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Development of IoT Weather Monitoring System Based on Arduino and

ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
To cite this article: Andriy Holovatyy 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1016 012014

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

Development of IoT Weather Monitoring System Based on

Arduino and ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

Andriy Holovatyy
Department of Computer-Aided Design Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University,
5 Mytropolyta Andreya St., building 4, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
Email: [email protected]

Abstract. In the paper, the hardware and software of the IoT weather monitoring system have
been developed. The hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system consists of the
microcontroller device which is developed on the Arduino Mega2560 board, digital pressure,
temperature and humidity sensor BME280, Wi-Fi module ESP-01 built on the ESP8266 chip
and the 16×2 alphanumeric LCD based on the Hitachi HD44780 controller. The electronic
circuit and the model of the microcontroller weather monitoring device have been created in
Proteus VSM. The operation algorithm of the IoT weather monitoring system has been
developed. The IoT device monitors such weather parameters as: atmospheric pressure,
temperature and relative humidity. The software modules for communication with the BME280
sensor and Wi-Fi module ESP-01 and main data collection and acquisition software for the
ATmega2560 microcontroller of the Arduino Mega2560 board have been created. The
software for communication with the ThingsBoard IoT platform and Mosquitto MQTT broker
has been created. The dashboards for weather data visualization on the IoT platform
ThingsBoard using ThingsBoard Dashboard and from the Mosquitto MQTT broker using
Node-RED have been created. The operation of the microcontroller weather monitoring device
has been simulated in Proteus ISIS. The prototype of the microcontroller weather monitoring
device has been built on a solderless breadboard and the operation of the IoT weather
monitoring system has been tested.

1. Introduction
The development of electronics, programming technologies and Internet has led to the emergence of
the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a set of technologies for collecting information
from a system of distributed sensors and remotely controlling devices connected to the Internet, as
well as for storing, processing and visualizing data on local or remote servers. Devices that are part of
the Internet of Things are any stand-alone devices that are connected to the Internet and can be tracked
and/or controlled remotely [1-2].
One IoT device connects to another to transmit information over Internet protocols. IoT platforms
serve as a bridge between device sensors and the data network [3]. Today, there is a wide variety of
IoT platforms, such as: Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, ThingWorx IoT Platform, IBM's
Watson, Cisco IoT Cloud Connect, Salesforce IoT Cloud, Oracle Integrated Cloud, GE Predix, Node-
RED, ThingsBoard, Adafruit IO , Kaa IoT Platform, thinger.io.
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

Today, one of the commonly-used data communication protocol for IoT is MQTT. MQTT is a
lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol designed for M2M (machine-to-machine) telemetry
in low-bandwidth environments. MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, but was
previously called Telemetry Transport with a message queue [4].
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) protocol is a lightweight messaging protocol for
sending simple data flows from sensors to applications, middleware or analytics platforms and cloud
solutions. Today, MQTT is the main protocol used for the Internet of Things (IoT). The MQTT
publish-subscribe model is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. MQTT publish-subscribe model

The purpose of this work is to create hardware and software IoT system for monitoring weather
parameters. For the development of the hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system the Arduino
Mega2560 board based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller [5], BME280 digital atmospheric
pressure, humidity and temperature sensor [6], ESP-01 Wi-Fi module built on the ESP8266 chip [7]
and alphanumeric 16×2 LCD module based on the HD44780 controller are used.
The microcontroller device has to measure weather parameters and transmit them over Wi-Fi
network using the MQTT protocol to the Mosquitto server (broker) [8] or to the ThingsBoard IoT
platform [9]. The ThingsBoard IoT platform collects, processes the received IoT data and displays
them on the created weather data visualization dashboard using ThingsBoard Dashboard. The
Mosquitto server (broker) sends the weather data to the MQTT client subscribed to the topic. The
MQTT client displays them on the monitoring and visualization dashboard created by using Node-
RED [10].
Many modern electronic devices are built on microcontrollers [11-16]. The important feature for
the designer is that they make possible to implement easier and cheaper the operation algorithm of the
device and reduce its dimensions. Using the microcontrollers the data can be easy received from
different sensors and different actuators (motors, heaters, lighting devices, servos, etc.) can be
controlled, mathematical calculations can be performed.

2. Hardware design of IoT weather monitoring system in Proteus VSM

IoT system has to monitor such weather parameters as: temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric
pressure. In Fig. 2, the developed block diagram of the hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system
is shown. The hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system is built on the Arduino Mega2560
board based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller. The BME280 digital pressure, temperature and
humidity sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, alphanumeric LCD module HD44780, 4 buttons are
connected to the Arduino Mega2560 board. The Arduino ATmega2560 microcontroller reads and
processes weather data from the BME280 sensor. The device displays the current values of the
weather parameters on the LCD.

