Circular Motion Notes

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Circular

Target Motion
Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Physics

iii. Net (linear) acceleration,


Formulae
a= a 2r + a 2t ….(Magnitude only)
1. Uniform Circular Motion (U.C.M.):
⎛ v 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛ dv ⎞ 2
i. Instantaneous angular velocity, = ⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ r ⎠⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎝ dt ⎠⎟
∆θ v 2π
ω = lim = = = 2πn =
∆t → 0 ∆t r T iv. Relation between tangential and angular
ii. Average angular velocity, acceleration,
→ → →
θ − θ1 ∆θ a T = α× r = rα
ωav = 2 =
t 2 − t1 ∆t ∴ θ=0
where, 3. Centripetal force:
θ1 = angular position of the body at time
mv2
t1 i. Centripetal force, Fcp =
θ2 = angular position of the body at time r
t2 = mrω2 = mvω = mr (2πf)2
2
iii. ω = ωav for U.C.M. ⎛ 2π ⎞ 4π 2 mr
= mr ⎜ ⎟ =
iv. If a particle makes n rotations in t ⎝ T ⎠ T2
second, then ii. Magnitude of Centrifugal force,
2πn = Magnitude of Centripetal force
ωav =
t mv2
i.e Fcf = (in magnitude)
v. Angular acceleration = α = 0 r
vi. Instantaneous angular acceleration, iii. When an electron moves round the
∆ω dω d 2θ nucleus of an atom along a circular path,
αinst = lim = = 2 we have
∆t → 0 ∆t dt dt
vii. Average angular acceleration, Ze 2 mv 2
= = mω2r
ω − ω1 ∆ω 4πε0 r 2
r
αave. = 2 =
t 2 − t1 ∆t 4π 2 r
= m 4π2 n2r = m
where, ω1 = instantaneous angular speed T2
at time t1 where, Z = atomic number of the
ω2 = instantaneous angular speed at time nucleus.
t2 . 4. Motion of a vehicle on a curve road:
viii. Linear acceleration The maximum velocity v, with which a
→ →
vehicle can take a safe turn so that there is no
= centripetal acceleration = ω × v
skidding, is v = µrg
v2 4π2 r
= a = vω = = rω2 = 4π2f2r = where, µ = coefficient of limiting friction
r T2
between the wheels and the road.
1 2π
ix. Time period = T = = 5. Banking of roads:
frequency (f ) ω
The proper velocity or optimum v on a road
x. Relation between linear and angular
→ → →
banked by an angle θ with the horizontal is
velocity: v = ω × r = rω as θ = 90° given by,
2. Non-uniform circular motion: ⎛ µ + tan θ ⎞
v= rg ⎜ s ⎟
i. Radial component of acceleration, ⎝ 1 −µ s tan θ ⎠
v2 where r = radius of curvature of road
ar = − ω2r = −
r g = acceleration due to gravity
ii. Tangential component of acceleration, µs = coefficient of friction between road and
dv tyres
at = when µs = 0, v = rg tan θ
dt
2
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Circular Motion

6. Vertical Circular Motion: 8. Kinematical equations in circular motion in


i. Velocity at highest point vH ≥ rg analog with linear motion:
i. ω = ω0 + αt
ii. Velocity at the lowest point vL ≥ 5rg 1 2
ii. θ = ω0t + αt
iii. Velocity at a point along horizontal 2
(midway position) vM ≥ 3rg iii. ω2 = ω02 + 2 αθ
iv. Acceleration at the highest point aH = g
v. Acceleration at the bottom point aL = 5g
Notes
vi. Acceleration along horizontal aM = 3g
1. Radian measure must be used in equations
vii. Tension at top most point,
that contain linear and angular quantities.
mv 2B
TH = − mg ≥ 0 2. Finite angular displacement is a scalar
r
quantity because it does not obey the laws of
viii. Tension at the lowest point, vector addition.
mv2A
TL = + mg ≥ 6 mg ⎛ →⎞
r 3. In U.C.M., angular velocity ⎜ ω ⎟ is only
ix. Tension at a point where the string ⎝ ⎠
makes an angle θ with the lower vertical ⎛ →⎞
constant vector but angular acceleration ⎜ α ⎟
line ⎝ ⎠
2
mv ⎛ →⎞
Tθ = + mg cos θ and angular displacement ⎜ θ ⎟ are variable
r ⎝ ⎠
x. Tension at midway position where vectors.
θ = 90° (i.e. along horizontal)
4. All the points on a rotating body in U.C.M.
mv2 have same ω except centre as it is not
TM = [∵cos 90° = 0]
r rotating.
xi. Total energy at different points at the 5. Instantaneous angular displacement is a
top, bottom and horizontal, vector quantity.
5
EH = EL = EM = mrg 6. Angular speed is a scalar quantity but angular
2
velocity is a vector quantity but both have
xii. Total energy at any point, same units i.e rad/s.
1
E = mv 2 + mgr(1 − cos θ) → → →
2 7. The direction of θ , ω , α is given by the right
hand thumb rule.
7. Conical Pendulum:
i. Angular velocity, 8. The value of ω of earth about its axis is
g 7 × 10−5 rad/s or 360° per day.
a. ω=
l cos θ 9. When a particle moves in a circle with
constant speed, its velocity is variable because
g tan θ of changing direction.
b. ω=
r
10. Circular motion is a two-dimensional motion
2π l cos θ in which the linear velocity and linear
ii. Periodic time = = 2π
ω g acceleration vectors lie in the plane of the
circle but the angular velocity and angular
l sin θ acceleration vectors are perpendicular to the

