SOLID

MENSURATION
1 What is meant by mensuration?

Mensuration refers to the branch of mathematics which involves the study of various
geometrical shapes. Furthermore, it deals with the areas and Volume of such geometrical
figures. This subject is all about the process of measurement.

2 Explain what is the volume in mensuration?

Any solid occupies some region in space. Furthermore, the magnitude of this region is
known as the volume of the solid.

3 What do we understand by mensuration formula?

A mensuration formula helps in computing the length-related properties of an object. This

computation takes place on the basis of known lengths, areas, etc.
 MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES
Square Special right triangles
a 45°
30°
√2 2
a 1 √3

45°
60°

Rectangle 1 1
a

b Oblique Triangle

c
Right Triangle a
h
a
b
where
b

Parallelogram
Pythagorean Theorem a h
c
a Θ

b
b
 MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES
Trapezoid a
median

h
b Segment of Circle s
b

a
r
Circle
r

Ellipse b

Sector of Circle s

Θ r
Parabolic Segment
d

l
 SOLIDS - SECTIONS

A solid is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces.

A section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.
Thus, in the case of the solid shown, plane M cuts from the solid the section ABC.

A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes.

The edges of a polyhedron are the intersections of the bounding planes.

The faces are the portions of the bounding planes included by the edges. The
faces are polygons.

The vertices are the intersection of the edges.

 CAVALIERI'S THEOREM

This theorem is the basis of the analyses of the volumes of most of the solids considered.

THEOREM: If in two solids of equal altitude the sections made by planes parallel to and at the same
distance from their respective bases are always equal, the volumes of the solids are equal.

Consider a pile of uniform cards stacked in the form of a rectangular parallelepied as shown in Fig.
(a). This pile may be distorted into the forms of various irregular solids such as the one shown in Fig.
(b).

(a) (b)
 CAVALIERI'S THEOREM

This theorem is the basis of the analyses of the volumes of most of the solids considered.

THEOREM: If in two solids of equal altitude the sections made by planes parallel to and at the same
distance from their respective bases are always equal, the volumes of the solids are equal.

Consider a pile of uniform coins stacked in the form of a rregular cylinder as shown in Fig. (a). This
pile may be distorted into the forms of various irregular solids such as the one shown in Fig. (b).

(a) (b)
 CAVALIERI'S THEOREM

SIMPLIFIED: If two solids have the same height and the same cross-sectional area at
every level, then they have the same volume.

L M N

V(L) = V(M) = V(N)

 VOLUME THEOREM

THEOREM: If the bases of a solid are equal in area and lie in parallel planes and every section of the
solid parallel to the base is equal in area to that of the base, the volume of the solid is the product
of its base and altitude.

C where:
C=B
A=B
A
thus the volume of the solid is:
V=Bh
B
 CUBE

A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

Surface Area:
SA = 6 (area of one face)

Volume:

by Volume Theorem:
a
a
 RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED

A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

Surface Area:
SA= sum of the areas of faces
SA= 2(ab+bc+ac)

Volume:
c V = base x altitude
V = (ab)c
V = abc
b
a
 PRISM

A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes, and the other faces are
parallelograms.

PROPERTIES

1. The bases are the equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum
of the areas of the remaining faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral
edges. These lateral edges are equal and parallel.
3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all
the lateral edges are equal polygons.
4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between
the planes of its bases.
5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the
lateral edges.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are
perpendicular to its bases; its lateral faces are rectangles.
 PRISM

A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes, and the other faces are
parallelograms.

PROPERTIES

1. The bases are the equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum
of the areas of the remaining faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral
edges. These lateral edges are equal and parallel.
3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all
the lateral edges are equal polygons.
4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between
the planes of its bases.
5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the
lateral edges.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are
perpendicular to its bases; its lateral faces are rectangles.
 PRISM

A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes, and the other faces are
parallelograms.

