0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views6 pages

12b Lab2D Filters

This document outlines an electronics lab experiment on basic filters. The objectives are to demonstrate how circuit resistance depends on frequency, explore filtering signals with resistors and capacitors, and analyze low-pass and high-pass filters. It introduces four basic filter types and discusses cutoff frequency. The lab uses an interactive simulation to explore how resistors and capacitors respond to changing AC voltage frequencies, and to observe low-pass and high-pass filters.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views6 pages

12b Lab2D Filters

This document outlines an electronics lab experiment on basic filters. The objectives are to demonstrate how circuit resistance depends on frequency, explore filtering signals with resistors and capacitors, and analyze low-pass and high-pass filters. It introduces four basic filter types and discusses cutoff frequency. The lab uses an interactive simulation to explore how resistors and capacitors respond to changing AC voltage frequencies, and to observe low-pass and high-pass filters.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

 

Lab  8:  Basic  Filters:  Low-­‐Pass  and  High  Pass  


 
 
Names:  
1.)  _______________________  
2.)  _______________________  
3.)  _______________________  

 
Objectives:    
 
 
1. Show  students  how  circuits  can  have  frequency-­‐
dependent  resistance,  and  that  many  everyday  signals  are  
made  up  of  many  frequencies.  We  will  explore  how  to  
filter  these  signals  with  resistors  and  capacitors.  
2. To  analyze  the  effect  of  frequency  to  the  output  voltage  
specifically  to  low-­‐pass  and  high-­‐pass  filters.  
3. To  plot  the  output  voltage-­‐frequency  response  of  RC  low  
and  high  pass  filters  
 
 
Introduction:  
 
In  electronic  circuits  systems  it  is  often  helpful  to  separate  a  
specific  range  of  frequencies  from  the  total  spectrum.  A  filter  is  
a  type  of  circuit  that  passes  a  specific  range  of  frequencies  
while  rejecting  other  frequencies.  A  passive  filter  consists  of  
passive  circuit  elements,  such  as  capacitors,  inductors  and  
resistors.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Four  basic  types  of  filters:  
 
1. Low-­‐pass  filter:  designed  to  pass  all  frequencies  below  
the  cut-­‐off  frequency  and  reject  all  other  frequencies  
above  the  cutoff  
2. High-­‐pass  filter:  designed  to  pass  all  frequencies  above  
the  cut-­‐off  frequency  and  reject  all  other  frequencies  
below  the  cutoff  
3. Band-­‐pass  filter:  passes  all  frequencies  within  a  band  of  
frequencies  and  rejects  all  other  frequencies  outside  the  
band.  
4. Band-­‐stop  filter:  rejects  all  frequencies  within  a  band  of  
frequencies  and  passes  all  frequencies  outside  the  band.  
 
In  this  lab  we  will  explore  the  low  and  high-­‐pass  filters.  
 
Cutoff  frequency:  
 
In  physics  and  electrical  engineering,  a  cutoff  frequency,  
corner  frequency,  or  break  frequency  is  a  boundary  in  a  
system's  frequency  response  at  which  energy  flowing  through  
the  system  begins  to  be  reduced  (attenuated  or  reflected)  
rather  than  passing  through.  
Typically  in  electronic  systems  such  as  filters  and  
communication  channels,  cutoff  frequency  applies  to  an  edge  
in  a  lowpass,  highpass,  bandpass,  or  band-­‐stop  characteristic  –  
a  frequency  characterizing  a  boundary  between  a  passband  
and  a  stopband.    From  a  graph  we  can  find  the  cutoff  frequency  
by  finding  the  frequency  where  the  magnitude  of  the  output  
voltage  is  70.7%  off  from  the  maximum  value.  In  another  way,  
the  frequency  when  the  signal  magnitude  is  Vpp/sqrt(2).  It  can  
also  be  calculated  from  the  R  and  C  values  as    
 
1
𝑓!"#$%% =  
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
 
 
 
Warm  Up:  Open  up  the  AC+DC  Circuit  Construction  Kit  from  
PHET:  
 
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-­‐
construction-­‐kit-­‐ac  
 
We  used  a  similar  applet  in  the  beginning  of  the  semester,  but  
this  one  now  has  AC  voltage  sources!  This  will  let  us  explore  
the  effect  of  frequency  on  resistors  and  capacitors.    
 
