Logarithm: Meaning of Logarithm: Exponential Form
Logarithm: Meaning of Logarithm: Exponential Form
Meaning of Logarithm:
Logarithm is a rule which is used to solve complex algebraic expression.
Exponential Form:
Every positive real number can be expressed as N = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1, N > 0
a → base, x → exponent
Illustrations:
Q1. Express 16 using exponential form with base 2, base 4 and base 16.
Sol. (i) N = 16, a1 = 2, Suppose x1 = power
2x1 = 16 ⇒ 24 = 16
(ii) a2 = 4, power = x2
4x2 = 16 ⇒ 42 = 16
(iii) a3 = 16, power = x3
16x3 = 16 ⇒ 161 = 16
Q2. Express 81 using exponential form with base 3, base 9, and base 81.
Sol. (i) N = 81, a1 = 3, x1 = Power
3x1 = 81 ⇒ 34 = 81
(ii) a2 = 9, x2 = Power
9x2 = 81 ⇒ 92 = 81
(iii) a3 = 81, x3 = Power
81x3 = 81 ⇒ 811 = 81
Q3. Express 16 using exponential form with base ‘3’. The types of ‘x’ can be find out
Sol. It means, 3x = 16
using logarithm.
We know that, 32 = 9 and 33 = 27
⇒ 2 < x < 3 ⇒ x ∈ (2, 3)
Note: (i) What if a = 1. Example:
Express 16 in exponential form with base a = 1 1
Suppose a = –2 and x= − then
1x = 16 ⇒ there does not exist any ‘x’. 2
For which 1x = 16
1
So we can not take base a = 1. (−2)
−
2 does not give real number.
(ii) What if a is negative.
Then for even root it will not be defined.
Hence for negative base it is not uniquely defined that with powers
it will give real number or not.
Logarithm
1.
Logarithmic form:
Logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base
must be raised in order to get that number.
Illustrations:
Q1. Find values of following:
(i) log101000
Sol. Suppose log101000 = x ⇔ 10x = 1000
⇒ 10x = 103 (by comparing)
⇒x=3
(ii) log232
Sol. Suppose log232 = y ⇔ 2y = 32
⇒ 2y = 25 (by comparing)
⇒y=5
(iii) log5625
Sol. Suppose log5625 = x ⇔ 5x = 625
⇒ 5x = 54 (by comparing)
⇒x=4
(iv) log 2 64
( 2)
y
Sol. Suppose log 2 64 = y ⇔ = 64
y
⇒ 22 = 26
y
⇒ = 6 (by comparing)
2
⇒ y = 12
(v) log 2 3 1728
( )
x
Sol. Suppose log 1728 = x ⇔ 2 3 = 1728 = 123
2 3
( )
( )
x 2
⇒ 2 3 = 2 3
( ) = (2 3 )
x 6
⇒ 2 3 (by comparing)
⇒x=6
(vi) log1632
Sol. Suppose log1632 = y ⇔ 16y = 32
⇒ (24)y = 25
⇒ 24y = 25
Logarithm
⇒ 4y = 5 (by comparing)
5
⇒y=
4 2.
(vii) log 3 7 2401
( )
x
3
Sol. Suppose log 3 7 2401 = x ⇔ 7 = 2401
x
⇒ 7 3 = 74
x
⇒ = 4 (by comparing)
3
⇒ x = 12
(viii) log 3 (log 3 (27)3 )
Sol. First we will find the value of log3(27)3 = y
⇒ log3(33)3 = y
⇒ log339 = y
⇒y=9
Then it reduces to log39 and we know that log39 = 2
Hence, log3(log3(27)3) = 2
Q3. Find complete set of real values of ‘x’ for which log(2x–3)(x2–5x–6) is
defined.
Sol. 2x – 3 > 0 and (2x – 3) ≠ 1 and (x2 – 5x – 6) > 0
3
⇒ x> and x ≠ 2 and (x – 6) (x + 1) > 0
2
3
⇒ x> and x ≠ 2 and x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞ )
2
3
Logarithm
c = log 2− 3 (2 + 3 )
(2 + 3 )(2 − 3 )
( 3) =
c
⇒ 2−
(2 − 3 )
( 3 ) = ( 4 − 3) (2 − 3 )
c −1
⇒ 2−
c = –1
d = log2(log24)
we know that log24 = 2
so, d= log22 ⇒ d = 1
1 9
then a + b + c + d = −4 − −1+1 = −
2 2
Important Deduction:
(i) logNN = 1
(ii) logN1 = 0
(iii) log1/N N = –1
Logarithm
4.
