Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

CHEMISTRY
1. CHEMICALREACTIONSAND EQUATIONS
1. CHEMICAL REACTION: A Chemical process in which new substances with new
properties are formed due to rearrangement of atoms.
2. CHEMICAL EQUATION: Short hand representation of a chemical reaction with
the help of symbols and formulae of the substances involved in it.
3. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of
reactants is always equal to the total mass of products. (or) Mass (matter) can
neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
4. PRECIPITATION REACTION: A chemical reaction in which one of the products
formed is a precipitate.
5. CHEMICAL COMBINATION: A chemical reaction in which two or more substances
combine together to form a single new substance.
 Examples for combination reactions
CaO (s) + H 2O(l ) ® Ca (OH )2 ( aq ) + Heat
( quick lim e ) ( Slaked lim e )

NH 3( g ) + HCl (g ) ® NH 4Cl( s )
Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Ammonia chloride

6. CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION: A Chemical reaction in which a compound split

into two or more simpler substances by the Supply of heat/ light/ electricity.
7. Examples for thermal decomposition reactions

i) 2FeSO4(s )  Fe2 O3(s)  SO2(g )  SO3(g )
Ferroussulphate Ferricoxide Sulphar Sulphar
dioxide Trioxide

ii) 2Pb(NO3 )2(s)  2PbO(s )  4NO2(g )  O2(g )
Lead nitrate Leadmonoxide Nitrogenoxide Oxygen
(Colouless) (Yellow)

iii) The digestion of food in the body

8. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION: - A Chemical reaction in which a compound split
into two or more simpler substances by the supply of heat
Examples for displacement reactions

CuSO 4 (aq) + Zn(s) ® ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Copper sulphate Zinc Zinc sulphate Copper
(Blue) (Silver white) (Red-Brown)
(Clour less)

CuSO4( aq ) + Fe ® FeSO4 +
¾¾ Cu
( Blue) ( Silver white ) (Green) (Re d - Brown)

Narayana Group of Schools 29

 MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

9. CHEMICAL DISPLACEMENT: - A chemical reaction in which a highly reactive

element displaces/replaces a low reactive element from its solution.

10. CHEMICAL DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT: - A chemical reaction in which there will

be mutual exchange of ions/radicals between two compounds to form two new
compounds.

11. Example for double displacement reaction

AgNO3( aq ) + NaCl( aq ) ¾ ¾® AgCl( s ) + NaNO3( aq )

i) ( Silver nitrate) ( Sodium chloride) (Silver chloride) Sodium chloride
(White ppt )

Na2 SO4( aq ) + BaCl2( aq ) ¾ ¾® BaSO4( s ) + 2 NaCl( aq )

ii)
Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride

12. When the metal surface is exposed to atmospheric oxygen, moisture, chemicals
such as acids etc; they get deteriorated or corroded.

13. RANCIDITY: - The condition produced by aerial oxidation of oils and fats present
in the food materials marked by unpleasant smell and taste..

14. When an iron object is left in damp air for a considerable time, it gets covered
with a reddish brown flaky substance called rust. This process is called as Rusting
of Iron.

[Chemical formula for rust Fe2O3.×H2O]

15. GALVANISATION: - Applying a thin coating of zinc or chromium on the

surface of the metals to prevent them from corrosion.

16. Oxidation: The addition of oxygen to a substance or the removal of hydrogen from
a substance (or) loss of electrons (or) increase in the oxidation state.

17. Reduction: The addition of hydrogen to a substance or the removal of oxygen from
a substance (or) gain of electrons (or) decrease im the oxidation state.