Follow  along  as  we  look  into  how  frequency  affects  
resistors  and  capacitors.  
 
A)  Create  a  circuit  using  an  AC  Voltage  source,  a  resistor,  and  a  
Voltage  Chart  from  the  Tools  category.  Use  the  chart  to  
measure  the  voltage  across  the  resistor.  What  kind  of  
waveform  does  the  AC  Voltage  source  produce?  
 
 
 
 
 
B)  The  AC  Voltage  source's  frequency  can  be  changed  from  0  to  
2  Hz  by  right-­‐clicking  on  it  and  selecting  "Change  Frequency."  
Sketch  your  voltage  vs.  time  plots  for  0.2  Hz  and  2  Hz  below.  
How  does  changing  the  frequency  affect  the  resistor's  
behavior?  
 
                           0.2  Hz                                                                                                                                                            2.0  Hz  
 
 
Voltage  

Voltage  

  Time   Time  (s)  


(s)  
(V)  

(V)  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
C)  Now  add  a  capacitor  in  series  with  the  resistor.  Also  add  a  
new  voltage  chart  and  measure  the  voltage  across  the  
capacitor  as  well.  Sketch  the  voltage  vs.  time  plot  for  your  
resistor  and  capacitor.  Hint:  pause  the  simulation.  
 
         Resistor                                                                                                                                      Capacitor                              
 
 
 
 
 
 
Voltage  

Voltage  
Time   Time  (s)  
  (s)  
(V)  

(V)  
 
 
 
 
D)    Change  the  resistor  to  have  a  resistance  of  4  Ohms,  and  set  
the  frequency  to  0.1  Hz.  How  does  the  size  of  the  voltage  drop  
across  the  resistor  and  capacitor  compare?  Write  a  
relationship  between  the  resistor,  capacitor,  and  AC  Voltage  
source's  voltages.  Hint:  Kirchoff's  Voltage  Rule.    
 
 
 
 
 
E)  Now  change  the  frequency  to  2.0  Hz.  How  do  the  voltage  
drops  across  the  resistor  and  capacitor  compare  now?  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equipment:  
 
Oscilloscope  (no  AC  coupling:  Ie  blocks  low  frequencies)  
Function  Generator  
Circuit  Breadboard  
10  kΩ  resistor  
0.01 μF  capacitor  
 
 
Procedure:  
 
Low-­‐pass  Filter  
 
1. Set  up  the  circuit  in  
figure  1.  Channel  1  is  
observing  the  
incoming  signal  and  
channel  2  is  looking  at  
the  out  coming  signal.  
Make  sure  you  use  the  
same  ground  point  in  
your  circuit  for  both  channels.  
2. Set  the  Vin  to  3.5  volts  peak  to  peak  (3.5  Vpp)  at  500  Hz.  
3. Use  the  measurement  tools  on  the  scope  to  measure  the  
amplitude  and  frequency  of  the  incoming  signal  and  
outgoing  signal.  
4. Record  the  data  for  10  points  from  500  Hz  to  10,000  Hz  
5. Graph  the  results  of  Vout  vs.  frequency  
6. Use  the  graph  to  find  the  cutoff  frequency.  
7. Calculate  the  cutoff  frequency  and  compare  
 
 
High  Pass  Filter  
 
1. Build  the  circuit  in  
figure  2  
2. Repeat  the  above  
procedure  for  the  
high  pass  filter  and  
find  its  cutoff  from  
the  graph  and  
calculation  
 
Discussion:  
 
1. What  would  happen  to  the  value  of  fc  if  the  value  of  
the  capacitor  C  for  the  low-­‐pass  and  high-­‐pass  filters  
is  increased?  
 
 
 
 
 
2. What  would  happen  to  the  value  of  fc  if  the  input  
voltage  is  increased?  
 
 
 
3. What  would  happen  if  you  replaced  the  capacitors  in  
the  above  circuits  with  inductors?  
 
 
Challenge:    
 
1. Build  a  band  pass  filter  
2. Build  a  speaker  crossover  (High  frequencies  go  to  speaker  
1  and  low  frequencies  go  to  speaker  2)  
 
 

You might also like