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    Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

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    Mirza Md. Nazmus Sakib
    All these factors need to be considered carefully for efficient and sustainable irrigation planning and management. An integrated approach is required.

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    Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

    Uploaded by

    Mirza Md. Nazmus Sakib
    46 views23 pages
    All these factors need to be considered carefully for efficient and sustainable irrigation planning and management. An integrated approach is required.

    Original Title

    Lecture 2

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    All these factors need to be considered carefully for efficient and sustainable irrigation planning and management. An integrated approach is required.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views23 pages

    Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

    Uploaded by

    Mirza Md. Nazmus Sakib
    All these factors need to be considered carefully for efficient and sustainable irrigation planning and management. An integrated approach is required.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    WRE 451

    Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management


    L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

    Badal Mahalder, PhD


    Assistant Professor, WRE, BUET

    Lecture 2: Introduction and Water Law of Bangladesh

    Date: March 10, 2021


    Multipurpose Irrigation Projects
    Schematic Diagram of Irrigation System
    Types of Surface Irrigation Systems
    Components of Drip Irrigation System
    Components of a Typical Sprinkler Irrigation System
    Schematic Diagram of a Typical Skimming Tubewell
    Soil-Plant-Water Relationship
    Soil-Plant-Water Relationship

    Water Uptake by Plants


    Water Policy (1999)

    • Support of private development of groundwater irrigation for promoting agricultural


    growth will continue, alongside surface water development where feasible.

    • But there will be a renewed focus towards increasing efficiency of water use in
    irrigation through various measures including drainage-water recycling, rotational
    irrigation, adoption of water conserving crop technology where feasible, and
    conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water.

    • Water allocations in irrigation systems have to be done with equity and social justice.
    At the same time, serious consideration should be given to non-point pollution of
    water systems by fertilizer and pesticides that are either leached to the groundwater
    or washed off the fields to rivers and lakes.
    Water Policy (1999)
    • Encourage and promote continued development of minor irrigation, where feasible,
    without affecting drinking water supplies
    • Encourage future groundwater development for irrigation by both the public and the
    private sectors, subject to regulations that may be prescribed by Government from time
    to time.
    • Improve efficiency of resource utilization through conjunctive use of all forms of surface
    water and groundwater for irrigation and urban water supply.
    • Strengthen crop diversification programs for efficient water utilization.
    • Strengthen the regulatory system for agricultural chemicals that pollute ground and
    surface water, and develop control mechanism for reducing non-point pollution from
    agro-chemicals.
    • Strengthen appropriate monitoring organizations for tracking groundwater recharge,
    surface and groundwater use, and changes in surface and groundwater quality.
    Objectives of Irrigation

    • Ensure enough moisture essential for plant growth.

    • Provide crop insurance against short duration drought.

    • Cool the soil & atmosphere to provide a suitable surrounding.

    • Wash out/dilute harmful salts, chemical in the soil.

    • Reduce hazards of soil piping.

    • Soften the tillage pan.


    Irrigation: An engineering Perspective

    • Planning and designing on efficient and low cost irrigation system.


    • Controlling the various natural sources of water by the construction of dams
    and reservoirs, canals and head-works and finally distributing the water to
    the agricultural land.
    • Drainage of water-logged areas and generation of hydroelectric power.
    Irrigation: Concept

    • Plants need water for proper growth and development.


    • The crop demand for water must be met by the water in the soil, via the root
    system.
    • If the crop water demand is met by other ways (such as rainfall, capillary rise from
    groundwater table, etc.), there is no need of irrigation.
    • Irrigation requirement for cereals and noncereals are not the same.
    • Among cereals, irrigation requirement of rice is the highest, whereas for wheat it is
    less.
    • Proper irrigation scheduling also affects the irrigation requirement of different
    crops.
    Irrigation: Challenges
    Challenges in irrigation and water management for world food security and agricultural
    trade arise from several aspects:
    • Domestic resources condition
    • Restriction of economic development level
    • Climate change
    • Pollution of water resources due to industrial and agricultural effluents
    • Competition of water among different sectors of users
    • International markets and price
    Irrigation: Challenges

    • Agriculture is acknowledged as the principal source of income about 84% population


    involved.
    • The existing land to man ratio for Bangladesh is 0.058 ha/person, cultivable land.
    • Arable land is declining per year at the rate of about 1%.
    • Land use intensity has already reached about 200%, perhaps the highest in the world.
    • The excess water during the monsoon causes wide spread flooding, which damages
    crops.
    • The inadequate flow in the river system during the dry months hampers irrigation
    Irrigation: Impacts

    Water maintains a host of natural ecosystems. Withdrawal of water from upstream can
    reduce the flow at downstream needed to sustain natural ecosystem. The offtake and
    diversion structures often deprive downstream users of their water.

    Some noted impacts of irrigation may be:


    • Water quality degradation
    • Groundwater abstraction
    • Water-logging and salinity
    • Health risk
    • Simplification and homogenization of the world’s ecosystem
    Cropping Pattern of Bangladesh

    The crops in this country are grown throughout the year in three distinct cropping
    seasons:

    • The first is the “Kharif-I” season lasting from the end of March to May, which is a
    moderately humid period.
    • The second is Kharif-II season or the hot monsoon season, covering the period from
    May to September, is characterized by high humidity and low solar radiation. More
    than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs in this period.
    • Finally, we have the “Rabi” season from mid-October to early March, which is a cool,
    dry winter season.
    Cropping Pattern of Bangladesh

    • The Kharif crops include rice, jute, sugarcane, sesame, mugbean, etc.
    • Rabi crops include boro rice, wheat, potato, mustard, pulses, vegetables, spices, etc.
    • 60 variations in cropping patterns in Bangladesh (Hossain, 1990). Most of the cropping
    patterns are based on rice or have rice in common with other crops.

    Water dependency of the crop seasons are as follows:

    • Kharif- I: Partially irrigation dependent


    • Kharif II: Natural rainfall dependent
    • Rabi: Irrigation dependent
    Major Source of Irrigation Water in Bangladesh
    • The major source of irrigation in Bangladesh is groundwater (covers about 76.5% of
    the total irrigated area). Groundwater is abstracted through deep tube wells (DTW)
    and shallow tube wells (STW).
    • Groundwater in Bangladesh is available at comparatively shallow depths during the
    period of August–October (at the end of the rainy season) and is lowest in the period
    of April–May (at the end of the dry season).
    • In Rajshahi, Bogra, Pabna, Mymensingh, and Dhaka, groundwater abstraction is
    causing a large decline in groundwater levels during dry season.
    • For maximizing the economic returns from the limited water resources available, it is
    more advantageous to encourage the low water consuming crops.
    • However, the cultural behavior could hamper the policy significantly.
    Irrigation Expansion in Bangladesh

    Source: Ali (2010)


    Irrigation Expansion in Bangladesh

    Source: Ali (2010)


    Factors Affecting Irrigation Planning

    • Soil • Commodity/product market


    • Climate • National policy and priority
    • Topography • Institutional infrastructure
    • Water source • Economic factor
    • Crop(s) to be cultivated • Environmental aspect
    • Energy • Socio-cultural aspect
    • Labor
    • Capital

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