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

LCD module 16×2

Hitachi HD44780
I2C
BME280 digital humidity, bus Arduino Mega2560
barometric pressure and based on
temperature sensor module Wi-Fi module
ATmega2560 ESP8266
microcontroller

4 buttons

Figure 2. Hardware block diagram of the IoT weather monitoring system

(microcontroller device based on Arduino)

In Fig. 3 the developed hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system in the Proteus CAD
software is shown. In the circuit, the BME280 digital atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity
sensor is connected to the I2C bus to the pins 20 (SDA/INT1) and 21 (SCL/INT0)) on the Arduino
Mega2560 board. The pins ESP_RX and EXP_TX of the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module are connected via
the UART interface to the pins 16 (TX2) and 17 (RX2) on the Arduino Mega2560 board. The 16
character×2 line LCD module based on HD44780 controller is connected to the pins 2…7
(PE0/PCINT8/RXD0, PE1/TXD0, PE4/INT4/OC3B, PE5/INT5/OC3C, PG5/OC0B, PE3/AINT
PH3/OC4A, PH4/OC4B) on the Arduino Mega2560. The register select pin (RS) of the LCD module
is connected to the Arduino Mega2560 digital pin 2. The enable/control pin (E) is connected to the
digital pin 3 on the Arduino Mega2560 board. The data pins D4…D7 of the LCD module are
connected to the digital pins 4…7 on the Arduino Mega2560 board, respectively. The 10 kOhm RV1
potentiometer is connected to the VEE LCD module pin. This potentiometer is used to supply 0…5V
voltage to adjust the display contrast.
The MENU_BTN button is connected to the pin 19 (PD2/INT2/RXD1), the SELECT_PLUS_BTN
(select/increase) button to the pin 23 (PA1/AD1), the SELECT_MINUS_BTN button (select/decrease)
to the pin 22 (PA0/AD0) and the button to exit from the menu into the operation mode EXIT_BTN to
the pin 24 (PA2 / AD2) on the Arduino Mega2560 board.

Figure 3. Hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system developed in Proteus VSM

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

3. Operation algorithm of the IoT weather monitoring system

In Fig. 4 the block diagram of the operation algorithm of the IoT weather monitoring system is shown.

Begin 1

Reading temperature, humidity and pressure false

status != WL_CONNECTED
data from the BME280 sensor
temp = bme.readTemperature(); true
humidity = bme.readHumidity();
pressure = bme.readPressure(); Message displaying
“Attempting to connect
to WPA SSID:”
Weather data display on LCD and
on the Serial Monitor window
status = WiFi.begin(WIFI_AP,
WIFI_PASSWORD);
Weather data serializing into JSON format delay(500);
// {"sensorId":"bme280", "data":[{"temp": 27.83},
{"humidity": 62.05}, {"pressure": 1013.25}]}
const int capacity = JSON_ARRAY_SIZE(3) +
Connecting to the Mosquitto MQTT
3*JSON_OBJECT_SIZE(1) + JSON_OBJECT_SIZE(2);
broker or IoT platform
StaticJsonDocument<capacity> doc;
doc["sensorId"] = bme.sensorID();
JsonArray data = doc.createNestedArray("data"); true
JsonObject temp_obj = data.createNestedObject(); !client.connected()
temp_obj["temp"] = temp;
JsonObject humidity_obj = data.createNestedObject(); false reconnect();
humidity_obj["humidity"] = round(humidity*100)/100.0;
JsonObject pressure_obj = data.createNestedObject();
pressure_obj["pressure"] = round(pressure*10)/10.0;
client.loop();
jsonMessageSize = serializeJson(doc, jsonBuffer);

ESP8266
ESP8266 WiFi
WiFi module
module connection
connection to
to Weather data sending every 3 seconds to
WiFi
WiFi access
access point
point the Mosquitto MQTT broker or IoT platform
status
status == WiFi.status();
WiFi.status();

1 End

Figure 4. Operation algorithm of the IoT weather monitoring system

Begin 1

Initialization of serial interface Initialization of Arduino Mega2560 pins as

UART for debugging inputs to which the buttons are connected
pinMode(MENU_BTN_PIN, INPUT);
pinMode(SELECT_PLUS_BTN_PIN, INPUT);
Initialization of LCD module pinMode(SELECT_MINUS_BTN_PIN, INPUT);
HD44780 16x2, pinMode(EXIT_BTN_PIN, INPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);