(i) Proof : Suppose logNN = x ⇔ Nx = N 1 ⇒ x = 1
(ii) Proof : Suppose logN1 = y ⇔ Ny = 1 = N0 ⇒ y = 0
z
1
(iii) Proof : Suppose log 1 N = z ⇔ = N ⇒ N−z = N1 ⇒ z = –1
N
N
1
so log 1 = 1
2 2
Sol. N = 5
5
5 . . .
N
N = 5 N
N2 = 5N
⇒ N2 –5N = 0
⇒ N(N–5) = 0
⇒ N = 0 or N = 5 but N = 0 is not possible
We get log55 = 1
(viii)
(log 100 ( ) (
10 ) log 2 (log 4 2 ) log 4 log 22 ( 256 )
2
)
log 4 8 + log 8 4
Sol.
Let a = log10010 b = log2(log42)
⇒ 100a = 10 1
⇒ b = log 2
⇒ (10)2a = 101 2
⇒ 2a = 1 ⇒ 2b = 2–1
1 ⇒b=–1
⇒a=
2
2
Let x = log 22 ( 256 ) ⇒ x = log 2 ( 28 ) ⇒ x = (log 2 216 )
2 2 2
⇒ x = 162 = 256
(
c = log 4 log 22 ( 256 )
2
) d = log48
⇒ 4d = 8
e = log84
⇒ 8e = 4
So we get c = log4256 ⇒ (22)d = 23 ⇒ (23)e = 22
⇒ 4c = 44 ⇒ 22d = 23 ⇒ 3e = 2
⇒c=4 ⇒ 2d = 3 2
⇒e=
⇒d= 3 3
2
1
abc ( −1) ( 4 ) ( −2)·6 12
2
Then given expansion reduces to = = =−
d+e 3 2 (9 + 4) 13
+
2 3
Logarithm
6.
Q6. If log2(log2(log3x)) = 0 = log2(log3(log2y)) then find x + y.
Sol. log2(log2(log3x) = 0 ⇔ log2(log3x) = 20 = 1 (Change it into exponential form)
⇔ log3x = 21 = 2
⇔ x = 32 = 9
x=9
Similarly, log2(log3(log2y) = 0 ⇔ log3(log2y) = 20 = 1 (Change it into exponential form)
⇔ log2y = 31 = 3
⇔ y = 23 = 8
Then x + y = 9 + 8 = 17
Fundamental Identify:
alogaN = N
Proof:
Let logaN = x then it changes into
ax = N ⇔ logaN = x
So we get alogaN = N
Properties of logarithm:
* If m, n are positive real numbers, a > 0, a ≠ 1 then
Proof:
7.
Note:
General version:
Suppose a > 0, a ≠ 1, N1, N2, N3, …, Nr > 0
loga(N1.N2.N3 ... Nr) = logaN1 + logaN2 + logaN3 + …. + logaNr
(ii) m
log a = logam – logan
n
Proof:
Proof:
8.
Q3. Solve log232
Sol. log232 = log225
= 5log22
=5
= log22(log44)
= log22 = 1
9.
1023
1
Q5. ∑ log 2 1 + is equal to:
n
n= 1
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 12
Sol. C
1023
n + 1
∑ log
n= 1
2
n
log c a
logba = , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1, c ≠ 1
log c b
Proof:
Suppose logba = x ⇔ a = bx
logca = logcbx
logca = xlogcb (By taking logarithm)
log c a
= x = logba
log c b
log c a
⇒ logb a =
log c b
Logarithm
10.
Note:
1
log a b =
logb a
Proof:
log c b 1
=
log c a log c a (By using base Changing Theorem)
log c b
Property of logarithm:
alogbc = clogba
Proof:
log a c
a logbc
=a log ab
1
= (a )
log a c log b
a
(Using Base-Changing theorem)
Logarithm
1
= (c ) log ab = clogba
Hence alogbc = clogba
11.
Property of logarithm:
n
( )
log ak mn =
k
log am wherever defined
Proof:
log cmn nlog cm n
L.H.S.= = = log am = R.H.S.
log ca k
klog ca k Using Base-changing theorem,
Hence proved.
5 5
Sol. x1 = log 24 25 = log 2 2 =
4 4
3 3
x2 = log 54 53 = log 5 5 =
4 4
4 4
x3 = log 23 24 = log 2 2 =
3 3
x4 = log 21/2 23 = 6log 2 2 = 6
4
5 3 4 28
then ∑x
i= 1
i = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = + + +6 =
4 4 3 3
log 3 7 −1
1 log 1/2 7
Q11. Let A = , B=2 , C=8 log 3 2
, D = 4−log2 6
9
1 1 1 1
Find + − − .
