‫ترجمة األزمنة‬

Translating
The English Tenses
[The Simple Present Tense]
‫زمن المضارع البسیط‬

• S + V + C…..
• We use the present tense to talk about:

• something that is true in the present:

• I’m nineteen years old.
He lives in London.
I’m a student.
• something that happens again and again in the present:
• I play football every weekend.
• We use words like sometimes, often. always, and never
(adverbs of frequency) with the present tense:
• I sometimes go to the cinema.
She never plays football.
• something that is always true:
• The adult human body contains 206 bones.
Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per
second.
• something that is fixed in the future.
• The school term starts next week.
The train leaves at 19:45 this evening.
We fly to Paris next week.

‫ مفعول أو تكملة الجملة‬+ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ فعل‬+ ‫• أنیت‬

 ٍ ‫ثالت مرا‬
.‫ت في اليوم‬ َ ‫ش أسناني‬
ُ ‫أفر‬
ِّ •
I brush my teeth three times a day.
‫• هل تُتصل بعائلتها في عطلة نهاية األسبوع؟‬
• Does she call her family at the
weekend?
.‫• ال یُجلس أُبي عادة فُي الحديقة صباحا‬
• My father doesn’t usually sit in the
garden in the morning.
 ‫• ال يمكن الوصول إلى كوخ المزرعة إال عبر‬
.‫الحقول‬
• The only access to the farmhouse is
across the fields.
‫• من معايير الحكم على تقدم بلد من البلدان إتاحة‬
.‫فرصة التعليم للمرأة‬
• One criterion of judging a country’s
advancement is women’s access to
education.
 ‫• تفيد التقارير الدبلوماسية بضرورة االتصال بقادة‬
.‫الفصيل المنشق‬
• Diplomatic reports imply a need for
contacts to be made with the leaders of
the dissident faction.
[The Present continuous Tense]
‫زمن المضارع المستمر‬
‫ اآلن‬+ ‫ تكملة‬+ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ فعل مضارع‬+ ‫• أنيت‬

• We use the present continuous tense to

talk about the present:
• for something that is happening at the
moment of speaking:
.‫ األطفال نائمون‬،‫• من فضلكم ابقوا هادئين‬
• Please be quiet, the children are sleeping.
• for something which is happening before and
after a given time:
.‫• عادة ما نتناول افطارنا في الساعة الثامنة‬
At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast.
• for something which we think is temporary:
.‫• يدرس مايكل التاريخ في الجامعة‬
Michael is studying history at university.
• for something which is new and contrasts with a
previous state:
‫يستخدم معظم الناس البريد االلكتروني بدال من كتابة الرسائل هذه‬
.‫االيام‬
These days most people are using email instead of
writing letters.
• to show that something is changing, growing or
developing:
.‫ينمو االطفال بسرعة‬
The children are growing quickly.

• We use the present continuous tense to talk

about the future:
• for something which has been arranged or
planned:
.‫ستذهب ماري الى مدرسة جديدة الفصل القادم‬
• Mary is going to a new school next term.
 .‫أكتب رواية‬
ُ ‫• ال أزا ُل‬
• I’m writing a novel.
.‫أكتب رواية في هذه األيام‬ُ •
• I’m writing a novel these days.
.‫ذاهب إلى عيادتِ ِه اآلن‬
ٌ ‫الطبيب‬
ُ •
• The doctor is going to his clinic now.
.‫ب هذه األيام‬ ٍ ‫تأليف كتا‬
ِ ‫عاكف على‬
ٌ ُ ‫األستاذ‬ •
• The teacher is writing a book.
.‫يقو ُم صديقي هذه األيام بزراع ِة حديق ِت ِه‬ •
• My friend is planting his garden these days.
 [The Present Prefect Tense]
‫زمن المضارع التام‬
‫قد‬
‫ تكملة‬+ ‫ الفاعل‬+ ‫ فعل ماضي‬+ ‫لقد‬

I, we, they, you + have + p.p

+ complement
He / She / It + has + p.p
• We use the present perfect tense:
• for something that started in the past and continues in the
present:
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

• for something we have done several times in the past and

continue to do:
I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.

• when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up

to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
• for something that happened in the past but is important at
the time of speaking:
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.

• We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to

a place and returned:
A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
B: No, but I’ve been to Los Angeles.

• But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:

A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow
• Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
• or adverbials which include the present:
• ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in
questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.
• WARNING:
• We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which
refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
 .‫• غادرت المنزل توا‬
• I have just left home.
.‫• لقد قطعت تلك الدولة اشواطا في مجال الرفاه االجتماعي‬
• That country has made a good progress in social welfare.

.‫• لقد عاش أحمد حياة بائسة إلى فترة بسيطة‬

• Ahmad has until recently lived a miserable life.