Wi-Fi module initialization

Temperature, humidity, pressure symbol
InitWiFi();
creation and writing them into LCD CGRAM
lcd.createChar(0, tempChar);
lcd.createChar(1, humidityChar);
lcd.createChar(2, pressureChar); Setting up the MQTT broker or IoT
platform by invoking the client instance
of the PubSubClient class:
Initialization begin and client.setServer(MQTTServer, 1883);
system information
displaying

Setting up the interrupt subroutine for INT2

Checking the I2C communication with the attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(interruptPin),
BME280 sensor status = pin_ISR, CHANGE);
bme.begin(BME280_ADDRESS_ALTERNATE);

End
true
!status

false Message displaying

“Could not find a valid
BME280 sensor”
1

Figure 5. Initialization algorithm of the LCD module, BME280 sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and
MQTT client

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

After supplying the power to the IoT weather monitoring device, the program written in the
microcontroller flash memory starts. First of all, the setup() function initializes the LCD interface and
determines the display size of 16 columns and 2 rows, then initializes the serial interface and sets up
its speed in bits per second (bauds) (Fig. 5).
The next step is the initialization of the BME280 atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity
sensor connected via the I2C interface with the address 0×44. The initialization of the pins as inputs to
which the MENU_BTN, SELECT_PLUS_BTN, SELECT_MINUS_BTN and EXIT_BTN buttons are
connected:
Next, the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is initialized as the MQTT client, the setting up the MQTT server
and the connection port for messaging by using the setServer method of the PubSubClient object.
Begin

Initialization of serial interface UART2 and

setting up the baud rate 9600 baud
Serial.begin(9600);

ESP8266 Wi-Fi module initialization and

passing the Serial2 address of the UART2
object

Checking the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module to the

Arduino Mega2560 board

true
WiFi.status() == WL_NO_SHIELD

false while(1)

status
status !=
!= WL_CONNECTED
WL_CONNECTED
false
true
status == WL_CONNECTED
“Connecting to AP …”
true

status = WiFi.begin(WIFI_AP, “connected to AP”

WIFI_PASSWORD);

delay 0.5 seconds

End
delay(500);

Figure 6. Algorithm of initializing the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and setting up the connection to AP

Then, the measuring loop of the weather parameters starts, their values transmit to the MQTT
server and the measured weather data are displayed on the LCD module.
// reading temperature, humidity and pressure from the BME280 sensor
temp = bme.readTemperature();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.write((byte) 0); lcd.print(' ');
lcd.print(temp,1); lcd.print(char(223)); lcd.print("C ");
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.print(temp); Serial.write(176); Serial.println("C");
humidity = bme.readHumidity(); lcd.write((byte) 1); lcd.print(' ');
lcd.print(humidity, 1); lcd.print(F("% RH "));
Serial.print("Humidity = "); Serial.print(humidity);Serial.println(" %");
pressure = bme.readPressure() / 100.0F * 0.7500616827;
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.write((byte) 2); lcd.print(' ');
lcd.print(pressure, 1); lcd.print(" mmHg");
Serial.print("Atmospheric pressure = ");
Serial.print(pressure); Serial.println(" mmHg");
altetude = bme.readAltitude(SEA_LEVEL_PRESSURE_HPA);
Serial.print("Altitude = ");
Serial.print(altetude); Serial.println(" m"); Serial.println();

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

After collecting data, the device connects to the Wi-Fi access point and sends weather data to the
MQTT server as MQTT message in JSON format. MQTT messages are published to the appropriate
topic using the publish() method, which takes as parameters a topic and message. Next, attempting the
connection to the MQTT server in the loop until the connection to the server is successful:
char jsonBuffer[512];
size_t jsonMessageSize;

