SM-1 Unit 3& 4

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344 APPLIED MECHANICS

12.11. STRESSES INDUCED IN COMPOUND TIES OR STRUTS


Frequently ties consist of two materials, rigidly fastened together
to prevent uneven straining of the two materials. In these cases, it is
interesting to calculate the distribution of the load between the materials. Rod Tube
It will be assumed that the two materials are symmetrically distributed (1) (2)
about the axis of the bar, as with a cylindrical rod encased in a tube
(Fig. 12.13). If then an axial load W is applied to the bar
W = f1A1 + f2 A2 ...(12.10)
where f1 and f2 are the stresses induced and A1 and A2 are the cross
sectional areas of the materials.
The strains produced, e1 and e2 are equal.
? e1 = e2
f1 f2 f1 E1
? ? ...[12.10 (a)] W
E1 E2 f2 E2 Fig. 12.13

Hence the stresses are in the ratio of the elastic modulii.

12.12. THERMAL STRESSES AND STRAINS


If the temperature of a body is lowered or raised ; its dimensions will decrease or increase
correspondingly. If these changes, however, are checked; the stresses thus developed in the body are
called temperature stresses and corresponding strains are called temperature strains.
Let l = length of a bar of uniform cross-section
t1 = initial temperature of the bar
t2 = final temperature of the bar
D = co-efficient of linear expansion.
The extension in the bar due to rise in temperature will be = D (t2 – t1) l.
If this elongation in bar is prevented by some external force or by fixing bar ends, temperature
strain thus produced will be given by
D(t2  t1)l
Temperature strain = = D (t2 – t1) (compressive) ...(12.11)
l
? Temperature stress developed = D (t2 – t1)E (compressive) ...(12.12)
If, however, the temperature of the bar is lowered, the temperature strain and stress will be
tensile in nature.

STRESS-STRAIN AND YOUNG’S MODULUS

Example 12.1. A square steel rod 20 mm × 20 mm in section is to carry an axial load


(compressive) of 100 kN. Calculate the shortening in a length of 50 mm. E = 2.14 × 108 kN/m2.
Sol. Area, A = 0.02 × 0.02 = 0.0004 m2 ; Length, l = 50 mm or 0.05 m
Load, P = 100 kN ; E = 2.14 × 108 kN/m2
SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 345

Shortening of the rod, Gl :


P
Stress, V=
A
100
? V= = 250000 kN/m2
0.0004
stress stress 250000
Also E= or Strain =
strain E 2.14 u 108
Gl 250000
or
l 2.14 u 108
250000 250000
? Gl = ul × 0.05 = 0.0000584 m or 0.0584 mm
2.14 u 108 2.14 u 108
Hence the shortening of the rod = 0.0584 mm. (Ans.)
Example 12.2. A hollow cast-iron cylinder 4 m long, 300 mm outer diameter and thickness of
metal 50 mm is subjected to a central load on the top when standing straight. The stress produced is
75000 kN/m2. Assume Young’s modulus for cast iron as 1.5 × 108 kN/m2 and find (i) magnitude of
the load, (ii) longitudinal strain produced and (iii) total decrease in length.
Sol. Outer diameter, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Thickness, t = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Length, l=4m
Stress produced, V = 75000 kN/m2
E = 1.5 × 108 kN/m2
Here diameter of the cylinder, d = D – 2t = 0.3 – 2 × 0.05 = 0.2 m
(i) Magnitude of the load P :
P
Using the relation, V=
A
S S
or P = V × A = 75000 ×
(D2 – d2) = 75000 × (0.32 – 0.22)
4 4
or P = 2945.2 kN. (Ans.)
(ii) Longitudinal strain produced, e :
Using the relation,
stress 75000
Strain, e = = 0.0005. (Ans.)
E . u 108
15
(iii) Total decrease in length, Gl :
Using the relation,
change in length Gl
Strain =
original length l
Gl
0.0005 =
4
Gl = 0.0005 × 4 m = 0.002 m = 2 mm
Hence decrease in length = 2 mm. (Ans.)
346 APPLIED MECHANICS

