposite polarity) is stored on each of the two plates.

Symbol:

The voltage between the two plates is proportional to the charge „Q‟, but inversely proportional to
the capacitance of the capacitor:

Capacitance measures the capacitor's ability to store charge given a DC voltage, which is determined by the
Parameters of the capacitor:

where is the overlapping area of the plates and is the distance between them,

while is the electric constant and is the relative static permittivity (dielectric
constant) (the amount of charge needed to generate electric flux) of the medium between the plates. The
permittivity of vacuum is defined to be 1. In an electrolytic capacitor, the gap between the two plates is filled with
dielectric medium of higher permittivity so that the capacitance is increased.

INDUCTOR: An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In
its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. The inductance is directly proportional to the number
of turns in the coil.

Symbol:

19
EX.NO :7 Study on the construction of DC machine (commutator-brush arrangement),
DATE: Induction Machine (squirrel cage rotor), synchronous machine (field winding-
Slip ring arrangement) and single – phase induction machine

AIM: Study on the construction of dc machine (commutator-brush arrangement), induction machine (squirrel
cage rotor), synchronous machine (field winding - slip ring arrangement) and single-phase induction machine

1. DC Machines
Introduction
Dc machines are electrical machines which deal with conversion of one form of energy to another. A DC
machine convert‟s mechanical energy to electrical energy is called DC generator. A DC machine convert‟s
electrical energy to mechanical energy is called DC motor. A DC machine can be used as both motor and
generator.
Construction of DC machine

A DC machine mainly consists of two parts:

1. Stationary part produces constant magnetic flux
2. Rotating part converts mechanical energy into electrical.
Both parts are separated by small air gap. The stationary part consists of yoke, pole core, pole shoes, field
winding and brushes. The rotating part consists of armature core, armature windings, commutator and shaft

20
 1. Yoke: A cylindrical yoke is normally used as a frame of the machine. It provides mechanical support to
the poles. It serves the purpose of outermost cover of the DC machine. So that the insulating materials get
protected from harmful atmospheric elements like moisture, dust and various gases like SO2, acidic fumes
etc. for small machines, the yoke is made up of cast iron. For large machines, rolled steel or cast steel or
silicon steel is used.

2. Poles: Each pole is divided into two parts Namely, pole core and pole shoe

Pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux. It directs the flux
produced through air gap to armature core, to the next pole.

3. Field winding [F1-F2] : The field winding is wound on the pole core with a definite direction. To carry
current due to which pole core on which the winding placed behaves as an electromagnet, producing
necessary flux. As it helps in producing the magnetic field i.e. exciting the pole as electromagnet it is
called Field winding or Exciting winding. As it has to carry current hence obviously made up of some
conducting material. So aluminium or copper is the choice.
4. Armature: It is further divided into two parts namely, Armature core and Armature winding.
a) Armature core is cylindrical in shape mounted on the shaft. It consists of slots on its periphery and the air
ducts to permit the air flow through armature which serves cooling purpose. Armature core provides house
for armature winding i.e. armature conductors.
b) Armature winding is nothing but the interconnection of the armature conductors, placed in the slots provided
on the armature core periphery. When the armature is rotated, in case of generator, magnetic flux gets cut by
armature conductors and e.m.f. gets induced in them. Generation of e.m.f. takes place in the armature winding
in case of generators. To carry the current supplied in case of d.c. motors
5. Commutator:
The basic nature of e.m.f induced in the armature conductors is alternating. This needs rectifications in
case of d.c. generator which is possible by device called commutator.
5. Shaft: it is rotated by a prime mover, due to which the armature fixed to it also rotates. Roller bearings are used at
both ends of shaft.

21
2. Three Phase Induction Motors
A three phase induction motor is an ac motor. Of all the motor available three phase induction motor are
extensively used.
Working principle:

When a three supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a magnetic field of constant magnitude 1.5
Φm and rotating with the synchronous speed Ns is produced. This rotating magnetic field sweeps across the rotor
conductors and hence an emf is induced in the rotor conductors. The direction of the induced emf is such as to
oppose the very cause of it i.e. the relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. The induced
emf sets up a current in rotor conductors in such a direction as to produce a torque. This torque rotates the rotor in
the same direction as the magnetic field, so that the relative speed decreases. The speed of the rotor gradually
increases and tries to catch up with the speed of the rotating magnetic field. But it fails to reach the synchronous
speed, because if it catches up with the speed of the magnetic field, the relative speed becomes zero. Hence no
emf will be induced in the rotor conductors, the torque becomes zero. Hence the rotor will not be able to catch up
with the speed of the magnetic field, but rotates at a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed.