A B C D
1
( ) ( )−2
log 3 7
Sol. A = 3−2 =3
log 3 7
=
49
log
(2−1 )
7
1 −1
B=2 = 2log2 7 =
7
1
C = 23( −log2 3) = 2log2 3 =
−3
27
−2 1
D = 2−2log2 6 = 2log2 6 =
36
1 1 1 1
Logarithm
+ − − = 49 + 7 – 27 – 36 = –7
A B C D
12.
2
log 3 7
Q12. If p = 81 , then find value of p(log3 7) .
Q13.
If a, b, c are real positive numbers such that alog3 7 = 27, blog 7 11 = 49, clog11 25 = 11 ,
2 2 2
then find the value of a(log3 7 ) + b(log 7 11) + c(log11 25) .
(A) 343 (B) 121 (C) 469 (D) 569
Sol. C
alog3 7.log3 7 + blog 7 11.log 7 11 + clog11 25.log11 25
= ( alog3 7 ) + (blog 7 11 ) + ( clog11 25 )
log 3 7 log 7 11 log 11 25
( 11 )
log 3 7 log 7 11 log 11 25
= ( 27 ) + ( 49) +
( 2)
log 3
Then 2
= 3 is rational.
(B) a = 2, b = log23
Then 2log2 3 = 3 is rational.
Logarithm
13.
(C)
a = 3, b = 2
( )
2
3 = 3 is rational.
(D) a = 2, b = 3
Then (2)3 = 8 is rational.
1 2 3 log 3 12 log 3 4
Q15. B = + − , C= −
log 3 2 log 9 4 log 27 8 log 36 3 log 108 3
Find B + C.
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1
Sol. B
B = log23 + 2log49 – 3log827
= log 2 3 + 2log 22 32 − 3log 23 33
= log23 + 2log23 – 3log23 = 0
log 3 12 log 3 4
C= −
log 36 3 log 108 3
C = log312 log336 – log34.log3108
C = log3(4×3).log3(4×9) – log34.log3(4×27)
C = (log34 + log33)(log34 + log39) – log34(log34 + log327)
C = (log34 + 1)(log34 + 2) – log34.(log34 + 3)
Put log34 = t,
C = (t + 1)(t + 2) – t(t + 3) = t2 + 3t + 2 – t2 – 3t = 2
So, B + C = 0 + 2 = 2
1 1 1
Q16. A = + +
1 + logba + logbc 1 + log ca + log cb 1 + log ab + log a c
Where a > 0, a ≠ 1, b > 0, b ≠ 1, c > 0, c ≠ 1, abc ≠ 1, then A is :
1
(A) abc (B) (C) 1 (D) 0
abc
Sol. C
1 1 1
+ +
logbb + logba + logbc log cc + log ca + log cb log a a + log ab + log a c
1 1 1
= + +
logbabc log cabc log a abc
= logabca + logabcc + logabca
= logabcabc = 1
Sol. AC
14.
1 2
a = log35 = and b = log1725 = log1752 = 2log175 =
log 5 3 log 5 17
1 1 1
Then = log 5 3 and = log 5 17 = log 5 17
a b 2
1 1
From here log 5 17 > log 5 3 ⇒ >
b a
⇒a>b
c = log51000 and d = log7(2058)
∵ 625 < 1000 < 3125
⇒ log5625 < log51000 < log53125
⇒ log554 < c < log555
⇒ 4 < c < 5
343 < 2058 < 2401
⇒ log7343 < log72058 < log72401
⇒ log773 < d < log774
⇒ 3 < d < 4
Hence c > d
1 + log 3 5
⇒ = α ... (i)
1 + log 3 2
2 + log 3 2
⇒ = β ... (ii)
1 + 2log 3 2
15.
log 3 24 log 3 ( 8 × 3) 1 + 3log 3 2
Now, log 25 24 = = =
log 3 25 log 3 52 2log 3 5
By equation (ii), 2 + log32 = β + 2βlog32
⇒ (log32)(1 – 2β) = β – 2
β−2
⇒ log 3 2 =
1 − 2β
β−2
By equation (i), 1 + log35 = α(1 + log32) = α 1 +
1 − 2β
1 − 2β + β − 2 −1 − β
⇒ 1 + log35 = α = α
1 − 2β 1 − 2β
−αβ − α − 1 + 2β
⇒ log 3 5 =
1 − 2β
β−2
1 + 3
1 + 3log 3 2 1 − 2β
Then log 24 25 = =
2log 3 5 2β − 1 − αβ − α
2
1 − 2β
⇒ log 25 = 1 − 2β + 3β − 6 β−5
=
24
(
2 2β − 1 − αβ − α) (
2 2β − 1 − αβ − α )
Q20. If log712 = a and log1224 = b then find the value of log54168 in terms of a, b.
