EXPERIMENT NO-2 inted with the working of the C.R.0, roughly acquainte’ Me rements. e th 3 Ali 1) To Sel e it in various M 2) To learn to us C.R.O. ‘APPARATUS:- 1) Asingle trace or double frace 2) Adc power supply. 3)A function generator. FORMULA: 1] D.C voltage=Displacement x position of vertical amplifier. 1 2) AC voltage Ve => Vr 636 Vp 3] T= postion of time base sensitivity x No of horizontal division. 1 6) fF lars BLOCK DIAGRAM OF C.R.O:- Vertical ee Amplifi by input eee >> To car HT. LT. To all electronic erent Tigger circuit Time tase] INT Chreuit Horizontal ep _Amplitier FIGURE ;. FLOCK DIAGRAM OF A op _ Advanced Physics "RCE, NagpyR . sEM1Date: EXPERIMENT NO.2 AIM:-1) To gel thoroughly acquainted with the working of the C.R.O. 2) To leam to use it in various measurements. APPARATUS:- 1) A single trace or double trace C.R.O. 2) Adc power supply. 3) A function generator. FORMULA: 1].D.C voltage=D x position of vertical amplifier. 2] A.C voltage Vp =t Vp 3] Vni=0.707 Vp 4] Vovg=0.636 Vp 5] T= position of time base sensitivity x No of horizontal division. ét=4 Tr THEORY:- Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is a versatile measuring instrument. The electrical parameters associated with ac signals such as voltage, current, frequency, phase etc. can be most conveniently measured using CRO. It not only measures these parameters but also displays the nature of the applied signal, (Analogue and digital meters are incapable of displaying the nature of applied signal. Moreover these meters do not measure peak value but they measure rms values). Apart from the use of CRO for direct measurements of electrical signal, it can also be used for measuring different physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, light intensity etc. with the help of transducers (the transducer is a device which convert Physical quantities into elecirical signals). These features make CRO an ideal instrument useful for analysis in different field viz-physical sciences, medical field and engineering. The working of CRO is based on the principle that the electron beam gets deviated from its path if subjected to an external electric field, The extent of deviation depends on the magnitude and direction of the applied field. Thus the electron beam Is used as pointer just similar to the mechanical pointer in analogue meters. CRO can be Advanced Physics KDKCE, NAGPUR. SEMIObservation:- eae] ent of de Vol oltage—— a Voltage Voltage TMeasuremen =~] pisplacem =pxyY Volt | read on No. Ser (a= (ax valine: Savon =e (1) (2 oe (3) (4) (5) 2) Measurement of ac Voltage. Sr. | Position of - [Peak [Vp-p Vp= Vavg= | Vrms= | V No, ee iS . role Vp-p/2 | 0.636Vp | 0.707Vp | obs. ‘eal =| Volt/em (1) length eel ie '9) (6) cm. TE (2) alee 2 2 1 | 0.036 0-707 [688 1 4 Bl os lie 95 10.318 Jo-3835]0-34 : o4 AY ONS ob rg ie D-45 10.2¢6|0-3181 f.108 4 i | OS leee O71 Jo.2as]o-aga ste 24 LoS Pall eS, 0-6618 |0-7432| 4Used for high frequency signal mec beam pointer can follow even v its negligible inertial mass, functional sections: ‘surements also since the electron ‘ery rapid changes in ac signal due to It basically Consists of following seven 1) Cathode Ray Tube(crr) 2) Vertical Circuits 3) Horizontal Circuits 4) Time Base Circuits 5) Trigger Circuits 6) Low Voltage Power Supply & 7) High Vottage Power Supply. 1) Cathode Ray Tube(CRT): The central Part of a CRO is the CRT. The CRT generates the electron beam, focuses it and accelerates it towards the fluorescent screen, The rest of the sections are electronic circuits which causes the desired movement of the luminous spot on the screen. 2) Vertical Circuits:- The vertical position of the beam on the screen is adjusted with the help of vertical Position control located on the front panel of CRO. 3) Horizontal Circuits:- The voltage of X-plates can be applied from intemal source or extemal source. The section Is made with the help of the switch INT/EXT. The horizontal position of the beam on the screen is adjusted with the help of horizontal position control located on the front panel of the CRO. 4) Time Base Circuits:- The time base generators a variable frequency oscillator that produces an output voltage of sawtooth shape, -E, NAGPUR. sent ‘Advanced Physics KDKCE, N.3) Measurement of Frequency:-- es St. | Time Base No. of Period Sac rr. | Time Bas . Hl ns itivi horizontal | ( ve ee Gisions secs | (11/(8) . O87 TW) GSxie > | 23x19) Exe <3) 5 1605 1 | osx ia > fl gxi Ps? <3 (3) \x\o> Q4x10 " 1 Gxte> fgxlo ©6215 b.ugars} O-4) 4) | 1x10? | \xio? | rox |exie] o- saa Conclusions:- We got thoroughly acquainted with the working ofa C.R.O, We learned to use it in measurement of ac Voltage, de voltage & frequency, seeseseesnesssseneeeessseserszanee THORNS EASES NEESER EEE RENEE EERRKKEHOERERERKHHASEEOE5) Trigger Circuits: The role of trigger circuit is to ensure that the horizontal sweep begins at a specific time in the period of the vertical input signal. 6) Low Voltage Power Supply:- The low voltage power supply powers the amplifiers, sweep, trigger, caliberator etc. circuits. It gives an output of the order of 400 volt. 7) High Voltage Power Supply: The high voltage power supply provides voltages to electrodes in the electron gun assembly. It supplies voltages of the order of 1600 to 2200 volts. The switches, controls of the front panel of CRO are explained below. FRONT PANEL CONTROLS OF CRO: S.N_] Control knob function of knob & initial setting if any 1. [power ‘Switches on the power supply 2. _ | intensity Controls brightness of the display on the screen. Should be kept preferably at middle position. 