.‫• شهدت المنطقة موجة من العنف مؤخرا ادت الى مقتل عشرة اشخاص‬
• The region has lately/recently seen a wave of violence
that claimed the lives of ten.
 ‫المضارع التام المستمر‬
• I, we, they, you + have + been + v + ing
• He, She, It + has + been + v + ing
 ُ
.‫زلت أدرس اللغة اإلنكليزية‬ ُ
‫كنت وما‬ ‫• لقد‬
• I have been studying English.

.‫• لقد كان وما يزال يلعب كرة القدم‬

• He has been playing football.

.‫• طرقت الباب حتى كلَّت يدي وال أدري متى سيفتح لي‬
• I have been knocking at the door for ages and I
wonder when it will open for me.

.‫• عاش أحمد في فرنسا أحد عشر عاما ً وما زال هناك الى اليوم‬
• Ahmad has been living in France for eleven years.
 [The Past Simple Tense]
‫زمن الماضي البسيط‬
• something that happened once in the past:
I met my wife in 1983.
• something that happened again and again in the
past:
When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
• something that was true for some time in the past:
I lived abroad for ten years.
• we often use phrases with ago with the past tense:
I met my wife a long time ago.
 .‫• شهد ذلك الرجل موت والديه عندما كان طفال صغيرا‬
• That man witnessed the death of his parents
when he was a little child.
‫• شهدت تلك البالد أعمال سطو ونهب وعصيان وحالة من‬
.‫الفوضى وموجة عارمة من العنف‬
• That country saw acts of pillage and mutiny and
was in a state of chaos and vehement wave of
violence.
‫ ولكنه ظل على‬،‫• كان الموقف يتطلب منه المشاركة في النقاش‬
.‫سلبيته المعهودة ولم يحرك ساكنا‬
• The situation required him to take part in the
discussion, but he was as passive as ever and did
not lift a finger.
 [The continuous past tense]
‫زمن الماضي المستمر‬
• We use the past continuous to talk about the past:
• for something which continued before and after
another action:
The children were doing their homework when I got
home.
• for something that happened before and after a
particular time:
It was eight o’clock. I was writing a letter.
• to show that something continued for some time:
My head was aching.
Everyone was shouting.
• with verbs which show change or growth:
The children were growing up quickly.
Her English was improving.
 .‫ جرح يده‬،‫• بينما كان يعمل في الحديقة‬
• While he was working in the garden, he hurt his
hand.
.‫• كانت تكتب رسالة عندما رن الهاتف‬
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

.‫• كنت أقرأ رواية البارحة في مثل هذا الوقت‬

• I was reading a novel at this time yesterday.
.‫• كان يتصل بأهله أمس في مثل هذا الوقت‬
• He was calling his family at this time yesterday.
 ‫‪Translate the following conversation‬‬
‫‪into English:‬‬
‫ت تفعلين أمس مسا ًء في مثل هذا الوقت؟‬ ‫‪‬ماذا كن ِ‬
‫‪‬كنت أبحث في محركات البحث عن شقة أرخص من‬
‫ت تطبخين‬ ‫ت تفعلين؟ هل كن ِ‬
‫ت‪ ،‬ماذا كن ِ‬
‫شقتي هذه‪ .‬وأن ِ‬
‫ضرين دروسك؟‬ ‫أم تح ّ‬
‫‪‬في الحقيقة ال هذا وال ذاك؟ كنت أتمشى على البحر‬
‫مع والدتي‪ .‬كانت والدتي تحكي لي عن مشاكلها‬
‫الصحية‪ .‬وكنت أنا أصغي إليها‪ .‬بصراحة‪ ،‬كنت أتألم‬
‫كثيرا ً‪.‬‬
• What were you doing at this time last night?

• I was surfing the net for a flat that is cheaper than

mine. And you? What were you doing? Were you
cooking or doing your homework?

• Actually, neither this nor that. I was walking on the

sea beach with my mother who was talking about
her health problems. Honestly, I was hurting a lot.
[The Past Perfect Tense]
‫زمن الماضي التام‬
 .‫ عملتُ في تلك الشركة لمدة عامين‬،2005 ‫• في عام‬
• In 2005, I had worked in this company for two years.
.‫ كنتُ قد درستُ اللغة اإلنكليزية لمدة سنتين‬،‫ سنة‬30 ‫• عندما كان عمري‬
• When I was 30 years old, I had studied English for two
years.
‫ خرجت مع صديقتها المقربة لشراء هدية‬،‫نظفت شقتها ورتبتها‬ ّ ‫• بعد أن‬
.‫البنتها‬
• After she had cleaned and tidied up her apartment,
she went out with her best friend to buy a present to
her daughter.
.‫• قال إنه قد درس في تلك الجامعة لمدة سنتين‬
• He said that he had taught in that university for two
years.
 .‫• كنتُ قد أنھیت عملي‬
• I had finished my work.

