Computer Fundamentals

TERMINOLOGIES:

Program - A set of instructions, written in a specific programming language, which a

computer follows in processing data, performing an operation, or solving a logical
problem.

Software – Programs

Hardware - Physical component of a computer

DATA vs. INFORMATION

DATA – a collection of facts relating to events that take place. These facts could be in
the form of numbers, letters, special symbols or combination of these.

INFORMATION – data that has been organized and processed so that it is meaningful.
It is essential for effective performance of management functions of planning, organizing,
directing, and controlling for effective internal operations and external reporting.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

The process of converting data into useful and meaningful information:

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT

THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE

1.) Defining the Problem

2.) Developing Software Requirements
3.) Designing the Program
4.) Coding the Program
5.) Checking out the program by Testing and Debugging
6.) Installing and Maintaining the Program
7.) Documentation

Program Elements and Structure

 
1.)     Constants – Literal Value that does not change during program execution. It can
be of the numeric or string type.
 
Numeric Constant - may be an integer (whole number) or a real number (with a
decimal place). It may be preceded by a positive or negative sign.
Examples:
10 -28 +3.4 -0.413 0 201
 

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Note: No other characters must or can appear together with the constants. The
following are examples of incorrect numeric constants:
 
10,000 $14.3 10mi/hr 1/2
 
String Constant – A character or group of characters enclosed in double quotation
marks ( “ ). The numbers 0-9, letters a-z or A-Z and all special characters like a space,
% $ - _ & etc. may be included.
 
Examples:
“C” “Tina” “.” “1225” “B & L”
 
Note: The entire string constant must always be enclosed in double quotation marks,
one before the first character and one after the last character (no more no less). The
following are examples of incorrect string constants:
 
“Cristina A. Pascua ACT” “Power Plant

2.) Variables – Is a portion of the computer’s main memory used to store a numeric or
string constant. The value stored in the variable must be given a unique variable name
but it can only hold one value at a given time.
 Variable names must conform to the following requirements:
 
a.)    Must contain only letters, numbers and/or an underscore.
b.)    Must begin with a letter.
c.)    Must Stop either with a letter or a number.
d.)    Must be unique that is, not a name of another variable.
e.)    Must not be a keyword like IF, WHILE and the like.
 
Note: Variable names are case sensitive, that is, upper and lower case letters are
differentiated. For example the variable TOTAL is not the same as total.
The following are example of incorrect variable name:

  Year code 10ctr #5 Total=

 3.) Expressions – is a group of program elements consisting of operands and

operators. Operands can be a constant, variable, and or an array element. Operators
can be arithmetic, logical, relational and/or string. Expressions always yield a value of
a certain type depending on the type of expressions used.

Arithmetic Expressions
 
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators

1.)     Expressions in parenthesis

2.)     * / %
3.)     + -

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Examples: 
1.)     10 + 4 * 8
= 10 + 32
= 42
 
2.)     50 % 6 – 5
=2–5
= -3
 
3.)     20 / 4 * 9
=5*9
= 45

String Expressions
 
Examples:
 
1.)     “3” + “4” = “34”
2.)     “Cris” + “tina” = ”Cristina”
 
Examples of incorrect usage of the + operator:
 
“3” + 4 100 + “Peso”

Relational Expressions

Greater than > Less than or equal to <=

Less than < Not equal !=
Greater than or equal to >= Is equal to ==

Examples:

Ctr1 > 10 3 <= 5 Temp1 != Temp2

 
Examples of incorrect Relational Expressions:
 
30 <= X <= 40 43 > < 50

Logical Expressions
 
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators

1.)     Expressions in parenthesis

2.)     Not (!)
3.)     And (&&)
4.)     Or (||)
 

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TRUTH TABLE FOR NOT(!)

X !X
FALSE TRUE
TRUE FALSE

TRUTH TABLE FOR AND(&&)

X Y X && Y
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUTH TABLE FOR OR(||)

X Y X || Y
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE

Examples:
 
15 >= 10 && 15 <= 20
T && T
T
 
Statements – are keywords, which perform a predefined procedure. The following
statements are available:
 
1.)     IF Statement
2.) WHILE Statement
3.)     FOR Statement

Exercises:
 
1.)     11 % 2 + 3 * 7 –2
2.)     100 % 5 % 3 % 2
3.)     – (45 / 9) * 6 + 4
4.)     (5 + 7) % (10 * 2 – 5) / (15 – (8 – 6 % 4))
5.)     (8 + 21 % (18 – 5 * 3)) % (17 – (6 + 13 % 5))
6.)     (12 == 12 % 2 * 2) && !(( 5 > 3) && (8<3))
7.)     (6 > 3) && (8 != 8) || !(10 <= 10)
8.)     15 / 3 == 15 % 3
9.)     5 != 11 / 2

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Exercises:
 
10.) Number of enrollees exceeded 5,000 students.
11.) HEIGHT is at least 170 cm.
12.) REVENUE is at most 80% of SALES.
13.) X is either 6, 8 , or 10
14.) X is any number except 1, 2, and 3.
15.) X is between 100 and 200.