18. Oxidizing agent: The substance which gives oxygen for oxidization or the substance
which removes hydrogen

19. Reducing agent: The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction or the substance
which removes oxygen

20. Example for Redox reaction :-

Removal of oxygen: Reduction

30 Narayana Group of Schools

 Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

CuO +H2 Heat Cu +H2O

Addition of oxygen : oxidation

Oxidising agent : CuO Oxydised substance: H2
Reducing agent : H2 Reduced substance: CuO
21. Examples of Electrolytic precipitation reactions :-

H 2 SO4 + BaCl2 ¾ ¾® BaSO4 + 2 HCl

i)
Sulphuric acid Barium chloride Barium sulphate Hydrochoric Acid

Pb( NO3 ) 2 + 2 KI ¾ ¾® PbI 2 + 2 KNO3

ii) Potassium Iodine
Lead nitrate Yellow ppt Pottasium Nitrate

22. Example of decomposition reactions

Electricity
i) 2 H 2O ( l ) ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾® 2 H 2 ( g ) + O2 ( g )
Decomposition

Electricity
2 Al2O3(l ) ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾® 4 Al(l ) + 3O2( g )
ii) Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxygen
(Mortar ) (metal )

23. An unbalanced chemical equation is called a skeletal equation.

24. Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called Exo-
thermic reactions.
25. Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as Endo-thermic reactions.

2. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

1. Acids: Acids are sour to taste, turn blue litmus to red, and dissolve in water to
release H + ions.
E.g., Vinegar, Hydrochloric acid and Sulphuric acid.
2. BASES: These are the substances which are bitter to taste and soapy to touch.
They turn red litmus solution blue. They give “ OH ” ions in aqueous solution.

3. Indicators are the substances which change their colour/smell in different types
of substances.

Narayana Group of Schools 31

 MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

4. TYPES OF INDICATORS

Natural indicators Synthetic Olfactory indicators

indicators
Found in nature in plants These are chemical These substances
Litmus, red cabbage leaves substances. have different odour in
extract, flowers of Methyl orange, acid and bases.
hydrangea plant, turmeric. phenolphthalein

5. Pop test: When a burning candle is brought near a test tube containing hydrogen
gas it put off with a ‘Pop’ sound. This test is conducted for examining the presence
of hydrogen gas.
6. Neutralization Reaction: Reaction of acid with base is called as neutralization
reaction.
E.g., HCl + NaOH ----> NaCl + H2O
7. While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an acid or a base in water
is highly exothermic.
8. Mixing an acid or a base with H 2O results in decrease of concentration of ions
(H 3O+/OH-) per unit volume. Such a process is called as dilution.
9. Strength of acid or base can be estimated using universal indicator.
10. pH Scale: A scale for measuring H+ ion concentration in a solution.
P in pH stands for ‘potenz’ a German word which means power.
pH = 7 ® neutral solution
pH lessthan 7 ® acidic solution
pH morethan 7 ® basic solution
11. When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
12. Acids react with metals gives salt and hydrogen

Zn(s)  H2 SO4(aq )  ZnSO4(aq )  H2(g )

Zinc Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate Hydrogen
(Metal) (dilute) (salt)

13. Acids react with carbonates [CO 32-] or Hydrogen carbonates [HCO 3-] and Gives
salt, carbon dioxide, and water

2 Na2CO3( s ) + 2 HCl( aq ) ¾ ¾® 2 NaCl( aq ) + CO2( g ) + H 2 O(l )

Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Carbon dioxide

32 Narayana Group of Schools

 Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

NaHCO3( s ) + HCl ¾ ¾® NaCl( aq ) + CO2( q ) + H 2O(l )

(aq)
Sodium hydrogen Carbonate
14. Antacids:- Cure indigestion and get rid of pain
Examples : Mg(OH)2 (Milk of magnesia)
NaHCO3 (Baking soda)
15. An ants sting injects : Methanoic acid, it can be neutralized by rubbing the affected
part with baking soda.
16. Equation for Chlor-alkali process

2 NaCl( aq ) + 2 H 2O(l ) ¾ ¾® 2 NaOH ( aq ) + Cl2( g ) + H 2( g )

At anode At Cathode
17. Formula for Bleaching powder : CaOCl2
Calcium oxychloride (or)
Bleaching powder
18. Plaster of Paris (POP):

Heat 1 1
CaSO4 .2 H 2 O ¾ 100
¾ 0 ¾
C
® CaSO4 . H 2 O + 1 H 2 O
Gypsum 2 2
Plaster of paris
19. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda (sodiumm hydrogen carbonate) and a
mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.

20. Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3 : is used in soda - acid fire extinguishers.

21. Washing soda:- Na2CO3 .10 H 2O

can be obtained by recrystallization of sodium carbonate.

Equation:

Na2 CO2  10 H 2O 
 Na2CO3 .10 H 2O
sodium carbonate Washing soda
22. Water of crystallization:- is the fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of a salt.
Eg:

i) washing soda Na2CO2 .10 H 2O

1
ii) Plaster of paris CaSO4 . H 2O
2

Narayana Group of Schools 33

 MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

iii) Gypsum CaSO4 .2 H 2O

iv) Hydrated copper sulphate CuSO4 .5 H 2O

23. Colour changes in Hydrated copper sulphate CuSO4 .5 H 2O :-

heat
CuSO4 .5 H 2O cool
CuSO4  5H 2 0
Blue White

Hydrated copper sulphate CuSO4 .5 H 2O is Blue in colour.

Anhydrous copper sulphate CuSO4 is white in colour.

1
24. Plaster of Paris (POP):- CuSO4 . H 2O
2
Uses:
i) For making toys
ii) Decoration materials
iii) Making surfaces smooth.
3. METALS AND NON-METALS
1. Metals are known as electro positive elements because they can form positive
ions by losing electrons
2. Nonmetals are known as electronegative elements because they can form negative
ions by gaining electrons
3. The property of metals to exhibit a shining surface on rubbing their surface with
sand paper is known as Metalic lustre.
4. The property of metals to be beaten or hammered into thin sheets is known as
malleability.
5. Ductility is the property of metals to be drawn into thin wires.
6. Sonarity is The property of metals to produce a ringing sound on striking them
with a hard surface.
7. Anodosing is the process of forming a thick layer of aluminium oxide (corrosion
resistant) by aluminium metal when exposed to air or by electrolysis.
8. REACTIVITY SERIES or ACTIVITY SERIES: - Arrangement of different
metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity.
9. When metals react with acids then liberate hydrogen gas

Ex:- Zn(s) + H2 SO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

10. IONIC COMPOUNDS: - Compounds formed by transfer of electrons from metal to

non-metal and form ionic bond

34 Narayana Group of Schools

 Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

11. Covalent compounds formed by sharing of 1 or more electrons between two or

more atoms and form covalent bond
12. MINERAL: - Naturally occurring state of metals in the form of elements and
compounds in the earth’s crust.
13. ORE: - A mineral which contains highest percentage of metal from which a metal
can be extracted easily, profitably without economic losses.
14. GANGUE or MATRIX: - Unwanted or undesired impurities such as soil, sand,
silica, stones, clay etc .which are present along with ores and minerals.
15. CALCINATION: -The process of strong heating of a concentrated ore to form a
metal oxide in the limited supply of air or oxygen.

Ex:-ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2


16. ROASTING: - The process of strong heating of a concentrated ore to form a metal
oxide in the excess amount of air or oxygen.

