Maths Class 10 CDF
Maths Class 10 CDF
Maths Class 10 CDF
MATHEMATICS
1. REAL NUMBERS
1. All rational and irrational numbers are called Real Numbers.
p
2. Real numbers of the form , , p , q I are called Rational numbers.
q q0
3. A lemma is a proved statement used for proving another statement.
4. Euclid’s division lemma: Given two positive integers a and b, there exists unique
integers q and r satisfying a bq r , 0 r b , where q and r can also be zero.
5. Euclid’s division algorithm is a technique to compute the Highest common factor
(HCF) of two given positive integers.
6. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed
as product of prime factors and its factorisation is unique, apart from the order in
which the prime factors occur.
7. The sum or difference of a rational and irrational number is an irrational.
8. The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number
is irrational.
9. For any two positive integers a and b, H.C.F (a, b) x L.C.M (a, b) = a x b.
p
10. For a rational number , if the denominator q 2m 5n , where m and n are two
q
non-negative integers, then its decimal expansion is terminating.
p
11. For a rational number , if the denominator q 2m 5n , where m and n are two
q
non-negative integers, then its decimal expansion is non–terminating repeating.
12. Let P be a prime number, if p divides a2 then p divides a, where ‘a’ is a positive
integer.
13. If the denominator of a rational number is of the form 2m 5n then it will terminate
after n places if n m or m places if m n .
2. POLYNOMIALS
1. A polynomial is an algebraic expression with powers of variables as non-negative
integers. It’s mathematical form is an x n an 1 x n 1 an 2 x n 2 an 3 x n 3 ...... where
an , an 1 , .....a0 R and an 0
2. If p ( x ) is a polynomial in x , then the highest power of x in p ( x ) is called the
degree of the polynomial p ( x ) .
3. If p ( x ) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value of p ( x ) at
x k , is denoted by p k .
4. If p k 0 , then ‘ k ’ is called zero of the polynomial p ( x ) .
constant term
i.e.. -
coefficient of x
5. A quadratic polynomial in x with real co-efficient is of the form ax 2 bx c , with
a 0.
6. The zero of polynomial p ( x ) are precisely the x coordinates of the point of the
b coefficient of x
Sum of the zeroes =
a coefficient of x 2 and
c constant term
product of the zeroes .=
a coefficient of x 2
b coefficient of x 2
Sum of the zeroes = =
a coefficient of x 3
c coefficient of x
Sum of product of zeroes taken two at a time = 3
a coefficient of x
d constant term
product of the zeroes =
a coefficient of x 3
10. Division Algorithm for polynomial: For any polynomial p x and any non-zero
13. If , and are the zeroes, then the cubic polynomial p x is given by
where k 0 and k is any real number.
14. Degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
15. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.
16. A polynomial of degree ‘1’ is called a linear polynomial.
4. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. The general form or standard form of quadratic equation is ax 2 bx c 0 where
a, b, c are real numbers and a 0 .
b b 2 4ac
given by x , where a, b and c are real numbers.
2a
7. From the quadratic formula the roots of the quadratic equation are
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
x
2a
,
2a
or x
b D
2a
where D or b 2
4ac
10. an is also called the general term of the AP. If there are n terms in the AP, then
an represents the last term which is sometimes also denoted by l .
11. The arithmetic series is the sum of all the terms of an arithmetic sequence.
Arithmetic series is in the form of {a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) +………}
n
12. The sum of first n terms of the A.P is given by S n 2 2 a n 1 d , where a is the
n( n 1)
13. The sum of first n positive integers is given by
2
n
14. If ‘a’ is first term and ‘l ’ denotes last term or nth term then Sn = (a l ) .
2
n n 1 2n 1
15. The sum of squares of first n positive integers is given by
6
n 2 (n 1)2
16. The sum of cubes of first n positive integers is given by
4
( a c)
17. If a,b,c are the terms of A.P then b = , b is called the Arithmetic mean (A.M)
2
of a & c.
18. If Sn denotes sum to n terms of an A.P then then nth term of that A.P is given by
an Sn S n 1
19. If an A.P has n terms then the rth term from the last = (n – r + 1)th term from the
beginning.