3. focus Controls the sharpness of the display. Should be kept preferably at middle position. 4. [ch Signal is connected to Y deflecting plates. 5. |cha Signal is connected to X deflecting plates & | hor-pos Controls the horizontal position of display. 7. | ver-pos Controls the vertical position of display. 8. | voli/div ‘select voltage sensitivity range for both X and Y (2knobs for X|inputs from 10mv/div to S5v/div. should be and Y i/ps) preferably at Iv/div. 9. |ac-de-gnd | Connects desired input to X or Y deflecting plates. (2 knobs for X | if kept at “ac',connects ac signal; if kept at ‘dc’, and Yi/ps) | connects de signal; if kept at *gnd', disconnects the input. Advanced Physics KDKCE, NAGPUR. SEMIa ts connected 10. | {time/div)/xY ime/div' sweep signal ge’ ifkept at “ti form of signal it lly. True wave’ to X plate internal bee ‘applied at Y i/p is displayed. Selects sweep et: speed from Sysec/div to 0.1sec/div. Shoul 2 ‘| div. preferably at, Imsec: Ifkept at X-Y;,.connects input to X plates externally. V1. | variable selects speed of the sweep voltage. In “CAL' (fully anticlockwise) position speed is equal to the selected speed. In fully clockwise position, the speed is approx. 2.5 times of the selected speed. 12. | Calibrator 0.5V provides a square wave of 0.5V Vpp the at line frequency. 13. | mode. selects the vertical display mode if kept at: 1. Chi: trigger signal is automatically applied to ch. 2. Che(X-Y): trigger signal is applied to Cha. Itis used for X-Y operation. 3. Dual: for. simultaneous chi, che operation. Trigger signal gets connected to chl automatically hence triggering is done with the signal applied at Chi. initially should be set at Chi. Procedure:- A) Measurement of de voltages:- 1) Input coupling switch of CRO Is kept in de position, 2) The trace is coincided with the central horizontal 3) DC voltage Is supplied to the yl faking care that positive lead Positive terminal and the negative to the ne supply, line of graticule. Input of CRO using power supply, Of the cable is connected to the galive Of the de power 4) Set the position of vertical amplifier|Volts/em) at different Positions ie. 2V/em, IV/em, 0.5V/em etc. and the de Power supply Is Advanced Physics KDKCE, NAGPUR, SEMIswitched on. Output voltage of power supply is varied and its effect on the trace is noted. The trace moves up with increase in voltage and moves down with decrease in voltage. 5) At different positions of vertical amplifier and for different values of supplied de voltages to the CRO, the amount of deflection in terms of no.of divisions on the graticule are.noted, By multiplying the no. of divisions by V/cm, the value of de voltage applied is determined. B) Measurement of ac voltage:- 1) Input coupling switch of CRO is kept in ac position 2) Set the position of vertical amplifier (V/cm) at different positions ie. 2V/em, 1V/cm etc. and the vertical length of the waves from negative maximum to the positive maximum is read on the graticule. Then it is multiplied by the sensitivity[V/cm) to give the voltage Vp-p. Dividing it by 2,the value of Vp is obtained. With the help of formulae rms. 3) The measurement are repeated for signals of different amplitude. Voltage and average voltage are determined. C) Measurement of Frequency:- 1) The function generator is set to a suitable frequency and its amplitude is suitably adjusted. The waveform Is vertically centered and horizontally positioned. 2) The time-base control is set to different position ie. Ims/cm, 2ms/cm,etc. so that the no. of waves fit on the screen of CRO. Adjust the position of waves such that either all crest or all troughs touch one of the horizontal line of graticule then measure the distance between two consecutive crest or troughs which gives the length of one cycle. 3) It is multiplied by time base sensitivity (ms/cm or s/cm) to obtain the time period of the signal (T) from time period frequency is determined. SEM-I Advanced Physics KDKCE, NAGPUR.Conclusions:- We got thoroughly acquainted with the working of a C.R.O. We 'eamed fo use it in measurement of ac voltage, de voltage & frequency, Precautions:- 1) The various controls of C.R.0. are handled gently without applying force. 2) Sufficiently big waveforms are used to obtained accuracy in measurements. 9) Parallax error is avoided in faking measurements on signals. Viva Voce Questions: 1) What is C.R.O & what are the different Parts of C.R.O 2 2) What is function of aquadag? 3) What are the advantages of a C.R.O over other ordinary devices? 4) What is time base & what is its importance? 5) What is the direction of the. deflection of the beam if the LVDP is made more positive? 6) What is meant by synchronization @ Why is it necessary? 7) What are the principal Parts of CRT? 8) How can the position of an electron beam be controlled? 9) what are deflection plates? 10) How many sets of deflection Plates are there in a CRT? 11). How you will find the frequency of the applied ac signalz Sennnnsantuausnanssnavesnssennstsntsseunasssannuananenn Advanced Physics KDKCE, NAGPUR, SEM-I