log 2 12 log 2 ( 4 × 3) 2 + log 2 3
Sol. Given, a = log 7 12 = = = … (i)
log 2 7 log 2 7 log 2 7
log 2 24 log 2 ( 8 × 3) 3 + log 2 3
and b = log1224 = = = … (ii)
log 2 12 log 2 ( 4 × 3 ) 2 + log 2 3
log 2 168 log 2 ( 7 × 3 × 8) 3 + log 2 7 + log 2 3
log54168 = = = … (iii)
log 2 54 log 2 ( 27 × 2) 1 + 3log 2 3
From equation (ii), 3 + log23 = 2b + b log23
⇒ (1–b)log23 = 2b – 3
2b − 3
⇒ log 2 3 =
1−b
Replace this in equation (i),
2b − 3
2+
1 − b = log 2 7
a
2 − 2b + 2b − 3
⇒ = log 2 7
a ( 1 − b)
−1
Logarithm
⇒ log 2 7 =
a ( 1 − b)
16.
2b − 3 1
3+ −
1−b a ( 1 − b)
Then from equation (iii), log 54 168 =
2b − 3
1 + 3
1−b
3a ( 1 − b ) + a ( 2b − 3) − 1
⇒ log 54 168 =
a ( 1 − b ) + 3 ( 2b − 3 )
3a − 3ab + 2ab − 3a − 1
⇒ log 54 168 =
a [1 − b + 6b − 9]
−1 − ab
⇒ log 54 168 =
(
a 5b − 8 )
Q21. If log 7 log 7 7 7 7 = 1 – a log72 and log 15 log 15 15 15 15 15 = 1 – b log152.
Find a + b.
Sol. Let x = log 7 log 7 7 7 7
1
x = log 7 log 7 7 7 7
2
1
(
x = log 7 log 7 7 + log 7 7 7
2
)
1 1
x = log 7 1 + log 7 7 7
2 2
1 1 1
x = log 7 1 + log 7 7 + log 7 7
2 2 2
1 1 1
x = log 7 1 + 1 +
2
2 2
1 1 3
x = log 7 1 + .
2 2 2
1 7 7
x = log 7 = log 7
2 4 8
x = 1 – log78
x= 1 – 3log72
Compare it with x = 1 – a log72 then a = 3
Similarly, suppose y = log 15 log 15 15 15 15 15
Logarithm
17.
1
then y = log 15 log 15 15 15 15 15
2
1 1
y = log 15 1 + log 15 15 15 15
2 2
1 1 1
y = log 15 1 + 1 + log 15 15 15
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
y = log 15 1 + 1 + 1 +
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
y = log 15 1 + 1 + .
2 2 2 2
1 7 1 15
y = log 15 1 + = log 15 .
2
8 2 8
y = log1515 – log1524
y = 1 –4 log152, compare it with y = 1 – b log152
Hence b = 4 and a = 3
So a+b=4+3
a+b=7
ab (b + c − a ) ab ( c + a − b ) c (a + b − c )
⇒ b log a = , a log b = , log c =
k k k
18.
ab (b + c − a ) ab ( c + a − b )
⇒ log ab = … (iv), log ba = … (v)
k k
Add equations (iv) & (v)
ab 2abc
log (ab.ba) = [b + c – a + c + a –b] =
k k
Consider the base as ‘e’,
2abc
we get, abba = e k … (A)
Now multiply (ii) by c and (iii) by b, we get
bc ( c + a − b ) bc ( a + b − c )
c log b = … (vi) and b log c = … (vii)
k k
Add (vi) and (vii), we get
bc 2abc
log (bc .cb ) = [c +a – b + a + b – c] =
k k
Change this into exponential form, we get
2abc
bc .cb = e k
… (B)
2abc
Similarly we get, ca .ac = e … (C)
k
Logarithmic Equation
19.