Construction
A three phase induction motor mainly consists of two parts: (i) stator and (ii) rotor. Rotor and stator are
separated by a small air gap which usually varies from 0.4 mm to 4 mm depending on the rating of the motor.
I. Stator: It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow cylindrical core. The core is made up of thin
laminations of silicon steel to reduce eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.
The windings are wound for a definite number of poles depending on requirement of speed. When a three
supply is given to the stator winding, a magnetic field of constant magnitude and rotating at synchronous
speed which is given by

22
 Where Ns = synchronous speed in r.p.m
f = frequency of supply
P = number of poles

II. Rotor
It is mounted on the shaft of the motor to which any mechanical load can be connected. There are two
types of rotors, based on which three phase induction motors are classified as squirrel cage induction motor and
phase wound or slip ring induction motor.
a) Squirrel cage rotor
Nearly 90 % of induction motors are of this type. They are simple and rugged in construction. It consists
of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots. The rotor conductors are placed in these slots which are heavy
bars of copper or aluminium.

a) Phase wound or slip ring rotor

Laminated cylindrical core having uniform slots on its outer periphery. A three phase winding which is
star connected is placed in these slots. The open ends are brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings
mounted on shaft of motor with carbon brushes. Three carbon brushes are externally connected to a three phase
star connected rheostat which is used as a starter during the starting period. Brushes are connected to reduce the
frictional losses, wear and tear of motor. They are used for loads which require high starting torque.

23
3. Three Phase Alternators
An alternator is a rotating machine which converts mechanical energy in to alternating electricity.
Alternators are driven at a specific constant speed called synchronous speed and hence in are also known as
synchronous generators. Alternators works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When there is a
relative motion between the conductors and the flux, e.m.f. is induced in the conductors. In large size alternators
the field poles rotate and the armature is stationary.
I. Stator
The stator is a stationary armature. This consists of a core and the slots to hold the armature winding similar
to the armature of a d.c. generator. The stator core uses a laminated construction. It is built up of special steel
stampings insulated from each other with varnish or paper. The laminated construction is basically to keep down
eddy current losses. Generally choice of material is steel to keep down hysteresis losses. The Stator construction
is given in figure below.

Construction of Alternator (Stator and Rotor)

24
The entire core is fabricated in a frame made of steel plates. The core has slots on its periphery for housing the
armature conductors. Frame does not carry any flux and serves as the support to the core. Ventilation is
maintained with the help of holes cast in the frame.
II. Rotor
There are two types of rotors used in alternators: Salient pole type and Smooth cylindrical type.

1. Salient Pole Type.

This is also called projected pole type as all the poles are projected out from the surface of the rotor.

The poles are built up of thick steel laminations. The poles are bolted to the rotor as shown in the fig above.
The pole face has been given a specific shape. The field winding is provided on the pole shoe. These rotors have
large diameter and small axial length.
Applications : Preferred for low speed alternators ranging from 125 r.p.m. to 500 r.p.m. The prime movers
used to drive such rotor are generally water turbines and I.C. engines
2. Smooth Cylindrical Type.
This is also called non-salient type or non-projected pole type or round rotor construction. The

25
 Above Fig. shows smooth cylindrical type of rotor. The rotor consists of small solid steel cylinder, having
number of slots to accommodate the field coil. The slots are covered at the top with the help of steel or
manganese wedges. Applications : Preferred to drive prime movers like turbines; steam turbines.
4. Single-Phase Motors
Single phase motors are the most familiar of all electric motors because they are extensively used in home
appliances, shops, offices etc. It is true that single phase motors are less efficient substitute for 3-phase motors but
3-phase power is normally not available except in large commercial and industrial establishments. Since electric
power was originally generated and distributed for lighting only, millions of homes were given single-phase
supply. This led to the development of single-phase motors. Even where 3-phase mains are present, the single-
phase supply may be obtained by using one of the three lines and the neutral. The single phase induction motor
resembles, three-phase, squirrel-cage motor except that, single phase induction motor has no starting torque and
some special arrangement have to be made to make it as self starting. In this chapter, we shall focus our attention
on the construction, working and characteristics of commonly used single-phase motors.

CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

Single phase induction motor is very simple and robust in construction. The stator carries a distributed winding in
the slots cut around the inner periphery. The stator conductors have low resistance and they are winding called
Starting winding is also mounted on the stator. This winding has high resistance and its embedded deep inside the
stator slots, so that they have considerable inductance. The rotor is invariably of the squirrel cage type. In
practice, in order to convert temporarily the single phase motor into two-phase motor, auxiliary conductors are
placed in the upper layers of stator slots. The auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch in series with it. The
function of the switch is to cut off the starting winding, when the rotor has accelerated to about 75%
of its rated speed.