g tan θ plane of the circle.
iii. Radius of horizontal circle, 11. Centrifugal force is a fictitious force and
r = l sin θ holds good in a rotating frame of reference.
3
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Physics

12. An observer on the moving particle 24. If a body moves in a cylindrical well (well of
experiences only the centrifugal force, but an death,) the velocity required will be minimum
observer stationary with respect to the centre safest velocity and in this case the weight of
can experience or measure only the the body will be balanced by component of
centripetal force. normal reaction and the minimum safest
13. Whenever a particle is in a U.C.M. or non velocity is given by the formula µrg .
U.C.M., centripetal and centrifugal forces act
simultaneously. They are both equal and 25. Cyclist leans his cycle to make an angle to
opposite but do not cancel each other. avoid topling; not to provide centripetal force.

14. Centripetal force and Centrifugal force are 26. If a body is kept at rest at the highest point of
not action-reaction forces as action-reaction convex road and pushed along the surface to
forces act on different bodies. perform circular motion, the body will fall
15. The direction of centripetal force is same r
after travelling a vertical distance of from
whether the rotation of the circular path is 3
clockwise or anticlockwise. the highest point where r is the radius of the
16. Centripetal force is not responsible for circular path.
rotational motion of a body because only 27. When a body moves in a circular path with
torque can produce rotational motion.
constant speed, its linear momentum changes
17. Since the centripetal force acting on a particle at every point, but its kinetic energy remains
in circular motion acts perpendicular to its constant.
displacement (and also its velocity), the work
done by it is always zero. 28. In horizontal uniform circular motion, kinetic
energy and magnitude of linear momentum
18. Centrifuge is an apparatus used to separate
heavier particles from the lighter particles in remains constant, but the direction of linear
a liquid. momentum keeps on changing.

19. Range of acceleration in circular motion 29. Since the centripetal force is not zero for a
90° < θ ≤ 180°. particle in circular motion, the torque acting

20. The radius of the curved path is the distance is zero i.e., τ = 0 (as the force is central)
from the centre of curved path to the centre of Hence the angular momentum is constant i.e.

gravity of the body. It is to be considered L = constant.
when the centre of gravity of body is at a
height from the surface of road or surface of 30. Whenever the body moves, the force
spherical body. responsible for motion is the vector sum of all
the forces acting at that point.
21. Whenever a car is taking a horizontal turn, the For example, Lift going up and down with
normal reaction is at the inner wheel. acceleration ‘a’.
22. While taking a turn, when car overturns, its 31. If a particle performing circular motion comes
inner wheels leave the ground first. →
to rest momentarily, i.e. v = 0, then it will
23. For a vehicle negotiating a turn along a move along the radius towards the centre and
circular path, if its speed is very high, then the if its radial acceleration is zero, i.e. ar = 0,
vehicle starts skidding outwards. This causes then the body will move along the tangent
the radius of the circle to increase resulting in drawn at that point.
the decrease in the centripetal force.
32. For non uniform circular motion
1
[∵ Fcp ∝ ] → → → → →
T a = α × r + ω× v