log 2 ( 9 − 2x )
(iii) =1
3−x
Sol. log2(9–2x) = 3 – x (change it into exponential form)
⇒ 9 – 2x = 23–x
8
⇒ 9 – 2x = 23.2–x = x
2
⇒ Put 2x = t, we get
8
9 – t =
t
⇒ 9t – t = 8
2
⇒ t2 – 9t + 8 = 0
⇒ t2 – 8t –t + 8 = 0
⇒ t(t –8) –1(t –8) = 0
⇒ t = 8, t = 1
⇒ 2x = 23 and 2x = 1
⇒ x = 3 and x = 0, but x ≠ 3, hence x = 0
log 10 ( x + 1)
(iv) ( x + 1) = 100 ( x + 1)
Sol. By taking logarithm both sides with base 10, we get
log 10 ( x + 1)
log 10 ( x + 1) = log 10 100 ( x + 1)
⇒ log10(x + 1).log10(x + 1) = log10100 + log10(x + 1)
Consider, log10(x + 1) = t, we get
t2 = 2 + t
⇒ t2 – t – 2 = 0
⇒ t2 – 2t + t – 2 = 0
⇒ t(t –2) + 1(t –2) = 0
⇒ (t –2)(t + 1) = 0
⇒ t = 2, t = –1
log10(x + 1) = 2 and log10(x +1) = –1
1
⇒ x + 1 = 100 and (x + 1) =
10
1
⇒ x = 100 – 1 = 99 and x = −1
10
−9
⇒ x = 99 and x =
10
9
⇒ x = 99 and x = −
10
log 2 ( x − 1)
20.
2
Consider log2(x –1) = t, we get =1+t
t
⇒ 2 = t + t2
⇒ t2 + t – 2 = 0
⇒ t2 +2t – t –2 = 0
⇒ t(t + 2) –1(t + 2) = 0
⇒ (t + 2)(t –1) = 0
⇒ t = –2, t = 1
⇒ log2(x –1) = –2 and log2(x –1) = 1
⇒ (x–1) = 2–2 and (x –1) = 21
1
⇒ x = 1 + and x = 1 + 2 = 3
4
5
⇒ x = and x = 3
4
1 1 1
(vi) 1 – log 5 = log + log x + log 5
3 2 3
Sol. Base is given as 10
1 1 1
log 10 – log 5 = log + log x + log 5
3 2 3
10 1
⇒ log = −log 2 + log x + log 51/3
5 3
⇒ 3 log 2 + log 2 = log x + log 51/3
⇒ 4 log 2 – log 51/3 = log x
16
⇒ log x = log 1/3
5
16
⇒ x = 1/3
5
Sol. ( 3log3x )
log 3 x
+ xlog3x − 162 = 0
21.
26
(viii) 51+log 4x + 5(log1/ 4x)−1 =
5
26
Sol. 51+log 4x + 5−1−log 4x =
5
Put 51+log 4x = t , we get
1 26
t+ =
t 5
26t
⇒ t2 + 1 =
5
⇒ 5t + 5 = 26t
2
⇒ 5t2 – 26t + 5 = 0
⇒ 5t2 – 25t – t + 5 = 0
⇒ 5t(t –5) – 1 (t –5) = 0
⇒ (t –5)(5t –1) = 0
⇒ t = 5 or t = 1/5
1
⇒ 51+log4 x = 51 or 51+log4 x =
= 5−1
5
⇒ 1 + log4x = 1 or 1 + log4x = –1
⇒ log4x = 0 or log4x = –2
⇒ x = 1 or x = 4–2
1
⇒ x = 1 or x =
16
1
(ix) log4(2log3(1 + log2(1 + 3log2x))) =
2
Sol. Change it into exponential form,
2log3(1 + log2(1 + 3log2x)) = 41/2 = 2
Again, 1 + log2(1 + 3log2x) = 3
log2(1 + 3log2x) = 2
Again, 1 + 3log2x = 4
⇒ 3log2x = 3
⇒ log2x = 1
⇒x=2
1
(x) log 5 ( 51/x + 125 ) = log 5 6 + 1 +
2x
1
Sol. log5(51/x + 125) = log56 + 1 + log55
2x
1
1+
⇒ log5(51/x + 125) = log56 + log 5 5 2x
22.
⇒ t2 – 30t + 125 = 0
⇒ t2 – 25t – 5t + 125 = 0
⇒ t(t –25) – 5(t –25) = 0
⇒ (t–25)(t –5) = 0
Either t = 25 or t = 5
⇒ 51/2x = 52 or 51/2x = 51
1 1
⇒ = 2 or =1
2x 2x
1 1
⇒ x = or x =
4 2
(xi) x2+log x 4 = x2 + 27
Sol. x2 .xlog x 4 = x2 + 27
⇒ x2.4 = x2 + 27
⇒ 3x2 = 27
⇒ x2 = 9
⇒ x = +3 or x = –3
As x > 0 and x ≠ 1, so we get x = 3
23.