6. TRIANGLES
1. A polygon which has three sides and three vertices is called as a Triangle.
2. Two polygons are said to be similar if their angles are equal and corresponding
sides are in same ratio (or proportional).
3. Two polygons are said to be congruent if their angles are equal and corresponding
sides are equal.
4. If two figures are congruent then they will be similar also but it is not necessary
that if two figures are similar then they will be congruent also.
AB BC AC
5. In ABC and DEF, If A D , B E , C F and DE EF DF then
ABC DEF .
6. If the corresponding angles of two triangles are same then they are called
equiangular triangles.
7. If in a given triangle a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
the other two sides in distinct points then the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio. (Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thales theorem).
8. If in a given triangle a straight line divides the two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio then that straight line is parallel to third side.(Converse of Basic
Proportionality theorem).
9. If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding
sides are proportional and hence the triangles are similar. (A.A.A criterion)
10. If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another
triangle then two triangles are similar.
11. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional then their
corresponding angles are equal, and hence the two triangles are similar. (S.S.S
criterion)
12. If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional then the two triangles are similar. (S.A.S
criterion).
13. The ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of squares of
their sides.
14. The ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
their corresponding altitudes and also their medians.
15. In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides. (Baudhayan Theorem or Pythaogras theorem).
16. In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of other
two sides then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
17. The ratio of perimeters of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of their
perimeter(ABC) AB BC AC
corresponding sides i. e... = = = .
perimeter(PQR) PQ QR PR
18. In any triangle the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal to twice the
square of half of the third side together with twice the square of the median
which bisects the third side.
19. Sum of squares of the sides of the Rhombus is equal to sum of squares of its
diagonals.
20. The sum of squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to sum of the
squares of its sides.
21. In a right angled triangle, If we draw a perpendicular from the right angle to
the hypotenuse of the triangle, then both the triangles will be similar to the
whole triangle.
7. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. The point of intersection of x-axis and y-axis is called as the origin, denoted by
‘O”. The coordinates of Origin are (0, 0).
2. X – Coordinate of a point is called abscissa and y-coordinate of a point is called
ordinate.
3. A plane is divided by axes into four quadrants.
4. The coordinates of the x- axis is (x, 0).
5. The coordinates of the y-axis is (0, y).
9. If P ( x, y ) be any point on the line segment AB, which divides AB in the ratio
m1 x2 m2 x1 m1 y2 m2 y1
of m1 : m2 internally then coordinates of P ( x, y ) will be ,
m1 m2 m1 m2
10. The midpoint of the line segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) is given by
( x1 x2 ) ( y1 y2 )
, .
2 2
11. Let P and Q be the points of trisection (dividing into three equal parts) of the line
segment AB, then for finding the coordinates of P the ratio is 1:2 and for finding
the coordinates of Q the ratio is 2: 1
12. The line drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side is
called as median.
13. The point of concurrency of medians of a triangle is called as centroid.
14. The centroid divides the median in the ratio of 2:1
15. Let A( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ), C ( x3 , y3 ) be the three vertices of a ABC , then the formula
( x1 x2 x3 ) ( y1 y2 y3 )
used for finding centroid of the triangle is , .
3 3
1
x1 ( y2 y3 ) x2 ( y3 y1 ) x3 ( y1 y2 ) |
2
17. Three points A( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ), C ( x3 , y3 ) are said to be collinear when area of the
triangle formed by these three vertices is 0.
8. Introduction to Trigonometry
1. In a right angled triangle, the ratio of its sides and acute angles is the trigonometric
ratios of the angles.
2. In ABC , B 900 then A C 900 ( A and C are acute angles)
3. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of
the sides of the triangle, if the angle remains the same.