Ex:-2ZnS+3O2 2ZnO+CO2


17. ALUMINO-THERMITE PROCESS:- The process of strongly heating an oxide of
moderate reactive metals like MnO2 or Fe2O3 etc by using Aluminium as a reducing
agent.
18. REFINING or PURIFICATION OF METALS: - The process of removing the impurities
which are still left in the ores to obtain pure metals.
19. Alloys:- The mixture of two or more metals is called an Alloy. Examples:- Brass,
Bronze, and Amalgam
20. Aqua regia:- Aqua-regia is a freshly prepared mixture of 1 part of concentrated
nitric acid and 3 parts of concentrated hydro chloric acid
21. Amalgam:- If one of the metals in an alloy is Mercury.
22. Brass:- An alloy of copper and Zinc(Cu+Zn)
23. Bronze:- An alloy of copper and Tin (Cu+Sn)
24. Solder:- An alloy of lead and Tin (Pb+Sn)
25. 22 Carat gold:- 22 parts of gold is alloyed with 2 parts of either coppper (or) silver.
4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. TETRAVALENCY OF CARBON: - Ability of carbon to form 4 covalent bonds with
other atoms by sharing its four valence electrons .
2. ALLOTROPY: - Existence of an element in two or more different physical forms
having different physical properties but similar chemical properties.
Ex:-Allotrops of carbon are Diamond, Graphite and Fullerence (C60)
3. CATENATION: - Self linking ability of carbon.Due to this property carbon can
form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains which may be linear or
branched (or) even carbon atoms arranged in rings.

Narayana Group of Schools 35

 MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

4. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: - Hydrocarbons in which tetravalency of carbon

is satisfied with four single covalent bonds containing C-C linkage.
5. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: - Hydrocarbons in which tetravalency of carbon
is satisfies by at least one double bond or triple bond containing either C=C linkage
or Ca”C linkage.
6. ISOMERISM:-Property of carbon compounds in which two or more compounds
contain same molecular formula but different structures containing different
chemical properties.
7. ALKANES: - Series of Saturated hydrocarbons which contains only C-C linkages.
General formula for Alkanes – Cn H2n  2 .

H H

Ex:-Ethane (C2H6) 
 H C C H

H H

8. ALKENES: - Series of unsaturated hydrocarbons which contains atleast one C=C

linkage. General Formula of alkenes Cn H2n .

H H

C C
Ex:- Ethene (C2H4)
H H

9. ALKYNES: - Series of unsaturated hydrocarbons which contains atlease one

“C=_C” linkage. General Formula of Alkynes C n H2n 2 .

Ex:- Ethyne (C2H2) : H C C H

10. FUNCTIONAL GROUP: - An atom or group of atoms which are responsible for
characteristic chemical properties of an organic compound.
Ex:- Alcohol – OH, Carboxylic acids –COOH etc.
11. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES: - Series of organic compounds which have similar
functional group and chemical properties and also successive members of the
series differ by a molecular formula of “–CH2 – “unit.
Examples Homologous series:-
CH4 and C2H6 : difference – CH2– unit
C2H6 and C3H8 : difference – CH2– Unit
12. Oxidation:- Oxidation means “controlled combustion”

36 Narayana Group of Schools

 Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

Ex:- Ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution or acidified

potassium dichromate solution it gets oxidized to ethaonoic acid.

Alkaline Kmno4
CH3-CH2-OH+2[O]
Acidified K 2Cr2O7 --> CH3COOH+H2O

13. COMBUSTION: -A Chemical reaction in which an organic substance is burnt in

the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, moisture, heat and light.
Ex:- C+O2----->CO2+Heat+Light
14. ADDITION REACTION:- A chemical reaction in which an unsaturated
hydrocarbon is converted into saturated hydrocarbons by adding other substances
like H2, Br2,and Cl2etc in the presence of catalyst such as Ni or Pd.
Ex:-

R H H
R
Ni
C= C R C C R
H2
R R
R R

15. SUBSTITUTION REACTION: - A chemical reaction in which an atom or group of

atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon is substituted or replaced by other atoms.

Ex:- CH4+Cl2 

Light
 CH3Cl+HCl
16. ESTERIFICATION: - A chemical reaction in which a compound containing alcohol
functional group reacts with a compound containing carboxylic acid functional
group in the presence of Concentrated H 2 SO 4 as a catalyst to form a sweet
smelling compound called ester.