26
EX.NO : 8 STUDY ON THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF TWO-POLE AND FOUR-
POLE, THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
DATE:

AIM: Study on the synchronous speed of two-pole and four-pole, three-phase induction motors
Rotating magnetic field:
When a three phase supply is given to the three phase winding of the stator, a rotating magnetic field of
constant magnitude and rotating with synchronous speed is produced. The starting points of the windings S A, SB,
& SC are connected to the three phase supply lines R, Y & B. The other three ends F A, FB & FC are connected to
the neutral N.

When the supply is given, the fluxes produced in the three windings. The equations for the three fluxes
are:
ΦA = Φm sin ωt
ΦB = Φm sin (ωt - 120°)
ΦC = Φm sin (ωt - 240°)

27
The resultant flux of these three fluxes at any instant is given by the vector sum of the individual fluxes Φ A, ΦB
and ΦC.

(i) When θ = 0°
ΦA = 0
ΦB = Φm sin (- 120°) = - √3/2 Φm
ΦC = Φm sin (ωt - 240°) = √3/2 Φm
The resultant flux Φr is given by
Φr = 2 X (√3/2 Φm cos 30°) = 1.5 Φm

(ii) When θ = 60°

ΦA = Φm sin 60°
ΦB = Φm sin (- 60°) = √3/2 Φm
ΦC = Φm sin (- 180°) = - √3/2 Φm
It is observed that, the resultant flux Φ r has rotated
by 60° in the clockwise direction and its magnitude is 1.5 Φ m.

(iii) When θ = 120°

ΦA = Φm sin 120° = √3/2 Φm
ΦB = 0
ΦC = Φm sin (- 120°) = - √3/2 Φm
It is observed that, the resultant flux Φ r
has rotated by another 60° i.e. through 120 °,

28
From its original and its magnitude is 1.5 Φ m.

(i) When θ = 180°

ΦA = 0
ΦB = Φm sin 60° = √3/2 Φm
ΦC = Φm sin (- 60°) = - √3/2 Φm
It is observed that, the resultant flux Φ r has rotated by another 60° i.e.
through 180 °, from its original and its magnitude is 1.5 Φ m.
From the above discussion it‟s clear that as θ = ωt varies from θ = 0 to θ
= 2π, the resultant flux also rotates with same angular velocity ω and having a constant magnitude of 1.5 Φm.
Therefore when a three phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field 1.5 Φ m and rotating
with synchronous speed Ns = 120f / P is produced.

When a three supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a magnetic field of constant magnitude 1.5 Φm and
rotating with the synchronous speed Ns is produced.
Ns =
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
f = supply frequency in Hz
P = number of poles

Worked Example:
1. A 3 phase, 4 pole, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor runs with a slip of 4 %. Find the synchronous speed of
induction motor.
Solution:

Worked Example:
1. A 3 phase, 4 pole, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor runs with a slip of 4 %. Find the synchronous speed of
induction motor.
Solution:

29
EX.NO :9 MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
DATE: INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To Measure the Torque-Slip by conducting the load test on single phase squirrel cage induction
motor
and to draw the corresponding characteristics curves.
FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current (Full load current)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range qty

1. Ammeter MI (O-20)A 1
2. voltmeter MI (0-300)v 1
3. Capacitor Electrolytic 440V/20Mfd 1
4. Wattmeter UPF (300V,10A) 1
5. Tachometer - - 1

Formulae used:
1. Torque = (S1S2)x R x 9.81 N-m.
2. Output power = 2NT/60 Watts
3. Input power = Wi
4. Percentage of efficiency = (Output power/Input power) x 100%
5. Percentage of slip = (Ns – N)/Ns x 100%
6. Power factor (Cos  ) = Input power/VLI

30
 Circuit Diagram for Load Test of 1 Induction Motor

Precaution:
i. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position
ii. The motor is started without any load

Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. The DPSTS is closed and the autotransformer is adjusted to obtain the rated speed.
4. At no load the speed, current, voltage and power are noted.
5. By applying the load, for various values of current the above-mentioned
readings are noted.
6. The load is later released and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.

31
 Tabulation for load test on single phase squirrel cage induction motor
Multiplication factor: …………..
Input power Spring balance Torque
Load Load Speed (T) Slip (S)
(W) reading Output Efficienc Power
S.no of the
current voltage (s1~s2)x power y () o/p (Ns-N) / factor
Observ Actu motor
(IL) (VL) S1 S2 S1~ S2 R x(9.81) 2NT/6 / i/p x Ns x 100 (cos)
ed al (N)
0 100 i/p /
VLI L
Wat
Amps Volts Watts rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts % %
ts

Observation:
Circumference of the break drum =
Thickness of the belt =
Model graph:
The graph drawn for
i. Output power Vs speed
ii. Output power Vs line current
iii. Output power Vs Torque
iv. Output power Vs power factor
v. Output power Vs Efficiency
vi. Output power Vs %slip.

