SHIP DESIGN COMPUTER AIDS

Rendering or image synthesis is the automatic process of generating a

photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model (or models in what
collectively could be called a scene file) by means of computer programs. ... The term
"rendering" may be by analogy with an "artist's rendering" of a scene.

 'Rendering' is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing
program to produce final video output. Rendering has uses in architecture, video
games, simulators, movie or TV visual effects, and design visualization, each employing
a different balance of features and techniques.

There are two categories of rendering: pre-rendering and real-time rendering. The
striking difference between the two lies in the speed at which the computation and
finalization of images takes place.

 Real-Time Rendering: The prominent rendering technique using in interactive

graphics and gaming where images must be created at a rapid pace. Because
user interaction is high in such environments, real-time image creation is
required. Dedicated graphics hardware and pre-compiling of the available
information has improved the performance of real-time rendering.
 Pre-Rendering: This rendering technique is used in environments where speed
is not a concern and the image calculations are performed using multi-core
central processing units rather than dedicated graphics hardware. This rendering
technique is mostly used in animation and visual effects, where photorealism
needs to be at the highest standard possible.

For these rendering types,the three major computational techniques used are:

 Scanline
 Raytracing
 Radiosity

Lofting is a drafting technique (sometimes using mathematical tables) whereby

curved lines are generated, to be used in plans for streamlined objects such as aircraft
and boats. The lines may be drawn on wood and the wood then cut for
advanced woodworking. The technique can be as simple as bending a flexible object,
such as a long strip of thin wood or thin plastic, so that it passes over three non-linear
points and scribing the resultant curved line, or plotting the line
using computers or mathematical tables.
Lofting is particularly useful in boat building, when it is used to draw and cut pieces
for hulls and keels, which are usually curved, often in three dimensions. Loftsmen at the
mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from
drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting
sketches, profiles, margins and other data.[1]Since the early 1970s computer-aided design (CAD)
became normal for the shipbuilding design and lofting process.

Nesting : In manufacturing industry, Nesting refers to the process of laying out cutting

patterns to minimize the raw material waste. Examples include manufacturing parts from flat raw
material such as sheet metal. To minimize the amount of scrap raw material produced during cutting,
companies use proprietary nesting software. 
Such efforts can also be applied to additive manufacturing, such as 3D printing. Here the
advantages sought can include minimizing tool movement that is not producing product, or
maximizing how many pieces can be fabricated in one build season. One difference from nesting of
cut pieces is that 3D parts often have a cross section that changes with height, which can cause
interference between adjacent parts as they are built up
Nesting software must take into account the limitations and features of the machining technology in
use, such as: [1]

 Machining cannot take place where the raw material is clamped into place;
 Some machines can access only half of the material at a particular time; the machine
automatically flips the sheet over to allow the remaining half to be accessed;
 When punching, the width of the punch tool must be considered;
 Shearing may be permitted only in certain areas of the sheet due to limitations of the
machinery;

Nesting software may also have to take into account material characteristics, such as: [2][3]

 Defects on material that must be discarded;

 Different quality areas that must match corresponding quality levels required for different
parts;
 Direction constraints, that may come from a printed pattern or from fiber direction;

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer

systems (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of
a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the
quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a
database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print,
machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD (for Computer Aided
Design and Drafting) is also used.
CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the
objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall
appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the
manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or
curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications,
including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural
design, prosthetics, and many more.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to

control machine tools and related ones in the manufacturing of workpieces. This is not
the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common; CAM may also refer to the use of
a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning,
management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster
production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and
material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw
material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. 
CAM is a subsequent computer-aided process after computer-aided design (CAD) and
sometimes computer-aided engineering (CAE), as the model generated in CAD and
verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which then controls the machine tool.
CAM is used in many schools alongside Computer-Aided Design (CAD) to create
objects.

Numerical control can be defined as a form of programmable automation in

which process is controlled by numbers,letters and symbols. In NC,the numbers form a
programme of instructions designed for a particular workpart or job. When job changes
the program of instruction changes.
In fabrication, computer numerical control (CNC) or simply numerical control (NC) is
the automated control of machiningtools (drills, boring tools, lathes) by means of
a computer, in which a NC machine operates on a piece of material (metal, plastic,
wood, ceramic, or composite) to transform it to precise specifications. NC machines
combine a motorized tool and a motorized platform with a control system, and operate
by way of a computer which 1) accepts graphical computer-aided design (CAD) files,
and 2) transforms the input CAD file into a sequential program of machine control
instructions, which are then executed.

Hidden Line Removal :

Solid objects are usually modeled by polyhedra in a computer representation. A face of
a polyhedron is a planar polygon bounded by straight line segments, called edges.
Curved surfaces are usually approximated by a polygon mesh. Computer programs for
line drawings of opaque objects must be able to decide which edges or which parts of
the edges are hidden by an object itself or by other objects. This problem is known
as hidden line removal.
Models, e.g., in computer-aided design, can have thousands or millions of edges.
Therefore, a computational-complexity approach, expressing resource requirements,
such as time and memory, as the function of problem sizes, is crucial. Time
requirements are particularly important in interactive systems.
Hidden Line - when outline of an object is to be displayed - similar to clipping a line
segment against a window - most surface algorithms can be applied for hidden line
elimination.
Hidden Line Removal - assumes that objects are modeled with lines. - lines are created
where surfaces meet - if only the visible surfaces are drawn, the invisible lines are
automatically eliminated.
In hidden-line removal, edges or other vectors in the model that are obscured by visible
surfaces are omitted from the display of the image, or displayed as dashed rather than
full lines. An alternative name for the technique is visible line identification. Some of the
common hidden line algorithms are

 Floating horizon
 Image space
 List priority
 Object space
 Ray tracing
 Roberts Warnock

Hidden-line removal :  An algorithm used in computer graphics to

determine which lines should not be visible when a three-dimensional
surface is displayed.