if (!mqtt_server_ind) {
// {"sensorId":"bme280", "data":[{"temp": 27.83}, {"humidity": 62.05},
{"pressure": 1013.25}]}
const int capacity = JSON_ARRAY_SIZE(3) + 3*JSON_OBJECT_SIZE(1) +
JSON_OBJECT_SIZE(2);
DynamicJsonDocument doc(capacity);
doc["sensorId"] = bme.sensorID();
JsonArray data = doc.createNestedArray("data");
JsonObject temp_obj = data.createNestedObject();
temp_obj["temp"] = temp;
JsonObject humidity_obj = data.createNestedObject();
humidity_obj["humidity"] = round(humidity*100)/100.0;
JsonObject pressure_obj = data.createNestedObject();
pressure_obj["pressure"] = round(pressure*10)/10.0;
serializeJson(doc, jsonBuffer);
}
else {
// {"temp": 27.83, "humidity": 62.05, "pressure": 1013.25}
const int capacity = JSON_OBJECT_SIZE(3);
DynamicJsonDocument doc(capacity);
doc["temp"] = temp;
doc["humidity"] = round(humidity*100)/100.0;
doc["pressure"] = round(pressure*10)/10.0;
serializeJson(doc, jsonBuffer);
}
Serial.println("Sending message to MQTT topic..");
Serial.println(jsonBuffer);
…..
if (!client.connected() ) {
reconnect();
}
if ( millis() - lastSend >= 1000 ) { // data update and sending
if (client.publish(topic[mqtt_server_ind], jsonBuffer,
jsonMessageSize) == true) {
Serial.println("Success sending message");
} else { Serial.println("Error sending message"); }
lastSend = millis();
}
client.loop();

The interrupt subroutine ISR_BtnPressed() is called when the external interrupt INT2 occurs. The
external interrupt is generated when the MENU_BTN button, connected to the pin 19 (INT2), is
pressed. The interrupt is generated each time the pin output state changes - CHANGE mode.
void ISR_BtnPressed() {
if (digitalRead(MENU_BTN_PIN) == HIGH) {
detachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(interruptPin));
mainMenuInvoke = true;
}
}
In the main loop, only pressing the MENU_BTN button is processed. After pressing it, the main
menu is invoked. In the main menu a user can set up the IoT weather monitoring device:

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

4. Simulation and prototype testing of the IoT weather monitoring system

The written sketch (program) in Arduino IDE is compiled and linked to the hex firmware file for the
ATmega2560 microcontroller of the Arduino Mega2560 board. Before downloading the firmware to
the Arduino board, the correctness of its operation on the created device model in Proteus is checked.
The Proteus VSM software makes possible to simulate and debug quite complex devices. Such
devices can have several microcontrollers simultaneously and even from different families. In the
figures below the simulation of the IoT weather monitoring system in Proteus ISIS is shown. In Fig. 7
the simulation of IoT weather monitoring device in Proteus ISIS is shown.

Figure 7. Simulation of the IoT weather monitoring device in Proteus ISIS

In Fig. 8-17 the prototype testing of the IoT weather monitoring system is shown.

Figure 8. Test circuit (prototype) of the IoT weather monitoring device built on the Arduino
Mega2560 board, BME280 digital atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity sensor, ESP8266
Wi-Fi module

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

Figure 9. Node-RED dashboard flow for the IoT weather data visualization

Figure 10. IoT weather data visualization on the Node-RED Dashboard

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

Figure 11. IoT weather data visualization on ThingsBoard Dashboard

Conclusions
In the work, the hardware and software of the IoT weather monitoring systems have been developed.
The hardware of the IoT weather monitoring system consists of the microcontroller device that
measures weather parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and sends
them to the IoT platform for further processing and visualization.
The microcontroller device is built on the Arduino Mega2560 board based on the ATmega2560
microcontroller, the BME280 digital atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity sensor, ESP-01
Wi-Fi module based on the ESP8266 chip and 16×2 HD44780 LCD module. The microcontroller-
based device for weather monitoring has the menu that allows a user to select Wi-Fi access point,
MQTT server (IoT platform) and data format.
The electronic circuit and model of the IoT weather monitoring device in Proteus VSM have been
developed. The operation algorithm and software of the IoT weather monitoring device have been
developed. The software consists of modules for communicating with the BME280 digital sensor,
ESP-01 Wi-Fi module and the main program for the ATmega2560 microcontroller of the Arduino
Mega2560 board. The main program collects, processes weather data and sends them via MQTT
protocol to the Mosquitto server or to the ThingsBoard IoT platform. The dashboards for visualization

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CAD in Machinery Design: Implementation and Educational Issues (CADMD 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1016 (2021) 012014 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1016/1/012014

of the received IoT data from the Mosquitto server using Node-RED, and on the ThingsBoard IoT
platform using ThingsBoard Dashboard are created.
The operation of the IoT device in the Proteus ISIS emulator has been simulated. The test circuit of
the IoT weather monitoring device on the solderless breadboard has been built and its operation has
been tested. The results of simulation and testing of the IoT weather monitoring system have showed
the correct operation of the developed hardware and software.

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