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Classification of Differential Equations - July 22-26, 2021

The document defines and classifies differential equations. It discusses: - Differential equations contain derivatives of unknown functions with respect to independent variables. - They are classified by type (ordinary or partial), order, degree, and linearity. - Ordinary differential equations contain derivatives of functions of a single variable, while partial differential equations involve functions of two or more variables. - Order refers to the highest derivative, degree to the exponent of the highest derivative, and linearity depends on properties like dependence and transcendental terms. - Solutions can be general/primitive containing arbitrary constants, or particular with determined constants. They can also be explicit involving solely variables and constants, or implicit as a relation between dependent and independent

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John Tobe Carbungco
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424 views11 pages

Classification of Differential Equations - July 22-26, 2021

The document defines and classifies differential equations. It discusses: - Differential equations contain derivatives of unknown functions with respect to independent variables. - They are classified by type (ordinary or partial), order, degree, and linearity. - Ordinary differential equations contain derivatives of functions of a single variable, while partial differential equations involve functions of two or more variables. - Order refers to the highest derivative, degree to the exponent of the highest derivative, and linearity depends on properties like dependence and transcendental terms. - Solutions can be general/primitive containing arbitrary constants, or particular with determined constants. They can also be explicit involving solely variables and constants, or implicit as a relation between dependent and independent

Uploaded by

John Tobe Carbungco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential

Equations
Engr. Hazel T. Tiongson
Differential Equation
•Differential equation – an equation
containing the derivatives of one or more
unknown functions (or dependent
variables), with respect to one or more
independent variables
Classification of Differential Equations

•Type
•Order
•Degree
•Linearity
Classification of Differential Equations
1. Type:
a. Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)
-DE’s containing only ordinary derivatives of one or
more functions with respect to a single independent variable
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Ex: 2 − + 6𝑦 = 0 + = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

b. Partial Differential Equation (PDE)


-DE’s involving partial derivatives of one or more
unknown functions of two or more independent variables
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Ex: 2 + 2 = 0 2 = 2 −2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Classification of Differential Equations
2. Order
-the order of DE is the order of the highest derivative in
the equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
Ex: +5 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3. Degree
-the degree of the DE is the same as the exponent of
the highest-ordered derivative in the given equation after
the equation has been rationalized or cleared of fractions
with respect to the derivatives
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1/3
Ex: =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Classification of Differential Equations
4. Linearity
-an ODE of order n is called linear if it may
be written in the form
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
+ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Classification of Differential Equations
4. Linearity
Properties of Linearity
1. Dependent variable (y) and all its derivatives (𝑦’, 𝑦’’, … , 𝑦 𝑛 )
are of the first degree. The power of each term involving y is
1.
2. No transcendental function of the dependent variable (y) is
present in any term of the DE.
3. No product of the dependent variable (y) and/or any of its
derivative exist.
Classify each differential equation:
1. sin 𝑥 𝑦 ′′′ − cos 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 2

𝑑4 𝑦
2. 4 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥

3. 1 − 𝑦 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
Classify each differential equation:
4. 𝑡 5 𝑦 (𝑖𝑣) − 𝑡 3 𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 = 0

3 4 6
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. − = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
Solution of Differential Equations
1. Type
a. General or Primitive Solution
-solution which contains arbitrary constants which
are usually represented by letters
Ex: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶

b. Particular Solution
-obtained from the general solution by determining
the value of the constant and substituting it in the
general solution
Ex: Gen. Soln: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶; 𝑦 0 = 3
Solution of Differential Equations
2. Form
a. Explicit Solution
-solution in which the dependent variable is expressed
solely in terms of the independent variable and constant
𝐶−𝑥
Ex: 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 +2

b. Implicit Solution
-a solution involving the relation of the dependent and
independent variables not explicitly formed
Ex: 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝐶

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