FLOWCHARTS

- A graphic form of an algorithm.

- A diagram of a sequence of steps that a program must perform to produce the
desired output.
- Traditional tool of programmers which allow flexibility in terms of detail to be
included.

TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS

1.) System Flowchart – present the total picture without worrying about taking
care of every detail.
2.) Program Flowcharts – depicts a main segment of a complete computer
program.

FLOWCHARTING GUIDELINES

1.) Always use the ANSI standard symbols.

2.) Construct your flowcharts to read from top to bottom and left to right.
3.) Do not crisscross flow lines (used labeled connectors and use arrowheads to
indicate direction of the flow.
4.) Make the messages and labels in the flowchart symbol direct and descriptive.
5.) Strive for neatness, clarity and simplicity.

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BASIC FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS

Terminal Symbol

Preparation Symbol

Processing Symbol

Decision Symbol

Input/Output Symbol

Predefined Process Symbol

Onpage Connector

Offpage Connector

Flow Direction Lines

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Punched Card

Magnetic Tape

Online Storage

Document Printout

PSEUDOCODE

- An outline of a program.
- There is no real formatting or syntax rules for pseudocode.
- It cannot be compiled nor executed.

A SIMPLE PSEUDOCODE

This pseudocode will prompt the user to input length and width of a rectangle and
compute and output its area

start
Declarations
num length
num width
num area

output “Input length and width of a rectangle: “

input length
input width

area = length * width

output “Area of a rectangle = “, area
stop

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C++ SPECIFICS

Data Types

Type Size Range of Values

unsigned short int 2 bytes 0 to 65, 535
short int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned long int 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294,967,295
long int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294,967,295
char 1 bytes 256 characters
bool 1 bytes true or false
float 4 bytes 1.2e-38 to3.4e38
double 8 bytes 2.2e-308 to 1.8e308

Escape Sequence Character

Character combinations consisting of a backslash (\) followed by a letter or by a

combination of digit is called "escape sequences."

Escape Sequence Represents

\a Bell (alert)
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\' Single quotation mark
\" Double quotation mark
\\ Backslash
\? Literal question mark
\ ooo ASCII character in octal notation
\x hh ASCII character in hexadecimal notation
\x hhhh Unicode character in hexadecimal notation
if this escape sequence is used in a wide-
character constant or a Unicode string
literal.
For example, WCHAR f = L'\x4e00' or
WCHAR b[] = L"The Chinese character for
one is \x4e00".

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C++ SPECIFICS

Compound Operators

In addition to basic Arithmetic operators, compound operators are available in C++.

The following are the compound Operators in C++: *=, /=, %=, +=, and - =

Normal Arithmetic Expression Arithmetic Expression Using Compound

Operators
Var = Var * 2 Var *= 2
Var = Var / 3 Var /= 3
Var = Var % 5 Var %= 5
Var = Var + 4 Var += 4
Var = Var – 1 Var -= 1

Unary Operators (Prefix and Postfix)

The available unary operators in C++ are ++ which increments a variable by 1 and - -
which decrements a variable by 1. It can be written as PREFIX or before the variable or
POSTFIX after the variable.

PREFIX Example: ++X or --X

POSTFIX Example: X++ or X--

#include<iostream.h>
Sample Program 1 :
int main()

{ int num1=1, num2=2;

num1++; cout<<num1++<<endl;

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Sample Program 2 :
#include<iostream.h>

int main()

{ int num1=1, num2=2;

++num1; cout<<++num1<<endl;

A SIMPLE C++ PROGRAM

/*This program will prompt the user to input length and width
of a rectangle and compute and output its area*/
//Programmer: CRISTINA A. PASCUA 1
2
#include<iostream.h>

int main() 3
{ int length, width, area;
4
5
6
cout<<“Input length and width of a rectangle: “;
cin>>length>>width; 7
area = length * width;
cout<<“ Area of a rectangle = “<<area;
8
return 0;
} 9

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ELEMENTS OF A C++ PROGRAM

1.) comment – represented by // for a single line comment

and /* */ for multiple line comments.
2.) compiler directives
3.) main function
4.) variables
5.) data types
data types includes the following: int, float, double, char
6.) special characters
; - terminates a statement
, - separates variable names of the same type
() – used in function declaration and function call
{ } – begin and end symbol
7.) expressions – can be arithmetic, relational and logical
8.) reserved word – cannot be used as a user defined identifier.
example: return, int, float, double, char, for, while, do, etc.
9.) statements - any line terminated by a semicolon

 Basic input statement used in C++ is cin

syntax: cin>>variable_name;
cin>>var1>>var2>>var3;
example: cin>>num;
cin>>num1>>num2>>num3;

 Basic output statement used in C++ is cout


syntax: cout<<variable_name;
cout<<var1<<var2<<var3;
cout<<“string”;
cout<<“string”<<variable_name;
example: cout<<num;
cout<<num1<<num2<<num3;
cout<<“Hello Philippines Mabuhay!”;
cout<<“Sum = “<<sum;

SEQUENTIAL PROGRAM STRUCTURE

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1.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will input temperature in Celsius and
output the corresponding temperature in Fahrenheit.

The formula is a follows:

Fahrenheit = 9 (Celsius) + 32
5

Flowchart
C++ Program

Start #include <iostream >

using namespace std;

Declarations int main()

num F, C {
double F, C;

F=0 F = 0;
cout<<” Input temperature in Celsius: ”;
cin>> C;
Input C F = (9.0 / 5.0) * C + 32;
cout<< “Temperature in Fahrenheit:”<<F<<endl;
return 0;
F = (9.0/5.0) * C + 32 }

Output F

Stop

2.) Pepperoni++ Pizza House charges 10% service charge and 5% sales tax on the
gross bill of the customer. Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input the

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gross bill of the customer and the amount given by the customer to the waiter. It must
output the customer’s total bill and change (if there’s any).

Flowchart
C++ Program
Start
#include<iostream>
Declarations using namespace std;
num GBill, Amt, change, TBill
int main()
{ int GBill, Amt, change, TBill;
TBill = 0
TBill = 0;
change = 0
change = 0;
cout<< ” Input Gross Bill and Amount Given: ”;
Input GBill, Amt cin>> GBill>> Amt;
TBill = GBill + GBill * 0.1 + GBill * 0.05;
change = Amt – Tbill;
TBill = Gbill + Gbill *0.1 + Gbill * 0.05 cout<< “Total Bill = ”<< Tbill<<endl;
change = Amt - TBill cout<< “Change = ”<< change<<endl;
return 0;
}
Output TBill, change

Stop

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ double DO, AC;
AC = 0;
3.) Ten young men agreed to purchase a gift worth 10,000 Pesos for their super idol. In
cout<< ” Input number of men who dropped out: ”;
addition, they agreed to continue with their plan even if at least one of them drops out.
cin>> DO;
AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10 – DO);
cout “Additional Contribution =”<< AC<<endl;
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return 0;
}
Computer Fundamentals

Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input the number of men who dropped
out (assume 0 to 9 only) and output how much more will each have to contribute toward
the purchase of the gift.

Flowchart

Start

Declarations
num DO, AC

AC = 0

Input DO

AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10-DO)

Output AC

Stop

4.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input an integer number and then
output its one’s digit or the right most digit.

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Flowchart
Start C++ Program

#include<iostream>
Declarations using namespace std;
num number, RDigit
int main()
{ int num, RDigit;
RDigit = 0 RDigit = 0;
cout<< ” Input an integer number: ”;
cin>> num;
Input number
RDigit = num % 10;
cout<< “It’s rightmost digit is ”<<RDigit<<endl;
return 0;
RDigit = number % 10
}

Output RDigit

Stop

5.) Workers at a particular company were given a 15.5% salary increase. Moreover, the
increase was retroactive for 2 months, that is, effective two months ago. Create a

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flowchart and a C++ program that takes the employee’s old salary as input and then
output the amount of retroactive pay (balance) due the employee and his new salary as
well.

Flowchart C++ Program

#include <iostream>
Start
using namespace std;

Declarations int main()

num OS, Retro, NS { double OS, Retro, NS;

Retro = 0;
NS = 0;
Retro = 0
cout<<” Input employees old salary: ”;
NS = 0
cin>>OS;
Retro = (OS * 0.155) * 2;
Input OS NS = OS + OS * 0.155;
cout<<“Retroactive pay = ”<<Retro<<endl;
cout<<“New salary = ”<<NS<<endl;
Retro = (OS *0.155) *2 return 0;
NS = OS + OS * 0.155 }

Output Retro, NS

Stop

6.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input numeric values to A, B, C, D

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and exchange their values such that A goes to B, B goes to C, C goes to D, and D goes
to A.

Flowchart C++ Program

Start
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Declarations
num A, B, C, D, Temp int main()
{ int A, B, C, D, Temp;

cout<< ” Input values for A, B, C, and D: ”;

Temp = 0 cin>> A>> B>> C>> D;
Temp = A;
Input A, B, C, D A = D;
D = C;
C = B;
Temp = A B = Temp;
A=D cout<< A<<endl<< B<<endl<< C<<endl<< D<<endl;
D=C return 0;
C=B }
B = Temp

Output A, B, C, D

Stop

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