Characteristics and Mantissa
24.
Observation:
log102 = 0.3010
log103 = 0.4771
log105 = 0.6989
log107 = 0.8450
Observation:
Sol. C
26.
According to given condition,
⇒ 2 ≤ log10N < 3
⇒ 100 ≤ N < 1000
⇒ N ∈ [100, 1000)
27.
Note:
(i) logx2 = 2 log|x|
(ii) logx2m = 2m log|x|, m ∈ N
(iii) logx2m+1 = (2m +1) logx, m ∈ N
(iv) x2 = x
x ; x 0
y = –x y=x
Y x x 0 ; x 0
2
x ; x0
x
(0, 0)
2
Case-(i) when x <
3
Then, –(3x –2) + x = 11
⇒ –3x + 2 + x = 11
⇒ –2x = 9
⇒ x = –9/2
2
Case-(ii) When x ≥
3
(3x –2) + x = 11
⇒ 4x = 13
⇒ x = 13/4
Hence, x = –9/2 and x = 13/4 are the solution.
Logarithm
28.
Q4. Find ‘x’ if |x – 3| +2|x + 1| = 4
Sol. –∞ ∞
–1 3
3
2log8 x 1 43
2log 8 2x (Change it into exponential form)
2
log 8 2x x 1 –∞ ∞
3
2
2x x 1 8 4
3 1
x x1 2
⇒ x2 – x – 2 = 0
29.
⇒ (x –2)(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = – 1 or x = 2, but x ≥ 1
So, x = 2 is the only solution.
2log 3 ( x − 2 ) + log 3 ( x − 4 ) = 0
2
(ii)
4
Case (i): When x < 4, then
− ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ) = 1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = −1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
⇒ (x – 3)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
Case (ii): When x ≥ 4
( x − 2)( x − 4 ) = 1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = 1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 7 = 0
6± 8
⇒x=
2
⇒ x = 3 + 2, x = 3 − 2
but x ≥ 4 So, x = 3 + 2
Hence, x = 3 or x = 3 + 2 is the solution.
( ) ( ) = log ( 4 − x )
2 2
(iii) log 4 x2 − 1 − log 4 x − 1 4
(x − 1) − log ( x − 1) = log 4 − x
2
Sol. log 4 2
4 4
⇒ log 4
( x − 1) = log 4 − x = log x − 4
2
( x − 1)
2 4 4
⇒
(x 2
−1 ) = x−4
( x − 1)
2
Logarithm
30.
⇒
( x − 1)( x + 1) = x − 4
( x − 1)
2
⇒
( x + 1) = x − 4
( x − 1)
–∞ ∞
4
Case (i): When x < 4
x+1
= − ( x − 4)
x−1
⇒ −x − 1 = ( x − 1)( x − 4 )
⇒ –x – 1 = x2 – 5x + 4
⇒ x2 – 4x + 5 = 0, Since D < 0
Hence no real roots.
Case(ii): When x ≥ 4
x+1
x−1
= x−4 ( )
⇒ ( x + 1) = ( x − 4 )( x − 1)
⇒ ( x + 1) = x2 − 5x + 4
⇒ x2 − 6x + 3 = 0
⇒ x =3± 6
⇒ x = 3 + 6 , 3 − 6
Since x ≥ 4 so x = 3 + 6
10x2 − 1 3x
(iv) x − 2 =x−2
Sol. Comparing the powers,
10x2 − 1 = 3x
⇒ 10x2 − 3x − 1 = 0
⇒ 10x2 − 5x + 2x − 1 = 0
5x ( 2x − 1) + ( 2x − 1) = 0
⇒ ( 2x − 1)( 5x + 1) = 0
1 or 1
⇒x= x=−
2 5
Logarithm
31.
When base is equal to 1, we get
|x –2| = 1
⇒x–2=±1
⇒ x = 3 and x = 1
2
(v) | x − 3 |3x − 10x + 3
=1
2 0
Sol. | x − 3 |3x = x − 3
− 10x + 3
(Comparing the powers)
⇒ 3x – 10x + 3 = 0
2
⇒ 3x2 – 9x – x + 3 = 0
⇒ 3x(x –3) –1(x –3) = 0
⇒ (x – 3)(3x – 1) = 0
1
⇒x= ,3
3
When base is equal to 1,
|x – 3| = 1
⇒x–3=±1
⇒ x = 4, 2
When x = 3, base is 0, so we reject this.