Lateral Area:
(a) (b)
(a) Lateral area = lateral edge x perimeter of
right section
LA = ep
(b) Lateral area = altitude x perimeter of base
LA = hP

Volume:
Volume = right section x lateral edge
Oblique Right V = Ke or
Volume = base x altitude
V = Bh
 CYLINDER

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

(a) (b) Lateral Area:

(a) Lateral area = element x perimeter of right
section
ent

LA = ep
e le m

K (b) Lateral area = altitude x perimeter of base

LA = hP

Volume:
(a) Volume = right section x element
V = Ke or
(b) Volume = base x altitude
V = Bh
 CYLINDER

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

2πr

For right circular cylinder:

Lateral area = altitude x perimeter of base

h h
LA = h x P
LA = h(2πr)

Right circular cylinder Lateral surface (unrolled)

 SOLIDS FOR WHICH V = BH

Cube
Right Prism
a

a
a

Rectangular Parallelepiped
Oblique Cylinder

ent
c

e le m
K
b
a

Oblique Prism
Right Cylinder
 PROBLEM

A trough is formed by nailing together , edge to edge, two boards 11 ft. in length, so
that the right section is a right triangle. If 15 gal. of water are poured into the trough
and if the trough is held level so that a right section of the water is an isosceles
right triangle, how deep is the water? (231 cu. in. = 1 gal.)

Given:
V = 15 gal
H = 11 ft.
231 cu. in. = 1 gal

Required:
water depth
 PROBLEM

A trough is formed by nailing together , edge to edge, two boards 11 ft. in length, so
that the right section is a right triangle. If 15 gal. of water are poured into the trough
and if the trough is held level so that a right section of the water is an isosceles
right triangle, how deep is the water? (231 cu. in. = 1 gal.)

Given:
V = 15 gal
h = 11 ft.
231 cu. in. = 1 gal

Required:
water depth (h)
 PROBLEM

A trough is formed by nailing together , edge to

edge, two boards 11 ft. in length, so that the right
section is a right triangle. If 15 gal. of water are
poured into the trough and if the trough is held
level so that a right section of the water is an
isosceles right triangle, how deep is the water?
(231 cu. in. = 1 gal.)

Answer:
h = 5.1235 in.
 PROBLEM

Find the volume and total area of the largest cube of wood that can be cut from a
log of circular cross section whose radius is 12. 7 in.

Given:
r = 12. 7 in

Required:
V(max)
A(max)
 PROBLEM

Find the volume and total area of the largest cube of wood that can be cut from a
log of circular cross section whose radius is 12. 7 in.
 PROBLEM

A solid concrete porch consists of 3 steps and a landing. The steps have a tread of 11 in.,
a rise of 7 in., and a length of 7 ft.; the landing is 6 ft. by 7 ft. How much material was used
in its construction?

Given:

Required:
Total Volume (V)
 PROBLEM

A solid concrete porch consists of 3 steps and a landing. The steps have a tread of 11 in.,
a rise of 7 in., and a length of 7 ft.; the landing is 6 ft. by 7 ft. How much material was used
in its construction?
 SOLIDS FOR WHICH V = (1/3)BH

Pyramid Regular Pyramid

A pyramid is a polyhedron of A regular pyramid is one whose
which one face, called the base, base is a regular polygon whose
is a polygon of any number of center coincides with the foot of
sides and the other faces are the perpendicular dropped from
triangles which have a common the vertex to the base.
vertex.

LA = sum of areas of faces LA = (1/2) perimeter of base x slant height

 SOLIDS FOR WHICH V = (1/3)BH

Cone Right Circular Cone

A cone is the solid bounded by a A right circular cone is a circular
conical surface (lateral surface) cone whose axis is perpendicular
whose directrix is a closed curve, to its base.
and a plane (base) which cuts all
the elements.

LA = (1/2) circumference of base x slant height

 SIMILAR FIGURES

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces,
respectively similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding polyhedral
angles equal.

• Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.

• The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces (s,S) have the same ration as
the squares of any two corresponding lines (x,X).

• The volumes of similar solids (v,V) have the same ration as the cubes of any two
corresponding lines (x,X).

• In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as x, X,

and y, Y have the same ratio.
 PROBLEM

A closed conical vessel has a base radius of 2 m and is 6 m high. When in upright
position, the depth of water in the vessel is 3 m. (a) Find the volume of the water. (b)
What is the depth of the water if the vessel is held in an inverted position.

Given:
r=2m
h=6m
h1 = 3 m

Required:
a) V of water
b) h when inverted
PROBLEM
LAW OF SINES AND COSINES

LAW OF SINES

LAW OF COSINES
LAW OF SINES AND COSINES

LAW OF SINES

OR

LAW OF COSINES