4. Trigonometric ratios of angle CAB i.e.. ‘ ’ in right angled triangle ABC is defined
as:
C
Opposite side
H
yp
ot
en
us
e
θ
A
B Adjacent side
opposite side BC
i) Sine of CAB = sin =
Hypotenuse AC
adjacent AB
ii) Cosine of CAB = cos
hypotenuse AC
opposite side BC
iii) Tangent of CAB = tan
Adjacent side AB
Hypotenuse AC
iv) Cosecant of CAB = cos ec
opposite side BC
Hypotenuse AC
v) Secant of CAB = sec
Adjacent side AB
Adjacent side AB
vi) Cosecant of CAB = cot
opposite side BC
1 1 1
5. Recirpocal trigonometric ratios: cosec , sec , cot
sin cos tan
sin cos
6. Quotient relation: i) tan ii) cot
cos sin
7. Trigonometric ratios for some specific angles
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1 (not
tan 0 1 3
3 defined)
(not 2
cosec 2 2 1
defined) 3
2 (not
sec 1 2 2
3 defined)
(not 1
cot 3 1 0
defined) 3
iv) cos ec(90 ) sec v) sec(90 ) cos ec vi) cot(90 ) tan
9. An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called trigonometric
identity.
10. i) sin 2 cos 2 1 ; (0 90 ) ii) 1 tan 2 sec2 ; (0 90 )
0
iii) 1 cot 2 cos ec 2 ; 0 90
0
9. Some applications of Trigonometry
1. The line of sight is the line drawn from the observer to the point in the object
viewed by the observer.
2. A horizontal line is the distance between the observer and the object.
3. The angle of elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal
when it is above the horizontal level. i.e. the angle of elevation is made when we
raise our head to look at the object.
4. The angle of depression of an object viewed, is the angle formed by the line of
sight with the horizontal line when it is below the horizontal line, i.e. the case
when we lower our head to look at the object.
5. Angle of elevation and angle of depression is measured with respect to the horizontal
line.
6. The height or length of an object or the distance between two distant objects can
be determined with the help of trigonometric ratios.
7. The height of the object above the water surface is equal to the depth of its image
below the water surface.
10. Circles
1. A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance
from a fixed point. The fixed point is called centre of the circle.
2. The line intersecting the circles at two distinct points is called as a secant.
3. An area made by arc and two radii of the circle, by joining the centre to the end
points of the arc is called as sector.
4. An area made by chord and arc of a circle is called as segment.
5. The line that touches the circle at only one point is called as tangent.
6. The angle between tangent of a circle and the radius, at the point of contact is
90°.
7. T is the external point, TP and TQ are the tangents drawn to the circle. OP and
OQ are the radii of the circle, then OPT =OQT = 90° .
8. A circle can have two parallel tangents at the most.
9. The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called Point of Contact.
10. From an external point only two tangents can be drawn to the circle.
11. The length of the tangents drawn from an external point to the circle are equal.
12. In two concentric circles the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller
circle, is bisected at the point of contact.
13. Angle in a semicircle at the centre is 180°.
14. Angle in a semicircle on the circumference of the circle is 90°.
15. The perpendicular bisectors of two non-parallel chords, passes through the centre
of the circle.
16. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external
point T, then PTQ =2OPQ .
17. If P is the external point at a distance of ‘d’ units from the centre of the circle of
the radius ‘r’ then length of the tangent is given by d 2 r2 .
18. If the four vertices of a Quadrilateral lies on the same circle then it is called a
cyclic Quadrilateral.
19. In a cyclic Quadrilateral the sum of the opposite angles is equal to 1800 (or)
supplementary.
20. If four sides of a Quadrilateral ABCD are tangential to a circle, then AB + CD =
BC + AD
11. Constructions
1. Scale factor is the ratio of the triangle given to the sides of the triangle to be
made by steps of construction…generally denoted by “k”.
2. If k < 1(denominator is greater than numerator in the given fraction) then the
triangle to be constructed will be diminished (less size) when compared to
the given measurements of triangle.
3. If k > 1(numerator will be greater that the denominator in the given fraction)
then the triangle to be constructed will be enlarged (more size) when compared
to the given measurements of triangle.
4. length of the tangent l d 2 r 2 , d is the distance of the external point from the
centre of the circle and r is the radius of the circle.
r2
4. Area of semi-circle =
2
5. Circumference of the semi-circle = r 2r .
6. Area of the ring = ( R 2 r 2 ) Where R = Radius of the outer circle, r = Radius of
the inner circle.