Example 12.3. The following observations were made during a tensile test on a mild steel
specimen 40 mm in diameter and 200 mm long.
Elongation with 40 kN load (within limit of proportionality), Gl = 0.0304 mm
Yield load = 161 kN
Maximum load = 242 kN
Length of specimen at fracture = 249 mm
Determine :
(i) Young’s modulus of elasticy (ii) Yield point stress
(iii) Ultimate stress (iv) Percentage elongation.
Sol. (i) Young’s modulus of elasticity E :
P 40
Stress, V= = 3.18 × 104 kN/m2
A S
u (0.04) 2
4
Gl 0.0304
Strain, e= = 0.000152
l 200
stress 3.18 u 104
? E= = 2.09 × 108 kN/m2. (Ans.)
strain 0.000152
(ii) Yield point stress :
yield point load
Yield point stress =
area
161
= = 12.8 × 104 kN/m2. (Ans.)
S
u (0.04) 2
4
(iii) Ultimate stress :
maximum load
Ultimate stress =
area
242
= = 19.2 × 104 kN/m2. (Ans.)
S
u (0.04)2
4
(iv) Percentage elongation :
length of specimen at fracture  original length
Percentage elongation =
original length

249  200
= = 0.245 = 24.5%. (Ans.)
200
Example 12.4. A steel wire 2 m long and 3 mm in diameter is extended by 0.75 mm when a
weight W is suspended from the wire. If the same weight is suspended from a brass wire, 2.5 m long
and 2 mm in diameter, it is elongated by 4.64 mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass if that
of steel be 2.0 × 105 N/mm2.
Sol. Given : ls = 2 m, ds = 3 mm, Gls = 0.75 mm ; Es = 2.0 × 105 N/mm2 ;
lb = 2.5 m ; db = 2 mm ; Glb = 4.64 m.
SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 347

Modulus of elasticity of brass, Eb :


Wl
From Hooke’s law, we know Gl =
AE
where, Gl = extension, l = length, A = cross-sectional area, and
E = modulus of elasticity.
Case I : For steel wire :
Wls
Gls =
As Es
W u (2 u 1000)
or 0.75 =
FG S u 3 IJ u 2.0 u 10 2 5
H4 K
or
FS I
W = 0.75 × G u 3 J × 2.0 × 10 3 5 ×
1
...(i)
H4 K 2000
Case II : For brass wire :
Wlb
Glb =
Ab Eb
W u (2.5 u 1000)
4.64 =
S FG IJ
u 22 u Eb
4 H K
or W = 4.64 ×
FG S u 2 IJ u E
2
b u
1
...(ii)
H4 K 2500
Equating eqns. (i) and (ii), we get

0.75 ×
FG S u 3 IJ u 2.0 u 10
2 5
u
1
4.64 u
FG S u 2 IJ u E
2
b u
1
H4 K 2000 H4 K 2500
or Eb = 0.909 × 105 N/mm2. (Ans.)
Example 12.5. A steel bar is 900 mm long ; its two ends are 40 mm and 30 mm in diameter
and the length of each rod is 200 mm. The middle portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter and
500 mm long. If the bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of 15 kN, find its total extension.
Take E = 200 GN/m2 (G stands for giga and 1 G = 109)
Sol. Refer to Fig. 12.14.
15 mm
dia

Load, P = 15 kN
S
× 402
40 mm

30 mm

Area, A1 =
dia

dia

4 2
= 1256.6 mm2 = 0.001256 m2
1
S
Area, A2 = × 152
4 200 mm 500 mm 200 mm
= 176.7 mm2 = 0.0001767 m2
Fig. 12.14
S
Area, A3 = × 302
4
= 706.8 mm2 = 0.0007068 m2
Lengths : l1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m, l2 = 500 mm = 0.5 m and l3 = 200 mm = 0.2 m

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