12b Lab2D Filters
12b Lab2D Filters
Objectives:
1. Show
students
how
circuits
can
have
frequency-‐
dependent
resistance,
and
that
many
everyday
signals
are
made
up
of
many
frequencies.
We
will
explore
how
to
filter
these
signals
with
resistors
and
capacitors.
2. To
analyze
the
effect
of
frequency
to
the
output
voltage
specifically
to
low-‐pass
and
high-‐pass
filters.
3. To
plot
the
output
voltage-‐frequency
response
of
RC
low
and
high
pass
filters
Introduction:
In
electronic
circuits
systems
it
is
often
helpful
to
separate
a
specific
range
of
frequencies
from
the
total
spectrum.
A
filter
is
a
type
of
circuit
that
passes
a
specific
range
of
frequencies
while
rejecting
other
frequencies.
A
passive
filter
consists
of
passive
circuit
elements,
such
as
capacitors,
inductors
and
resistors.
Four
basic
types
of
filters:
1. Low-‐pass
filter:
designed
to
pass
all
frequencies
below
the
cut-‐off
frequency
and
reject
all
other
frequencies
above
the
cutoff
2. High-‐pass
filter:
designed
to
pass
all
frequencies
above
the
cut-‐off
frequency
and
reject
all
other
frequencies
below
the
cutoff
3. Band-‐pass
filter:
passes
all
frequencies
within
a
band
of
frequencies
and
rejects
all
other
frequencies
outside
the
band.
4. Band-‐stop
filter:
rejects
all
frequencies
within
a
band
of
frequencies
and
passes
all
frequencies
outside
the
band.
In
this
lab
we
will
explore
the
low
and
high-‐pass
filters.
Cutoff
frequency:
In
physics
and
electrical
engineering,
a
cutoff
frequency,
corner
frequency,
or
break
frequency
is
a
boundary
in
a
system's
frequency
response
at
which
energy
flowing
through
the
system
begins
to
be
reduced
(attenuated
or
reflected)
rather
than
passing
through.
Typically
in
electronic
systems
such
as
filters
and
communication
channels,
cutoff
frequency
applies
to
an
edge
in
a
lowpass,
highpass,
bandpass,
or
band-‐stop
characteristic
–
a
frequency
characterizing
a
boundary
between
a
passband
and
a
stopband.
From
a
graph
we
can
find
the
cutoff
frequency
by
finding
the
frequency
where
the
magnitude
of
the
output
voltage
is
70.7%
off
from
the
maximum
value.
In
another
way,
the
frequency
when
the
signal
magnitude
is
Vpp/sqrt(2).
It
can
also
be
calculated
from
the
R
and
C
values
as
1
𝑓!"#$%% =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
Warm
Up:
Open
up
the
AC+DC
Circuit
Construction
Kit
from
PHET:
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-‐
construction-‐kit-‐ac
We
used
a
similar
applet
in
the
beginning
of
the
semester,
but
this
one
now
has
AC
voltage
sources!
This
will
let
us
explore
the
effect
of
frequency
on
resistors
and
capacitors.
Follow
along
as
we
look
into
how
frequency
affects
resistors
and
capacitors.
A)
Create
a
circuit
using
an
AC
Voltage
source,
a
resistor,
and
a
Voltage
Chart
from
the
Tools
category.
Use
the
chart
to
measure
the
voltage
across
the
resistor.
What
kind
of
waveform
does
the
AC
Voltage
source
produce?
B)
The
AC
Voltage
source's
frequency
can
be
changed
from
0
to
2
Hz
by
right-‐clicking
on
it
and
selecting
"Change
Frequency."
Sketch
your
voltage
vs.
time
plots
for
0.2
Hz
and
2
Hz
below.
How
does
changing
the
frequency
affect
the
resistor's
behavior?
0.2
Hz
2.0
Hz
Voltage
Voltage
(V)
C)
Now
add
a
capacitor
in
series
with
the
resistor.
Also
add
a
new
voltage
chart
and
measure
the
voltage
across
the
capacitor
as
well.
Sketch
the
voltage
vs.
time
plot
for
your
resistor
and
capacitor.
Hint:
pause
the
simulation.
Resistor
Capacitor
Voltage
Voltage
Time
Time
(s)
(s)
(V)
(V)
D)
Change
the
resistor
to
have
a
resistance
of
4
Ohms,
and
set
the
frequency
to
0.1
Hz.
How
does
the
size
of
the
voltage
drop
across
the
resistor
and
capacitor
compare?
Write
a
relationship
between
the
resistor,
capacitor,
and
AC
Voltage
source's
voltages.
Hint:
Kirchoff's
Voltage
Rule.
E)
Now
change
the
frequency
to
2.0
Hz.
How
do
the
voltage
drops
across
the
resistor
and
capacitor
compare
now?
Equipment:
Oscilloscope
(no
AC
coupling:
Ie
blocks
low
frequencies)
Function
Generator
Circuit
Breadboard
10
kΩ
resistor
0.01 μF
capacitor
Procedure:
Low-‐pass
Filter
1. Set
up
the
circuit
in
figure
1.
Channel
1
is
observing
the
incoming
signal
and
channel
2
is
looking
at
the
out
coming
signal.
Make
sure
you
use
the
same
ground
point
in
your
circuit
for
both
channels.
2. Set
the
Vin
to
3.5
volts
peak
to
peak
(3.5
Vpp)
at
500
Hz.
3. Use
the
measurement
tools
on
the
scope
to
measure
the
amplitude
and
frequency
of
the
incoming
signal
and
outgoing
signal.
4. Record
the
data
for
10
points
from
500
Hz
to
10,000
Hz
5. Graph
the
results
of
Vout
vs.
frequency
6. Use
the
graph
to
find
the
cutoff
frequency.
7. Calculate
the
cutoff
frequency
and
compare
High
Pass
Filter
1. Build
the
circuit
in
figure
2
2. Repeat
the
above
procedure
for
the
high
pass
filter
and
find
its
cutoff
from
the
graph
and
calculation
Discussion:
1. What
would
happen
to
the
value
of
fc
if
the
value
of
the
capacitor
C
for
the
low-‐pass
and
high-‐pass
filters
is
increased?
2. What
would
happen
to
the
value
of
fc
if
the
input
voltage
is
increased?
3. What
would
happen
if
you
replaced
the
capacitors
in
the
above
circuits
with
inductors?
Challenge:
1. Build
a
band
pass
filter
2. Build
a
speaker
crossover
(High
frequencies
go
to
speaker
1
and
low
frequencies
go
to
speaker
2)