7. Area of the sector = r 2 , where is the angle made by the arc at the centre
360
of the circle of radius r units.
8. Length of the arc of a sector = 2 r .
360
9. Area of major sector + area of minor sector = area of the circle
1
10. Area of minor segment = Area of sector – Area of AOB =
r 2 r 2 sin
360 2
11. Angle described by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360
C u be 4 a2 6 a2 a3
Cu boid 2 h (l b ) 2 lb bh lh lbh
Cylinder 2 rh 2 r ( h r ) r2h
2 Rh
External
surface area 2 h ( R r )
H ollow
= 2 Rh h(R 2 r 2 )
cylind er 2 ( R 2 r 2 )
Interna l
surface area
= 2 rh
rl =
r h2 r2 1
Cone r (r l ) r 2h
3
l h2 r 2
4
Sp here 4 r 2 4 r 2 r3
3
H em i- 2
2 r 2 3 r 2 r3
sp here 3
Fru stum (R r) l 1
(R r) l (R 2 Rr r 2 )h
cone 2
R r 2 3
l = h2 (R r)2
2. The total surface area of newly formed object is the sum of curved surface areas
of each of the individual parts.
3. The volume of solid formed by joining two basic solids will actually be the sum of
volumes of the constituents.
4. When a solid is converted from one shape into another their volumes remain
same.
5. A “FUNNEL” is the combination of Cylinder and Frustum.
6. T.S.A of combination of Cone on a Cylinder = rl 2 rh2 r 2 ; where r is the
radius of cone and cylinder and h2 is the height of the cylinder.
2 1 2
7. Total Volume of Combination of cone on a cylinder = r h1 r h2 ; where r is the
3
radius of cone and cylinder and h1 & h2 are the heights of cone and cylinder.
2 3 4
13. Total volume of combination of cylinder with hemispherical ends = r h r ;
3
where r is the radius of cylinder and hemisphere, h is the height of the cylinder.
14. Statistics
1 Statistics is one of the branch of mathematics in which we study about Collecting,
organizing, analysing, interpreting and presenting data.
2. The numerical expression which represents, the characteristics of a large collection
of numerical data are called “Measures of central tendency”.
a) Arithmetic mean b) Median c) Mode
upper class limit + lower class limit
3. Class mark =
2
fx i i
4. Direct method: Mean ( x ) =
f i
fd i i
5. Assumed mean method: Mean ( x ) = a
f i
f i ui
6. Step deviation method: Mean ( x ) = a h
fi
7. In grouped data the class interval which has the maximum frequency (modal
class).
f1 f 0
8. Mode = l h
2 f1 f 0 f 2
9. Median class is found out by considering the class whose cumulative frequency is
n
nearest and more than value of .
2
n
cf
l 2 h
10. Median =
f
11. The empirical relation between three measures of central tendencies is
3Median = Mode + 2Mean
12. In Less than cumulative frequency curve or less than ogive curve: Upper
boundaries of the classes (on X-axis) and Less than cumulative frequency.(on Y-
axis).
13. Greater than cumulative frequency curve or greater than ogive curve: Lower
boundaries of the classes (on X-axis) and Greater than cumulative frequency (on
Y-axis).
15. Probability
1. Probability is the study of the mathematics which calculates the degree of
uncertainty.
2. An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called experiment.
3. An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known, and the exact outcome
cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
4. The collection of all or some fo the possible outcomes is called an Event denoted
by (E).
5. Probability of occurrence of an event E, is denoted by P(E).
6. The result of the probability is based on actual experiment is called experimental
probability. In this case, the result could be different if we do the same experiment
again.
15.
PE P E 1
16. A deck of playing cards (52) consists of 4 suits: Spades, hearts, Diamonds and
clubs. Clubs and spades are of black colour, while hearts and diamonds are of red
colour.
17. Each suit (Diamond, Heart, Spade, Club) of 13 cards contain King, Queen,J a c k ,
Ace and numbers 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
18. The cards like King, Queen and jack are called face cards. There are 12 face
cards (4kings, 4queens, and 4jacks).
19. The formula for finding out possible outcomes in tossing a coin is 2n .
20. The formula for finding out possible outcomes in rolling a die is 6n .