4
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Circular Motion

33. When a bucket full of water is rotated in a 5. To find out number of revolutions, always
vertical circle, water will not spill only if apply the formula,
velocity of bucket at the highest point is θ ωt 2πnt
Number of revolutions = = = = nt
≥ gr . 2π 2π 2π
→ →
34. If velocity imparted to body at the lowest 6. Since Fc ⊥ v , therefore, no work is done by
position is equal to 2rg , then it will oscillate the centripetal force. [2π rad = 360° = 1 rev.]
in a semicircle. 7. Angle which, a cyclist should make with the
vertical is the angle of banking along a curved
road.
Mindbenders
8. On frictional surface, for a body performing
1. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle circular motion, the centripetal force is
can go without toppling, is given by provided by the force of friction.
d fS = µN but on horizontal surface N = mg
v= rg = rg tan θ
2h 9. The minimum safe velocity for not
d gdr
where, tan θ = overturning is v =
2h 2h
d = distance between the wheels 10. While rounding a curve on a level road,
h = height of centre of gravity from the road centripetal force required by the vehicle is
g = acceleration due to gravity provided by force of friction between the tyres
2. Skidding of an object placed on a rotating and the road.
platform: mv2
= F = µR = µmg
The maximum angular velocity of rotation of r
the platform so that object will not skid on it is 11. To avoid dependence on friction for the
ωmax = (µg / r) supply of necessary centripetal force, curved
roads are usually banked by raising outer edge
3. The angle made by the resultant acceleration of the road above the inner edge.
with the radius,
⎛a ⎞ 12. The angle of banking (θ) is given by,
α = tan−1 ⎜⎜⎜ t ⎟⎟⎟ v2 h
⎝ a r ⎠⎟ tan θ = =
rg l − h2
2

where h is height of the outer edge above the


Shortcuts
inner edge and l is length of the road.
1. The basic formula for acceleration is a = ωv. 13. On the same basis, a cyclist has to bend
through an angle θ from his vertical position
2. In U.C.M., if central angle or angular while rounding a curve of radius r with
displacement is given, then simply apply v2
θ velocity v such that tan θ =
dv = 2v sin to determine change in velocity. rg
2
If θ is very very small, then
3. There are two types of acceleration; ar (radial) v2
and at (tangential) acceleration. tan θ = sin θ =
rg
dv
Formula for ar = ω2r and at = or rα v2 h
dt =
rg l
4. To calculate angular displacement, apply the where h is height of the outer edge from the
1 inner edge and l is the distance between the
formula, θ = ωt + αt2
2 tracks or width of the road.
5
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Physics

14. Always remember the formulae for velocity of 19. The total energy of any body revolving in a
the body at the top, bottom and at the middle vertical circle is (5/2) mgr.
of a circle with two distinct cases:
i. path is convex 20. The distance travelled by the particle
performing uniform circular motion in t
ii. path is concave
2πr
Remember in both the cases, formula will be seconds is given by the formula, d = t.
different. T

mv2 21. To find out any unknown quantity, if body


i. = mg − N where N is normal
r moves in vertical circle, resolve mg and if the
reaction. body moves in horizontal circle, resolve
mv2 tension or normal reaction.
ii. = N − mg
r
Remember if in the question, it is given that 22. Centripetal Force in Different Situations:
body falls from a certain point then at that
The centripetal
point N = 0. Situation
force
15. Effect of rotation of earth about its axis: i. A particle tied to a Tension in the string
The apparent loss in weight of a body on its string and whirled
surface = mω2 R cos2 φ where in a horizontal
m = mass of body circle
ω = angular velocity of earth ii. Vehicle taking a Frictional force
R = radius of earth turn on a level road exerted by the road
φ = latitude on the tyres
iii. A vehicle on a Weight of the body or
16. In horizontal circle, tension will be equal to speed breaker a component of
mv2 weight
centripetal force i.e. T =
r iv. Revolution of earth Gravitational force
i. The minimum velocity of projection at around the sun exerted by the sun
the lowest point of vertical circle so that
v. Electron revolving Coulomb attraction
the string slacken at the highest point, is
around the nucleus exerted by the
given by vL = 5gr in an atom protons on electrons
ii. velocity at the highest point is vH = gr vi. A charged particle Magnetic force
describing a exerted by the
17. If TL is the tension at the lowest point and TH circular path in a magnetic field
is the tension at the highest point then magnetic field
TL − TH = 6 mg vii. Coin placed on disk In this case frictional
18. When force gives necessary
centripetal force.
i. vL = 2gr , the body moves in a vertical
viii. Car moving on a N sin θ gives
semicircle about the lowest point L, smooth banked necessary centripetal
ii. vL < 2gr , then the body oscillates in a road force.
circular arc smaller than the semicircle. ix. Passenger sitting in Necessary centripetal
iii. For a motor cyclist to loop a vertical a turning car force is provided by
loop, vL > 5gr and vH > gr seat and passenger.

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