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Wireless Communication Systems Error Correction Codes

Error correction codes are used to detect and correct errors during wireless data transmission. Forward error correction adds redundant bits that allow the receiver to correct errors without retransmission. Hamming codes add parity bits in specific positions to detect and correct single bit errors. Automatic repeat request requires retransmission of corrupted data blocks, while forward error correction corrects errors using redundant bits without retransmission. Selective repeat ARQ allows out of order frames to be individually acknowledged and retransmitted if needed.

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71 views

Wireless Communication Systems Error Correction Codes

Error correction codes are used to detect and correct errors during wireless data transmission. Forward error correction adds redundant bits that allow the receiver to correct errors without retransmission. Hamming codes add parity bits in specific positions to detect and correct single bit errors. Automatic repeat request requires retransmission of corrupted data blocks, while forward error correction corrects errors using redundant bits without retransmission. Selective repeat ARQ allows out of order frames to be individually acknowledged and retransmitted if needed.

Uploaded by

nabeel hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Communication Systems

Lecture 11
Error correction codes
• Data can be corrupted during transmission.
For reliable communication, errors must be
detected and corrected.

• Error detection and correction are


implemented either at data link layer or the
transport layer of the OSI model.

2
Forward Error Correction
• In Wireless communication forward error
correction (FEC) is a technique used
for controlling errors in data transmission
over unreliable or noisy communication
channels

3
TYPES OF ERRORS

• Single bit error :-


- Only one bit in the data unit has changed.

• Burst error :-
- It means that two or more bits in the
data unit has changed.

4
Single bit Error
0 changed to 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Received Sent

Burst Error
Sent

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bits corrupted by Burst Error

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Received Rutvi Shah 5
Error Correction
• There are two types of Error Correcting
techniques :

1. Single bit error correction.


2. Burst error correction.

• Error Correction can be done with the help


of HAMMING CODE.

Rutvi Shah 6
HAMMING CODE

• It is a technique developed by R.W.Hamming.


• Hamming code can be applied to data units of
any length and uses the relationship between
data and Parity/redundancy bits. For eg.

Rutvi Shah 7
• A 7 bit ASCII code requires 4 parity bits that
can be added to data unit
• These bits are placed in positions 1,2,4 and 8.
We refer to these bits as P1,P2,P4 and P8.

Rutvi Shah 8
Positions of Parity Bits in Hamming Code

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

d d d P8 d d d P4 d P2 P1

Parity Bits

Rutvi Shah 9
• The combination used to calculate each of the four
parity bits values for a are as follows

- P1 : bits 1,3,5,7,9,11.
- P2 : bits 2,3,6,7,10,11.
- P4 : bits 4,5,6,7.
- P8 : bits 8,9,10,11.

10
Data : 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Data 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Adding P1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Adding P2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Adding P4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Adding P8 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11
Code : 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Sent

Error

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Received

12
Error correction

Automatic repeat request (ARQ) (sometimes also referred to as backward


error correction): This is an error control technique whereby an error
detection scheme is combined with requests for retransmission of erroneous
data. Every block of data received is checked using the error detection code
used, and if the check fails, retransmission of the data is requested – this may
be done repeatedly, until the data can be verified.

Forward error correction (FEC): The sender encodes the data using an error-
correcting code (ECC) prior to transmission. The additional information
(redundancy) added by the code is used by the receiver to recover the
original data. In general, the reconstructed data is what is deemed the "most
likely" original data.

hybrid automatic repeat-request HARQ: ARQ and FEC may be combined,


such that minor errors are corrected without retransmission, and major
errors are corrected via a request for retransmission: this is called HARQ.
13
Automatic repeat request (ARQ

• is an error-control method for data transmission that


uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the receiver indicating that it
has correctly received a data frame or packet) and timeouts (specified
periods of time allowed to elapse before an acknowledgment is to be
received)
• If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment before the timeout, it
usually re-transmits the frame/packet

• The types of ARQ protocols include


1. Stop-and-wait ARQ
2. Go-Back-N ARQ
3. Selective Repeat ARQ

These protocols reside in the Data Link or Transport Layers of the OSI model.

14
Noisy Channel –
Noiseless Channel –

PROTOCOLS

FOR NOISELESS
CHANNELS FOR NOISY
CHANNELS

SIMPLEST STOP AND


WAIT ARQ

STOP AND GO BACK N


WAIT ARQ

SELECTIVE
REPEAT ARQ
STOP AND WAIT
Frames
Packet Error Free Packet

Information Frame

Transmitter Receiver

Control Frame

Timer is set after


each frame
transmission
header CRC
Information Packet

Information Frame

Header CRC

Acknowledgement Frame
Need for Sequence number
Need for Sequence Numbers

(a) Frame 1 lost Time-out


Time
A
Frame Frame Frame Frame
0 1 1 2
ACK ACK
B
(b) ACK lost Time-out
Time
A Frame Frame Frame Frame
0 1 1 2
ACK ACK ACK
B
Advantages of Stop and Wait ARQ

1. It can be used for noisy channels


2. It has both error and flow control mechanism
3. It has a timer implementation
Disadvantages of Stop and Wait ARQ

• Efficiency is very less.


• Only 1 frame is sent at a time.
• Timer should be set for each individual
frame.
• No pipelining.
• Sender window size is 1
• Receiver window size is 1
Go Back N ARQ
• Go-Back-N ARQ is a specific instance of the automatic repeat request (ARQ)
protocol, in which the sending process continues to send a number
of frames specified by a window size even without receiving
an acknowledgement (ACK) packet from the receiver.

• transmit window size of N and receive window size of 1. It can transmit N


frames to the peer before requiring an ACK.

• The receiver process keeps track of the sequence number of the next frame it
expects to receive, and sends that number with every ACK it sends

• The receiver will discard any frame that does not have the exact sequence
number it expects (either a duplicate frame it already acknowledged, or an
out-of-order frame it expects to receive later) and will resend an ACK for the
last correct in-order frame

23
Pseudocode

24
Advantages

25
Disadvantages

26
Selective repeat request

27
28
Go Back N ARQ

29
In selective repeat request

30
Comparison

31
Example of Selective repeat request

• The ITU-T standard, which provides a way to


create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) Local
area network uses Selective Repeat ARQ

32

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