1
So x = 4, 2, is the solution.
3
Graphs of logarithm:
( )
f x = log a x, x > 0, a ≠ 1, a > 0
Case-1:
a>1 y
()
Ex.: f x = log 2 x = y
x=
1 , y = –1
y = logax, when a > 0, a 0
2
1 x
x= , y = –2 (1, 0)
4
x = 1, y = 0
x = 2, y = 1
x = 4, y = 2
x = 8, y = 3
x = 16, y = 4 y
y =f(x) = logax
Case-2: where 0 < a < 1
0<a<1
Ex.: f (x ) = log 1 x = y (1, 0)
2
x
x = 2, y = – 1
Logarithm
x = 4, y = – 2
x = 8, y = – 3
x = 16, y = – 4
32.
Note:
1. W
henever the number and base are on 2. W
henever the number and base are on
the same side of unity then logarithm of the opposite side of unity then logarithm
that number to the same base is positive. of that number to the base is negative.
( )
(i) y = f x = log a x > 0 ⇒ x, a are on the same side of unity.
(ii) y = f ( x ) = log a
x < 0 ⇒ x, a are on the opposite side of unity.
17
( )
Q1. Solve log 4 log 3 x + log 1 log 1 y = 0 and x + y =
2 2
.
4
4 3
( )
Sol. log 4 log 3 x + log 1 log 1 y = 0 .... (i)
4 3
17
x2 + y 2 = ....(ii)
4
log 4 (log 3 x ) − log 4 log 1 y = 0
3
⇒ log 4 (log 3 x ) = log 4 log 1 y
3
log 3 x = log 1 y
3
log 3 x = − log 3 y
1
log 3 x = log 3
y
1
x =
y
1 17
Equation (ii), x2 + = , put x2 = t
x 2
4
1 17
t+ =
t 4
t 2 + 1 17
⇒ =
t 4
Logarithm
33.
⇒ 4t 2 + 4 = 17t
⇒ 4t 2 − 17t + 4 = 0
1
⇒ t = 4,
4
1
⇒ x2 = 4,
4
1 1
⇒ x = ±2, ± but x > 0 ⇒ x = 2 and y =
2 2
Graphs of Exponential
f ( x ) = ax a > 0, a≠1
Case-1: a > 1
y
f(x) = ax
a>1
(0, 1)
x
Ex.: ( )
y = f x = 2
x
x = 1, y=2
x = 2, y=4 Increasing
x = 3, y = 8
Case-2: 0<a<1
y
y = ax = f(x)
0<a<1
(0, 1)
x
Logarithm
34.
x
1
( )
Ex.: f x =
2
1
x = 1, y=
2
1
x = 2, y=
4
1
x = 3, y= Decreasing
8
()
x → ∞ ⇒ f x → 0
x → −∞ ⇒ f (x ) → ∞
Logarithmic Inequalities
1.
f ( x ) = log a x
(i) When a > 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ log a x 1 > log a x2
(ii) When 0 < a < 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ log a x 1 < log a x2
2.
f ( x ) = ax
x1 x2
(i) When a > 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ a >a
x1 x2
(ii) When 0 < a < 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ a <a
( )
Sol. log 1 2x + 1 > log 1 1
2 2
⇒ ( 2x + 1) < 1
⇒x<0
and
( 2x + 1) > 0
1
⇒x>−
2
1
By Intersection, x ∈ − , 0
Logarithm
2
35.
(ii) log 2 ( x + 2) > 0
( )
Sol. log 2 x + 2 > log 2 1
⇒ (x + 2) > 1
⇒x>–1
and x + 2 > 0
⇒x>–2
By intersection, we get x > – 1 or x ∈ (–1, ∞).
2x + 1
1
(iv) > 125
5
Sol. 5 ( ) > 53
− 2x + 1
⇒ −2x − 1 > 3
⇒ −2x > 4
⇒ x < −2
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 )
36.
