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Morphological Image Processing: Anoop M. Namboodiri

This document discusses morphological image processing and mathematical morphology. It covers basic morphological operations like dilation, erosion, opening, closing, and hit-or-miss transforms. It also describes morphological algorithms for tasks like boundary extraction, region filling, and skeletonization. Morphological operations manipulate image shapes and are based on set theory operations applied to spatial neighborhoods defined by a structuring element.

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Vikas Dewangan
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60 views25 pages

Morphological Image Processing: Anoop M. Namboodiri

This document discusses morphological image processing and mathematical morphology. It covers basic morphological operations like dilation, erosion, opening, closing, and hit-or-miss transforms. It also describes morphological algorithms for tasks like boundary extraction, region filling, and skeletonization. Morphological operations manipulate image shapes and are based on set theory operations applied to spatial neighborhoods defined by a structuring element.

Uploaded by

Vikas Dewangan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Morphological Image Processing

Anoop M. Namboodiri
[email protected]
Morphological Operations
• Neighbourhood operations carried out in
spatial domain
• Based on mathematical morphology
• set theoretical framework
• originally for binary images
• extended for grey scale images
• Applications:
• extract info about forms and structures
• shaping and filtering of forms and structures

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Morphological Processing
• Consists essentially of two steps:
• Probe a given object in x[m,n] with a structuring
element (se)
• Find how the se fits with the object
• Information about fit is used to
• extract info about the form of object; OR
• change pixel values and shape objects
• Different size & shape of se yields different kinds
of info about the object; shapes the regions in
different ways

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Set Theory Basics
• Union, Intersection
• Complement, Difference
• Subset, Superset, Disjoint Sets

• Reflection: Bˆ = {w | w = −b, for b ∈ B}

• Translation: ( A) z = {c | c = a + z, for a ∈ A}

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Examples
B A

(0,0)

(A)z | z = (3,5) -A
A-B

(3,5) (0,0)

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Morphological Operations/Algorithms
• Basic Morphological Operations
• Dilation
• Erosion
• Opening
• Closing
• Hit-or-Miss Transformation
• Morphological Algorithms
• Extensions to Grayscale

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Dilation
• Dilation of A by B: A⊕B

A ⊕ B = {z | ( Bˆ ) z ∩ A ≠ Φ} A ⊕ B = {z | [( Bˆ ) z ∩ A] ⊆ A}

A A⊕B
x x

x
B
x x

B̂
x

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Dilation: Example

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Dilation: Example
0 1 0

1 1 1

0 1 0

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Erosion
• Erosion of A by B: A B

A B = {z | (B)z ⊆ A}.

A A⊕B

x
B
x x

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Erosion: Example

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Erosion + Dilation

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Opening and Closing
• Opening: Erosion followed by Dilation
• Opening A by B: A ○ B = (A B) ⊕ B
• Smoothes Contours, Breaks narrow bridges,
Eliminates thin protrusions

• Closing: Dilation followed by Erosion


• Closing A by B: A ● B = (A ⊕ B) B
• Smoothing, Closes small holes and channels

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Opening: Physical Interpretation

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Closing: Physical Interpretation

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Opening: Example

.
B

Erosion Dilation

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Closing: Example

.
B

Dilation Erosion

DIP: Monsoon 2003


1 1 1

Example 1
1
1
1
1
1

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Interesting Points
• A ○ B is a subset of A.
• If C ⊆ D; then C ○ B ⊆ D ○ B.
• (A ○ B) ○ B = A ○ B.
• A is a subset of A ● B.
• If C ⊆ D; then C ● B ⊆ D ● B.
• (A ● B) ● B = A ● B.

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Hit-or-Miss Transform (HMT)
• To detect an object in an image:
• Basic Idea:
• Use the object as se for erosion of A and
detect possible fits.
• Use the neighborhood of the object as
se for erosion of Ac and find over fits.
• Combine the two to detect exact fits.

DIP: Monsoon 2003


HMT: Example

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Morphological Algorithms
• Boundary Extraction
• Region Filling
• Connected Components
• Convex Hull
• Thinning
• Thickening
• Skeletonization
• Pruning

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Boundary Extraction
• Boundary of A is computed as:
β(A) = A - (A B)

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Boundary Extraction: Example

DIP: Monsoon 2003


Region Filling
• Fills a regions, whose boundary is given as
8-connected neighbours:
Xk = (Xk-1 ⊕ B) ∩ Ac, k = 1, 2, 3,…

DIP: Monsoon 2003

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