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Logarithmic Function

1. The document defines logarithmic functions as the inverse of exponential functions and discusses the domain, range, and differences between common and natural logarithms. 2. It outlines some basic properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, and one-to-one rules. It provides examples of expanding logarithmic expressions and writing expressions as single logarithms. 3. The document also discusses solving logarithmic equations and inequalities and changing the base of logarithms using the property that logb(x) = ln(x)/ln(b). It concludes with examples of applications of logarithms including the Richter scale, pH scale, and modeling rumor spread.

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84 views

Logarithmic Function

1. The document defines logarithmic functions as the inverse of exponential functions and discusses the domain, range, and differences between common and natural logarithms. 2. It outlines some basic properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, and one-to-one rules. It provides examples of expanding logarithmic expressions and writing expressions as single logarithms. 3. The document also discusses solving logarithmic equations and inequalities and changing the base of logarithms using the property that logb(x) = ln(x)/ln(b). It concludes with examples of applications of logarithms including the Richter scale, pH scale, and modeling rumor spread.

Uploaded by

bea f
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARTITHMIC FUNCTIONS

I. DEFINITION
1. Logarithmic Function – the inverse of the exponential function. If x >0 and b is a
positive constant (b ≠ 1), then y=log b x if and only if x=b . The notation log b x is read
y

as “the logarithm base b of x .” If a logarithm does not have a base, the base is assumed
to be 10.
y=log b x is x=b y.
a. The exponential form of
b. The logarithmic form of x=b y is y=log b x .
2. Domain and Range of y=log x
a. Domain: ( 0 ,+ ∞ )
b. Range: (−∞ ,+∞ )
3. Difference Between Common Logarithm and Natural Logarithm
a. Common Logarithm – has a base of 10.
b. Natural Logarithm – has a base of e .

Examples

Sketch the graph of the following logarithmic equations, and identify the domain and range.

1. y=−log 3 x +2
2. y=−2+ log 2 ( x +3 )
5

3. y=4 log e √ 5 x +1

II. LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES


1. Basic Properties of Logarithm
a. log b b=1
b. log b 1=0
c. log b b x =x
d. b log x =x
b

e. log e x=ln x
2. Important Properties of Logarithm

RULE NAME RULE


Product Rule log b ( x ∙ y )=log b x + log b y
Quotient Rule log b ( x / y )=log b x−log b y
Power Rule log b ( x y )= y log b x
One-to-One Rule log b x=log b y ↔ x = y
Examples

1. Expand the following logarithmic expressions below.


√ a b3 c 5
a. log 5 ( d4 z )
e √4 w
( )
b. ln 6 2
x y
2. Write each expression below as a single logarithm.
1
a. 7 ln x + ln ( 8 x−1 )
5
2
b. log 6 ( x −9 ) +7 log 6 y−2 log 6 ( x+3 )
3. Solve each logarithmic equation and inequality below.
a. log 7 ( x 2 +3 x+ 9 )=2
b. log 7 x−log ( 4 x+3 )=−2
c. ln ( 3 x+ 8 )=ln (2 x +2 ) +ln ( x−2 )
d. ln ( x +5 )=8+ln ( 4 x )
e. e 2 x+3 −7=0
f. e ln ( x−1 )=4
g.
2x +2− x
=3
2
h. log 4 ( x +3 ) > log 4 ( 2 x +1 )
i. log 5 ( 2 x +1 ) ≤ log 5 ( x +4 )
j. log 11 ( 3 x−24 ) ≥ log 5 (−5 x−8 )

III. CHANGE OF BASE


log x ln x
1. If x and b are positive real numbers, and b ≠ 1, then log b x= = .
log b ln b

Examples

Evaluate each logarithm and round off to 4 decimal places.

1. log 3 18
2. log 12 400
IV. APPLICATIONS

Examples

I
1. An earthquake with an intensity of I has a Richter Scale Magnitude of M =log ( )
I0
, where I 0 is

the measure of the intensity of a zero-level earthquake. The famous San Francisco earthquake of
1906 measured 8.25 on the Richter Scale, while the 1989 earthquake in Newcastle, Australia,
measured 5.50. How many times more intense was the San Francisco earthquake than the one
in Newcastle?
2. The pH Scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is defined as
pH=−log ¿ ¿ , where H +¿¿ is the concentration of hydronium-ions measure in moles per liter
(mol/L). A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a pH of 7. The closer the solution to 0, the
more acidic the solution is. The closer the solution to 14, the more alkaline the solution is. A cola
has a pH of 2.5 whereas milk has a pH of 6.6. How many times acidic as milk is a cola drink?
3. In a certain city with a population of 80,000 people, the number of people P ( t ) exposed to a
rumor in t hours is given by the function P ( t ) =80,000 ( 1−e−0.0005 t ). Find the number of hours
until 10% of the population has heard the rumor.

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