Ex:- CH3-CH2-OH+CH3COOH 

Conc . H 2 SO4 CH3-CH2-COOCH3+H2O

17. SAPONIFICATION: - Alkaline hydrolysis of esters of fatty acids to form soap and
alcohol (by-product).

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH 
 CH3COONa + C2H5OH

(Ester) (Alkalies) (sodium acetal) (Ethyle alcohol)

18. SOAP:- Sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid) which
has cleansing properties in water.
Example of soap:-
R COONa or RCOOK(R=Higher numer of carbon atoms)
19. DETERGENT: - Sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acid (or) Sodium salt
of long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate which has cleansing properties in water.

Narayana Group of Schools 37

 MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

20. MICELLE: - A spherical aggregate of soap molecules of the soap solution in water.
21. Soap Molecule:- Contains Hydrophobic end - Hydrophilic end
i) Soap molecule has 2 ends
ii) Hydrophilic end:- Polar end of the soap molecule. Towards the surface of the
cluster.
iii) Hydrophobic end:- Non-polar end of the soap molecule. Towards the Dirt or
grease.
22. Soft water:- Forms lather with soap.
23. Hard water:- Forms scum with soap.

5. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

1. Dobereiner’s Triads: When the elements were written in the order of increasing
atomic masses the atomic mass of the middle was the average of the atomic
mass of the other two elements.
2. Example of Dobernier triads:
i) Lithium (Li), Sodium(Na), Pottasium(K)
ii) Calcium (Ca), Strantium (Sr), Barium Ba
iii) Chorine(Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine
3. Newland’s Law of Octaves: When elements are arranged,it was found that every
eighth element had properties similar to that of the first.
E.g: properties of sodium and Lithium are the same.
4. Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: The properties of elements are the periodic functions
of their atomic mass. Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the chemical
properties of elements. It contains vertical columns called groups and horizontal
rows called periods.
5. Achievements of Mendeleev’s periodic table:-
i) Mendeleev left some gaps in his periodic table. Mendeleev predicted the existence
of some elements that had not been discovered at that time.
Eg:- Eka-boron-Scandium
Eka-Silicon-Germanium
Eka-Aluminium-Gallium
ii) Noble gases were discovered much later after Mendeleev. After the discovery
of noble gases they were placed in a separate group called zero group.
6. Modern Periodic Law: Given by Henry Mosley in 1913.Properties of elements
are a periodic function of their atomic number.

38 Narayana Group of Schools

 Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE) MPCBE

7. Modern periodic table

a) Modern periodic table contains 18 vertical columns known as groups and 7

horizontal rows known as periods.

b) Elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons. No. of the
shells increases as we go down the group.

c) Elements in a period have same number of shells. Each period marks a new
electronic shell getting filled.

i) 1st period is known as very short period. There are two elements i.e Hydrogen
and Helium.

ii) 2nd and 3rd period are known as short periods. There are total 8 elements.

iii) 4th and 5th periods are known as long periods. There are total 18 elements .

iv) 6th period is known as very long period. There are total 32 elements .

v) 7th period is known as incomplete period .

8. TRENDS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:

a) VALENCY: No. of valence electrons present in the outer most shells. Valency
remains the same down a group but changes across a period.

b) ATOMIC SIZE: Atomic size refers to radius of an atom. Atomic size or radius
decreases in moving from left to right along a period due to increase in nuclear
charge. Atomic size increases down the group because new shells are being
added as we go down the group.

9. METALLIC CHARACTER: Metallic character means the tendency of an atom

to lose electrons.

a) Metallic character decreases across a period because the effective nuclear

charge increases that means the tendency to lose electrons decreases.

b) Metallic character increases as we go down a group as the effective nuclear

charge is decreasing.

10. Oxides of metals are basic in nature while oxides of non-metals are acidic in
nature.

11. Metalloids:- have intermediate properties of metals and non-metals.

They are also called semi-metals.

Eg: Baron, silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium and polonium.

Narayana Group of Schools 39