(
(vi) log 8 x2 − 4x + 3 ≤ 1 )
Sol. log 8 (x 2
− 4x + 3) ≤ log 8
8
⇒ x − 4x + 3 ≤ 8 and x2 − 4x + 3 > 0
2
⇒ x2 − 4x − 5 ≤ 0 and x − 4x + 3 > 0
2
⇒ x2 − 5x + x − 5 ≤ 0 and x2 − 3x − x + 3 > 0
⇒ x (x-5) + 1 (x-5) ≤ 0 and x ( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3) > 0
⇒ ( x − 5 )( x + 1) ≤ 0 and ( x − 3 )( x − 1) > 0
(
⇒ x ∈ −1, 5 and x ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞ ) ( )
By intersection, x ∈ −1, 1) ∪ ( 3, 5
x2 + x
(vii) log 1
log 6 < 0
x + 4
2
0
x2 + x 1
Sol. (i) log 6 >
x + 4 2
x2 + x
>6
x + 4
x2 + x
(ii) log 6 >0
x + 4
x2 + x
>1
x + 4
x2 + x
(iii) > 0
x+4
By intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) we can clearly state that
x2 + x
>6
x+4
x2 + x
⇒ −6 >0
x+4
x2 + x − 6x − 24
⇒ >0
x+4
x2 − 5x − 24
⇒ >0
( x + 4)
Logarithm
37.
⇒
( x − 8)( x + 3) > 0
( x + 4)
⇒ x ∈ ( −4, −3 ) ∪ ( 8, ∞ )
3x +6
( )
log 1 log 2
(viii) 0.3 3 x2 + 2 >1
3x +6
3x + 6 3x + 6
( ) > ( 0.3 ) and log 2 2
log 1 log 2 0
Sol. 0.3 > 0 and x2 + 2 > 0
2
3 x +2
x +2
3x + 6 3x + 6 3x + 6
So, log 1 log 2 2 < 0 and 2 > 1 and 2 >0
3 x + 2 x + 2 x + 2
3x + 6
⇒ log 2 2 >1
x +2
3x + 6
⇒ >2
x2 + 2
By intersection, we get
3x + 6
>2
x2 + 2
⇒ 3x + 6 > 2(x2 + 2)
⇒ 2x2 + 4 < 3x + 6
⇒ 2x2 – 3x – 2 < 0
⇒ 2x2 – 4x + x – 2 < 0
⇒ 2x(x –2) + 1(x – 2) < 0
⇒ (x –2)(2x + 1) < 0
1
⇒ x∈ − , 2
2 3
1 x 1 x
Find the solution of the equation, 2log 9 2 − 1 = log 27 − 4 . Also state
Q2.
2 4
whether the solution is rational or irrational.
x x
1 1
Sol. Suppose = t so = t 2
2 4
2 3
2
log 3 ( 2t − 1) = log 3 t 2 − 4
3
( )
⇒ 2t – 1 = t2 – 4
⇒ t2 – 2t – 3=0
⇒ (t – 3) (t + 1) = 0
Logarithm
38.
⇒ t = 3, t = – 1
x x
1 1
⇒ = 3 or = – 1 (Not possible)
2 2
⇒ 2− x = 3
⇒ – x log2 = log3
log 3
⇒x= −
log 2
( )
⇒ x = − log 2 3 which is irrational.
( 2020) x =
( 2020)
log x 2021
Q3.
If the product of all solutions of equation can
2021
m
be expressed in the lowest form as . (m, n ∈ I) then find the value
n
of (m + n).
2020x
Sol. log 2021 ( ) (
= log x 2021 ·log ( 2021) 2020 )
2021
⇒ log 2021 2020 + log 2021x − 1 = log x 2021·log 2021 2020
1
Suppose log 2021x = t then log x 2021 =
t
1
Then, log 2021 2020 + t − 1 = log 2021 2020
t
t ·log 2021 2020 + t 2 − t − log 2021 2020 = 0
⇒ (t – 1) log2021(2020) + t(t – 1) = 0
⇒ (t – 1) (log20212020 + t) = 0
⇒ t = 1 or t = –log20212020
⇒ log2021x = 1 or log2021x = log2021(2020)–1
1
⇒ x = 2021 or x=
2020
Product of solutions
m 2021
=
n 2020
m + n = 2021 + 2020 = 4041
Logarithm
39.
Q4. The sum of the integral values(s) of a ∈ [–9, 9] so that equation
(x–2)log133 + log13(3x – 7a) = log132 + 2log13 a has integral solution.
( ) (
Sol. log 13 3 · 3 − 7a = log 13 2·a
x −2 x 2
)
( )
⇒ 3x −2 3x − 7a = 2a 2
Put 3 = t, we get
x
t
9
( )
t − 7a = 2a 2
⇒ t 2 − 7at = 18a 2
a = 1, 3, 9
Sum = 1 + 3 + 9 = 13
40.