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Spiral Magnetic Gradient Motor Using Axial Magnets - slide presentation

Conference Paper · February 2010

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4755.7126

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 Spiral Magnetic Gradient
Motor Using Axial Magnets

Credit: Tom
Schum for
spiral stator
construction

Thomas Valone, PhD, PE

Integrity Research Institute
SPESIF, Johns Hopkins Univ., February 24, 2010
American Institute of Physics
http://www.ias-spes.org/SPESIF.html
Gradients Are Used for Power Gen

• Thermal gradient is used for heat pump

• Voltage gradient is used for electrical
“pumping” of current
• Gravity gradient is used for hydroelectric
power
• Pressure gradient used for natural gas and
water pumping
• Magnetic gradient is used for nothing so far
 Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields =
Magnetic Gradient Top View

The net Force

--Modern Physics, Schaumm’s Outline Series, Gautreau et al., McGraw Hill, 1978
created on the ball
bearing = the
magnetic field
z gradient multiplied
Their experimental setup: The magnetic field B is more by the induced
intense near the pointed surface at the top than near the flat
surface below, creating a slope in a graph of B vs. z ,
magnetic moment,
which is the gradient dB/dz. as with the Stern-
Gerlach Experiment

Hartman Patent #4,215,330

drop-off

Fz

Side View
10 degree incline Steel ball
bearing #4
Two experimental examples that utilize the magnetic field gradient
Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)
Uses the Magnetic Gradient
dB
F  M cos 
d
Popular Science, June 1979

dB
FZ   cos  z
dz

Hartman Patent 4,215,330

U  M r Br  M  B

Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)

Archimedean spiral is used
for SMM stator magnets
where r = 6 + θ/2 and B(r) is
linearly dependent on θ

Creates a constant torque for

87% of each cycle

F = U where U = M · B and

6” U  M r Br  M  B
 SMM Governing Equations
M Br Br Br
W   T d
F M T M
r  r 
0
Maximize radial B field (Br) for maximum torque

ENERGY DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS: B-FIELD = 50K x E-FIELD

B2 For a maximum B field in air of 20 kG
UB  1 (2 Tesla), UB = 2 MJ/m3
2
o
UE  o E
For a maximum E field in air of 1 2
3 MV/m, UE = 40 J/m3 2
2,000,000 = 40 X 50,000 !
Experimental Results
Rotor and Stator B Fields

7 Six SMM
6
5 designs were
kG 4
3
tested: 1, 3, 4,
2 6, 10” rotors
1
0
1.25 3 4 6 10
R o t o r D iamet er ( in.)

▲ = rotor, ♦ = stator magnetic flux density

 Spiral Magnetic Motor Angular Velocity

18
Polynomial Fit
16 - - -Data acquisition limit- - -

14
Angular Velocity (rad/sec)

12 1" rotor
3" rotor
10
4" rotor
6" rotor
8
10" rotor
6 Poly. (4" rotor)

2
0 90 180 270 degrees
0
0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3 3.8 4.6
Angular Displacem ent (radians)
Peak KE, Back Torque, Mass, B-Field
5 Rotors Tested: 1.25”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 10”

Phototransistor detail
10” rotor:
0.80 joules Peak Values:
 Rotor Torque and Potential Energy for One Cycle

W   T d
0.9
Negative Work Region
0.8
10" Rotor Potential Energy (J)

0.7

0.6 Positive work required to

0.5 move latched rotor at 315° to
0.4 end (starting point) at 360° :
0.3
Positive
Work W = 0.52 Joules
0.2
Region
0.1 which is less than 0.80 J KE
0

10” rotor tests

10" Rotor Torque (N-m)

315°
1.5

0.5

0 90 180 270 360

-0.5

Angular Displacement (degrees) Torque Measurement T=rxF

 Magnetic Switching for SMM
Piezo actuators are considered
in this application for physically
moving a small magnet at the
critical moment to deflect the
315º transition point magnetic
P-876 DuraAct™ Flexible field.
Piezoelectric Patch
Transducers pi-usa.us
Challenge is to achieve
actuation with ambient
energy harvesting unlike
Kure Tekko and others

Prweb.com
 Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s Suggestion
for Increased Torque

Place metal plate of particular permeability underneath rotor in order to produce:

Favorable Hysteresis Currents

Laithwaite Eric, Propulsion Without Wheels, English Univ. Press, 1970

 B 8
 1  2 e  t
H 
Hysteresis Depends on
Permeability and Resistivity*
B 8  t
 1 2 e    /(4 ) 2

H 
Designing the Growth of Eddy Currents to Match Rotation Speed
Choosing aluminum or copper for example, the permeability will be the same as free
space (μo = 4π x 10-7), which is very low and the resistivity is also low. Choosing an
aluminum plate that is about a centimeter (1 cm) thick would also be a good choice
since the thickness of the sheet "delta" is squared and also in the numerator. Altogether,
the calculation shows a relatively slow build-up over a tenth of a second and only about
30% at a millisecond after the stator field magnet is applied to the rotating disk, which is
in keeping with a delayed eddy current that would push instead of retard the changing
flux as would be normally expected from Lenz’ Law.
ρ = resistivity, μ = permeability, δ = thickness of plate, H field is suddenly applied

*Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, J. Wiley & Sons, 2003

Wiegand causes Barkhausen jumps of magnetic domains that align quickly Pop. Science
1979
Wiegand wires are FeCoV bistable
Vicalloy metal with 2 regions
US 1973 patent # 3,757,754
Used for auto ignitions and hotel doors
Provides repeatable magnetic pulse
 MS-PZT

Actuation by inverse
magnetostrictive (MS)
effect combined with a
piezoelectric material
(PZT) and voltage
View publication stats

Multi-Stage SMM
Smoothing torque production with multiple rotors

A second part to this paper will treat radial magnetic flux design