Mechanical Characterstics

32
 Electrical Characteristics

Slip

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

INFERENCE:
The maximum efficiency of the induction motor

33
 EX.NO: 10 NO LOAD TEST AND LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:

AIM: To perform no load test and load test on the given single phase transformer and draw its performance
characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-5A) MI 2

2. Voltmeter (0-5A) MI 2

3. Wattmeter 300V,5A UPF 2

4. Auto Transformer 1 KVA,1PHASE 1

5. Resistive load 5KW,230V 1

6. Connecting wires

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto transformer should be kept in minimum position

2. The transformer should be kept under no load condition

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After observing the precautions, the DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer is adjusted to rated voltage and corresponding ammeter,voltmeter, wattmeter
readings
on both primary and secondary side are noted down.
4. The load is gradually increased and for each load, corresponding readings are noted down.
5. The experiment is repeated until the rated current of the transformer has reached.

34
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN

Vp Ip Wp(watts) Vs Is Ws (watts) %Efficiency %Regulation

(volts) (Amps) (Volts) (Amps) %ŋ
Obs Act
Obs Act

FORMULAE USED:

1.

2. Regulation =

35
MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT: Thus no load test & load test on the single phase transformer are carried out the
% Efficiency & % Regulation are determined

36
 EX.NO: 11 LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR AND PLOT
THE TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
DATE:

AIM: To conduct a load test on the given separately excited DC motor and obtain the Torque speed
characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Name of the Type Range Qty

Apparatus
1 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1

2 Ammeter MC 0-15A 1

3 Tachometer 1

PRECAUTION:
1. The potential divider should be kept in minimum position
2. Motor should be started on no load

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. After observing the precautions, the motor is started on no load
3. The potential divider is adjusted for rated motor speed and the ammeter, voltmeter, speed readings on
No load are noted down.
4. Load is gradually increased up to the rated current and all readings are noted down.

37
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN

S.No V (volts) I (Amps) N (RPM) S1 S2 T

N-M

FORMULAE USED:

Torque ( ) ( )
r = Radius of the brake drum in m

38
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: Load test on separately excited DC motor is conducted & the speed – torque characteristics is
obtained.

39
Add on Experiments

1. Verification of Ohm’s Law

Aim:
To conduct an experiment to verify Ohm‟s law

Apparatus:
1. Ammeter (0-250 mA) MC: 1
2. Voltmeter (0-30 V) MC: 1
3. Rheostat (0-100 ): 1
4. Regulated DC power supply (0-30V)
5. Connecting wires

Theory:
Ohm‟s law states that “With temperature constant, potential difference (V) across a linear circuit is directly
proportional to the current (I) flowing through the circuit”
VI
V = constant * I
V = RI - in a DC circuit, where R is the resistance, in ohms
V = ZI - in an AC circuit, where Z is the impedance, in ohms

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Switch on the regulated DC power supply and give a certain voltage
3. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings
4. Repeat the above for different values of voltages

40
 Tabular column:

Sl. No. V Volts I Amps R = V/I Ohms

Calculations:
Resistance, R = Voltmeter reading, V
Ammeter reading, I

Additional tasks:
1. With supply voltage constant, repeat the experiment for different values of resistance by varying the rheostat
2. Connect another known resistance in series with the rheostat and verify the equation
Rseries = R1+R2
3. Connect another known resistance in parallel with the rheostat and verify the equation

41
 2. Calculation of AC values
Aim:
To conduct an experiment to verify RMS of an AC wave and calculate form factor using cathode ray oscilloscope
(CRO)

Apparatus:
1. Ammeter: 0-5A MI
2. Voltmeter: 0-300 V MI
3. Resistor: 0-100 
4. Single phase autotransformer
5. CRO
6. Connecting wires

Theory:
Root Mean Square (RMS) of an alternating quantity is given by the steady current (DC) which when flowing
through a circuit for a given time, produces the same amount of heat as produced by the alternating current
through the circuit for the same time.
AC meters measure the quantities in RMS values, while Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) gives the actual
waveform, displaying the maximum value (amplitude)

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. With autotransformer in zero position, connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Connect the CRO across the resistor
3. Switch on the AC supply and apply a certain voltage
4. Adjust the CRO display suitably to get a steady, clear waveform
5. Note the amplitude of the waveform in the CRO (Vmax), and the voltmeter reading (Vrms)
6. Vary the supply voltage and repeat the above

42
Tabular column:
Sl. No Amplitude of waveform, Vmax Voltmeter reading, Vrms

Calculations:
For a pure sine wave,


Average value, Vav = 0.637Vmax
Form factor, Kf = Vrms/Vav. For a pure sine wave, Kf = 1.11

Additional tasks:
Calculate the frequency of the AC waveform by measuring the time period of one cycle

43