Differentiation What Is Differentiation?

Differentiation
What is Differentiation?
Differentiation is a process of finding a function that outputs the rate of change of one
variable with respect to another variable. Differentiation is all about finding rates of
change of one quantity compared to another. We need differentiation when the rate of
change is not constant.
Why Study Differentiation?

(i) There are many applications of differentiation in science and engineering.
(ii) Differentiation is also used in analysis of finance and economics.
(iii) One important application of differentiation is in the area of optimisation,
which means finding the condition for a maximum (or minimum) to occur.
This is important in business (cost reduction, profit increase) and engineering
(maximum strength, minimum cost.)
General Differentiation Rule
Given that y  cx n then we differentiate x n first and then multiply with c. The
dy
 nx n 1
general formula is dx The constant rule states that we differentiate the
function and multiply by the constant
Examples
(i) y  3 x3 Using the constant rule we are supposed to differentiate x3 then
dy
 3(3x 31 )  9 x 2
multiply with 3. This will be dx
(ii) y  6 x First differentiate x and multiply with the constant of 6
dy
 6( x11 )  6 x 0  6
dx
(iii) y  4 8 x We first differentiate 8

x and then multiply by 4
dy  1  1 1 1  1 7 1
 4  x8   4  x 8   x 8  7
dx   8  2 2x 8
Exercise
1. (i) y  6 x
7
(ii) y  15 x
(iii) y  6 x
2
(iV) y  5 2 x
6
2. Without solving the problem, determine whether the function y = 6x2−2x+9 will

have relative maxima or minima
y’=12x-2
y’’=12
3. The daily profit, P, of an oil refinery is given by P = 8x − 0.02x2, where x is the
number of barrels of oil refined. How many barrels will give maximum profit
and what is the maximum profit?
P’=8-0.04x
8-0.04x=0
8=0.04x
X=200
Proof: p’’=-0.04
Profit will be maximized at 200 barrels.
4. The demand function for a certain commodity is p(x)=10−0.001x, where p is

measured in dollars and x is the number of units produced and sold. The total
cost of producing x items is C(x)=50+5x. Determine :
(i) The revenue function
Demand function is the same as price per commodity/service
TR= price x quantity
TR= Demand x quantity
x(10-0.001x)=10x-0.001x2
(ii) The profit function
P=TR-TC
10x-0.001x2-(50+5x)= 10x-0.001x2-50-5x=-0.001x2+5x-50
(iii) The level of production that maximizes the profit.
dy
=-0.002x+5=0
dx
−0.002 x=¿-5
x=250 0
Proof whether is a maxima
d2y
=-0.002
dxdx
(iv) Calculate the maximum profit
p=-0.001x2+5x-50=-0.001(2500x2500)+5(2500)-50
-6250+12500-50=6200
5. A shop sells pies for $5 each. The daily cost function has the form
C(x)=x+10+0.01x2, where x is the number of pies sold on a typical day. Find :
(i) The revenue function
TR=pxq=5x
(ii) The profit function
P=TR-TC
5x-(x+10+0.01x2)
(iii) The value of x that will maximize the daily profit.
6. A manufacturer expects that the total cost (in Kenya Shillings) of producing x
units of his product will be given
Y=xn
dy
=nxn-1
dx
C(x) = 0.000001x3 – 0.0015x2 – 240x + 112,500
(i) Derive marginal cost functions for the above manufacturer.

dc
=0.000003x2-0.003x-240
dx
(ii) How many units would he have to produce in order to minimize his total
costs.
dc
=0.000003x2-0.003x-240=0
dx
−b ∓ √ b2−4 ac
2a
x=9450∨−¿8450
Proof=0.000006x-0.003
When x=9450
0.0567=minima
When x=-8450
-0.0507=maxima
7. The total profit per acre on a wheat farm, has been found to be related to the
expenditure per acre for labour and soil conditioners as given by the following
function;
Profit=48x+60y+10xy-10x2-6y2. Where x represents the expenditure per acre
spent on labour and y represents the expenditure per acre spent on soil
improvement.
 Determine the values of x and y that maximize profit.
Profit=48x+60y+10xy-10x2-6y2
dp
=48+10y-20x
dx
dp
= 60 +10x -12y
dy
10 y−20 x=−48
−12 y+ 10 x=−60
x=8.4 ,y=12
dp
=48+10y-20x
dx
d2p
=¿-20
dxdx
d2p
=10
dxdy
dp
= 60 +10x -12y
dy
d2p
=¿10
dydx
d2p
=-12
dydy
Hesssian matrix
d2p d2 p
dxdx dxdy
d2p d2 p
dydx dydy
Determinant if positive maxima
−20 10
10 −12
(-20x-12)-(10x10)=140
 Hence calculate the maximum profit
Profit=48x+60y+10xy-10x2-6y2
x=8.4 ,y=12
8. Likoni shoe Ltd is a family shoes manufacturing company. Its daily profit
function is given as Profit=70x+80y-xy-x2-y2. Where x is pairs of men’s shoes and
y is pairs of ladies shoes.
(i) How many pairs of each should they make in order to maximize profit?
P= 70x+80y-xy-x2-y2
dp
=70− y−2 x =0
dx
dp
=80−x−2 y =0
dy
−2 x− y=−70
−x−¿2y=-80
2x+y=70
x +2y=80
y=70-2x
x+2(70-2x)=80
x+140-4x=80
-3x=80-140
-3x=-60
x=20
y=30
proof: get 2rd derivatives
dp
=70− y−2 x
dx
d2p
=−2
dxdx
d2p
=−1
dxdy
dp
=80−x−2 y =0
dy
d2p
=−1
dydx
d2p
=−2
dydy
d2p d2 p
dxdx dxdx
d2p d2 p
dydx dydx
[−2 −1
−1 −2 ]
(−2 x−2 )−(−1 x−1 )=3

To maximize daily profit x=20 and y=30
(ii) If the number of working days per year is 312, what will be their annual
profit?
Daily Profit=70x+80y-xy-x2-y2
Daily Profit=(70x20)+(80x30)-(20x30)- (202)-(302)=1900
Annual profit= 1900x312=592,800
9. A hospital has established that the level of e-coli bacteria in millions in the body
of a given patient after taking antibiotic Beta can be expressed as follow,
Amount=90e-0.2t . If t is the number of hours:
 After 7 hours what will be the level of bacteria.
90e-0.2x7
90e-1.4
 If one can only be discharged when the level has gone down to 2 million,
how long will it take the patient to be discharged?
10. The demand and supply equations of a particular goods are given by
2
P=2 Q s +10 Q +10
2
P=−Q d −5 Q d +52
Where P,
QS and QD represent price, quantity supplied and quantity
demanded. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity

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Differentiation

Why Study Differentiation?

General Differentiation Rule

(i) y  3 x3 Using the constant rule we are supposed to differentiate x3 then

(iii) y  4 8 x We first differentiate 8

2. Without solving the problem, determine whether the function y = 6x2−2x+9 will

Profit will be maximized at 200 barrels.

4. The demand function for a certain commodity is p(x)=10−0.001x, where p is

C(x) = 0.000001x3 – 0.0015x2 – 240x + 112,500

(i) Derive marginal cost functions for the above manufacturer.

Determinant if positive maxima

(−2 x−2 )−(−1 x−1 )=3

demanded. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity

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