.‫• كنت قد أطفئت األضواء قبل مغادرتي المنزل‬

• I had switched off the lights before I went out
home.

.‫ آویت الى الفراش‬،‫• بعد آن غادر الضیوف‬

• After the guests had left, I went to bed.
 ‫ما إن‪/‬أن ‪ ...‬حتى ‪...‬‬
‫ما لبث ‪ ...‬حتى ‪...‬‬
‫لم يلبث ‪ ...‬حتى ‪...‬‬

‫• ما إن أنھى مشروعا ً حتى شرع في مشروع اخر‪.‬‬

‫تعرض أحد مشجعينا إلى‬

‫• ما لبثنا أن فزنا في المباراة حتى ّ‬
‫نوبة قلبية‪.‬‬
• No sooner had he finished one project
than he began working on the other.

• Hardly had we won the match when one

of our fans had a heart attack.

• Or: Scarcely had we won the match

when one of our fans had a heart attack.

• Or: Barely had we won the match when

one of our fans had a heart attack.
 ‫‪Translate the following sentences into English, paying‬‬
‫‪special attention to the tenses/aspects:‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫نمت ألكثر من‬ ‫ُ‬
‫كنت قد‬ ‫• أ‪ .‬البارحة وقبل أن يصل أبي من السفر‪،‬‬
‫سبع ساعات‪.‬‬
‫• ب‪ .‬البارحة‪ ،‬عندما وصل أبي من السفر كنت نائما ً‪.‬‬

‫• أ‪ .‬عندما اتصلت بك أمس‪ُ ،‬‬

‫كنت أراج ُع دروسي مع صديق اخر‪.‬‬
‫• ب‪ .‬قبل ان اتصل بك كنت قد راجعت دروسي مع صديق اخر‪.‬‬

‫• أ‪ .‬في عام ‪ ،2007‬كنت اعمل في تلك الشركة مع مجموعة من‬

‫االصدقاء‪.‬‬
‫• ب‪ .‬في عام ‪ ،2007‬كنت قد عملت في تلك الشركة مع مجموعة من‬
‫االصدقاء‪.‬‬
 [The simple future tense]
‫زمن المستقبل البسیط‬
1. Promise:
.ً ‫سأكتب لك غدا‬
I will write to you tomorrow.

2. Determination:
.‫سأذهب للخارج‬
I will go a broad.

3. Polite Request:
.‫رجا ًء أغلق الباب‬
Will you please close the door?
4. Certainty:
.‫انا متأكد بأنني سأنجح‬
I’m sure I will pass.

5. Expectation:
.‫أتوقع انها ستتصل هذا المساء‬
I expect she will call this evening.

6. Offer:
.‫سأساعدك على حمل هذه الحقيبة الثقيلة‬
I will help you carry this heavy bag.
 Future continuous tense
• The future continuous tense in Arabic and English is used to
express an action or event that will be in progress in the future.
 ُ ّ‫• سأكون في الصف أ ُ ِد‬
.‫رس في مثل هذا الوقت غدا‬

• I will be teaching at this time tomorrow.

.ً ‫• سأكون نائما عندما يصل أبي غدا‬

• I will be sleeping when my father arrives tomorrow.

.‫ سأكون في طريقي إلى العمل‬،‫• عندما تستيقظ‬

• I will be going to work when you wake up.

.‫ فرجا ًء ال تتأخر‬،‫• سأكون في البيت أنتظرك الليلة‬

• I will be waiting for you at home tonight, so don’t be

late, please.
 [The Future Perfect Tense]
‫زمن المستقبل التام‬
• It is used to about an action that will begin and
will be completed in the future:
 .‫ سأكون قد تخرجت‬،‫في الوقت الذي أراك فيه‬
By the time I see you, I will have graduated.

.‫ سنوات‬10 ‫ سنكون قد عملنا هنا لمدة‬،‫بحلول شهر حزيران‬

By June, we will have worked here for 10 years.
‫‪Translate the following conversation into‬‬
‫‪English, paying extra attention to tenses:‬‬
‫• ماذا قلت؟‬
‫• كما سمعت‪ ،‬فهو في المستشفى‪.‬‬
‫• ومتى دخل المستشفى؟‬
‫• منذ أكثر من خمس شهور وهو راقد في المستشفى وغير قادر على‬
‫الحركة‪ .‬يبدو أنك ال تعرف؟‬
‫• نعم ال أعرف‪ ،‬وهل زرته في المستشفى؟‬
‫• نعم لقد زرته توا ً‪.‬‬
‫• وماذا قال الطبيب عن حالته؟‬
‫• يقول أنه يعاني ضيقا في التنفس منذ فترة طويلة‪.‬‬
‫• سأزوره غدا‪ .‬هل تود أن تذهب معي‪.‬‬
‫• نعم سأصاحبك فهو صديق عزيز‪.‬‬
Translate the following conversation into English: