MCR3U

UNIT #2: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

SECTION PAGE NUMBERS HOMEWORK

Prerequisite p. 2 - 3 #1, 2, 3ab, 4ab, 5(Use the method of Substitution),
Skills 6cef, 7, 8, 9ace, 10, 11, 12
1.3 p. 31 – 32 #1ace, 2bdef, 3ace
#5, 6, 7, 9, 15
1.4 p. 39 – 40 #1ace, 2ace, 3ace, 4ace, 5bdf, 6bdf, 7ace, 8ac, 9a, 11,
13, 14, 16cde, 17ab, 21
1.5 p. 49 – 51 #1ace, 3ace, 5ac
#6abc, 7(do not solve), 8, 12, 15
1.6 p. 57 – 59 #3, 4, 5, 7abcde, 8, 11, 15, 16, 20
1.7 p. 67 – 69 #1ac, 3abc, 5abc, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18a
Review p. 31 #1b, 2ac, 3bdf
p. 73 #11
p. 70 – 71 #5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16
 UNIT #2: PREREQUISITE SKILLS

Graphs and Lines:

Examples:

1. Graph each linear relation on the grid below.

3
a) y = 2x − 5 b) y = − x +1 c) y = 7 d) x = −6
4

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

2. Determine the equation in the form y = mx + b for each linear relation.

y
a) b) A line that passes through
8
points (-8, 1) and (-2, 5).
6

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10
3. Graph the following pair of linear relations to find their point of intersection.

y = -x – 9 and 4x – 3y = 6

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

−12

4. Use the method of Substitution to find the point of intersection of each pair of lines.

a) y = -2x – 3 and 3x – y = 8 b) 2x + 5y = -18 and x + 2y + 6 = 0

Quadratics:

5. Factor the following perfect square trinomials.

a) x2 + 6x + 9 b) x2 – 8x + 16 c) 4x2 – 20x + 25
6. What value of k makes each quadratic expression a perfect square trinomial?

a) x2 + 10x + k b) x2 – 4x + k c) x2 + 3x + k

7. Factor out the rational coefficient of the x2 term in each expression.

1 2 5 3
a) x − 2x b) − x 2 + x
3 4 5

8. For each quadratic relation,

(i) State the coordinates of the vertex.
(ii) State the equation of the axis of symmetry.
(iii) State the direction of opening.
(iv) State the min/max value.
(v) Sketch a graph.

3
a) y = −2(x − 3)2 + 6 b) y = (x + 1)2 − 5
4

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

−8

−10
 1.3 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

The Quadratic Function

FORM MODEL PROPERTIES EXAMPLE

y = ax2+ bx + c • If a > 0, the parabola opens y = 3x2 – 4x + 7
where a ≠ 0 up and has a minimum. a = 3 and 3 > 0, so
• If a < 0, the parabola opens the parabola opens
down and has a maximum. up and has a
Standard
• c is the y-intercept minimum.
Form
• Complete the Square to write 7 is the y-intercept.
equation in vertex form
• Factor or use the Quadratic
Formula to solve the equation
y = a(x – r)(x – s) • If a > 0, the parabola opens y = -2(x + 4)(x – 3)
where a ≠ 0. up and has a minimum. a= -2 and -2 < 0, so
• If a < 0, the parabola opens the parabola opens
down and has a maximum. down and has a
• Values for r and s are the x- maximum.
intercepts or zeros. The x-intercepts
Factored
• Add up the zeros and divide are at -4 and 3.
Form
by 2 to get the x-coordinate
of the vertex.
x = (r + s) ÷ 2
• Expand brackets and collect
like terms to write equation in
standard form.
y = a(x – h)2 + k • If a > 0, the parabola opens y = 0.5(x-3)2 + 5
where a ≠ 0. up and has a minimum. a = 0.5 and 0.5 > 0
• If a < 0, the parabola opens so the parabola
down and has a maxiumum. opens up and has a
Vertex • (h, k) is the vertex. minimum.
Form • Set y = 0 and isolate x to The vertex is at
solve the equation, or (3,5).
• Expand brackets and collect
like terms to write equation in
standard form.
Steps to “Completing the Square”:

1) Factor out the a value from the first two terms, ax2 + bx.
2) Add and subtract the magic number inside the brackets.
→ To find the magic number : half the b value from step #1 and then square it.
3) Remove the negative magic number from the brackets by multiplying it by the a value.
4) Write the trinomial in the brackets as a perfect square (factored form) and simplify the
constant terms outside the brackets.

Examples:

1. Write the following equations in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k by completing the square. State
the coordinates of the vertex, the minimum/maximum value and when it occurs.

1 2
a) y = 2x2 + 16x – 5 b) f( x) = x − 4x + 7 c) f(x) = -x2 + 5x – 2
3

Use Partial Factoring to Find the Vertex of a Quadratic Function

1) Let y = c.
2) Set the equation = 0. {the constant term will disappear)
3) Factor and solve for x. There should be two values for x…. x1 and x2.
Each value for x represents x-values that are symmetric on either side of the parabola. (x1, c)
and (x2, c) .
4) Find the x-coordinate of the vertex by adding x1 and x2 and dividing by 2.
5) Substitute the x-coordinate of the vertex into the original function to find the corresponding
y-value, which is the y-coordinate of the vertex.
Examples:

2. Determine vertex of each function using partial factoring. Is the vertex a minimum or a
maximum? State the max/min value and when it occurs.

1 2
a) y = x2 + 2x – 3 b) f(x) = 4x2 - 12x + 6 c) f(x) = − x − 3x + 7
2

3. Use Partial Factoring on y = ax2+ bx + c to determine the equation for the axis of symmetry.
Word Problems Involving Maximums/Minimums:

1. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the balcony of an apartment building. The ball falls
to the ground in a parabolic flight. The height of the ball, h meters, above the ground after
t seconds is given by the function h = -5t2 + 15t + 35.
a) Determine the maximum height of the ball.
b) How long does it take the ball to reach its maximum height?
c) How high is the balcony?
d) Sketch the graph.

2. OC Transpo carries 30000 bus riders per day for a fare of $2.25. The city of Ottawa
hopes to reduce car pollution by getting more people to ride the bus, while maximizing the
transit system’s revenue at the same time. A survey indicates that the number of riders
will increase by 1000 for every $0.05 decrease in the fare.
a) Determine an equation to represent the revenue. Hint: Let x represent the change
(increase/decrease) in ticket price. REVENUE = (TICKET PRICE) × (# OF PEOPLE)
b) What fare will produce the greatest revenue?
c) What is the maximum revenue?

3. Natalie wants to make the largest possible rectangular garden using 18m of fencing. The
garden is directly behind her house so she only has to fence it on 3 sides. Determine the
dimensions that maximize the area of the garden and calculate the maximum area.
 1.4 SKILLS YOU NEED: WORKING WITH RADICALS

Radical sign: the symbol denotes the positive square root of a number.

Radicand: a number or expression under the radical sign.

Entire Radical: a radical in the form n , where n > 0. Ex. 24

Mixed Radical: a radical in the form a b , where a ≠ 1 or -1 and b > 0. Ex. 2 6

Multiplication Property of Radicals: a × b = ab , where a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0

* Change Entire Radicals to Mixed Radicals / Write Radicals in Simplest Form :

1) Look for the largest perfect square factor.

2) Use the multiplication property to write the radical in simplest form (i.e. Write as a
“mixed radical”).

Ex. Express the following as a mixed radical in simplest form.

a) 32 b) 40 c) 50 d) 300

* Adding and Subtracting Radicals

To add and subtract radicals, you must have like radicals.

Like radicals have the same radicand, i.e. same number under the radical sign

Ex. 6 and 3 6 are like radicals Ex. 10 and 7 are NOT like radicals

Sometimes we can make like radicals by rewriting radicals in simplest form.

Ex. 5 8 and 2 18
* When adding and subtracting like radicals:
1) Add/subtract the coefficients in front of the radical. * The number under the
radical sign stays the same. (The radicand remains constant)
2) Ensure all radicals in your final answer are written in simplest form.

Examples: Simplify and collect like radicals.

a) 18 + 75 − 27 + 8 b) 6 20 + 4 54 − 5 24 − 2 125

1 5 2
c) 12 − 3 28 + 48 + 63
4 8 3
* Multiplication and Division Properties of Radicals:

a × b = ab a a
=
b b
where a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0
where a ≥ 0, b > 0

Ex. Simplify the following radicals.

35 4 10
a) 11 × 6 b) c) 2 13 × 3 2 d)
5 2 2

8 − 20
e)
2
f) (
3 2 (2 3 − 5) − 6 1 − 4 3 )

g) (2 + 4 3 )(2 − 4 3 ) h) ( )(
3 +6 5− 3 )

Ex. Determine the perimeter and area of a rectangle with length 7cm and diagonal 9cm.
 1.5 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

• To solve quadratic equations in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ,

1) We factor, set each factor equal to zero, and solve for x. The solutions are the zeros
OR x-intercepts of the function.
y

14

Solve 2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 = 0 . 12

10

(2 x + 3)( x − 4) = 0 6

2 x + 3 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 −16 −14 −12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

x

−2

−4

3
∴ x = − ,4 −6

2 −8

−10

−12

−14

−16

Ex. Solve the following equations by factoring.

a) x 2 − 25 = 0 b) x 2 + 10 x − 24 = 0

2) IF factoring is not possible, we use the General Quadratic Formula to find the zeros or
x-intercepts.

* The General Quadratic Formula:

The real roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 , are:

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Ex. Solve the following equations by using the quadratic formula. Give exact answers. (Express
answers in simplified radical form.)

1 2
a) x 2 + 8x − 5 = 0 b) x − 2x + 3 = 0
4

c) 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 d) x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0

Ex. A rocket is launched from a launch pad. The height of the rocket, h metres, above the
2
ground after t seconds is given by the function h = −4.9t + 78.4t + 10.5 .

a) Determine the maximum height of the rocket.

b) How long does it take the rocket to reach its maximum height?
c) How long is the rocket in the air, to the nearest hundredth of a second?
d) How high is the launch pad?
* The expression under the radical sign, b 2 − 4ac , is the called the discriminant of the quadratic
equation.
y

→ When b 2 − 4ac > 0, there are 2 distinct real roots. 6

2
→ When b − 4ac = 0, there is one real root, 2

or 2 equal real roots. −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

x

10

−2

−4

→ When b 2 − 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.

−6

−8

Ex. Use the discriminant to determine the number of the roots. Do not solve.

a) x 2 − 5x + 7 = 0 b) 2x 2 + 4x − 3 = 0

c) x 2 − 14 x + 49 = 0
 1.6 DETERMINING A QUADRATIC EQUATION GIVEN ITS ROOTS

Recall:

Standard Form: y = ax2 + bx + c

where c is the y-intercept of the quadratic function.
Factored Form: y = a(x – r)(x – s)
where r and s are the zeros/roots or x-intercepts of the quadratic function.

Vertex Form: y = a(x – h)2 + k

where (h, k) is the vertex of the quadratic function.

* To determine the equation of a function in standard form given its roots and a point on
the parabola:

1) Substitute the zeros into the factored form y = a(x – r)(x – s) for r and s.
2) Expand the binomial (x – r)(x – s) and collect like terms.
3) Substitute the point (x, y) in for x and y.
4) Solve for the “a” value.
5) Sub the “a” value into the equation.
6) Multiply the “a” value through the brackets to write the equation in standard form.

Examples:

1. A parabola passes through the point (2, -12) and has zeros at -1 and 4.

a) Determine the equation in factored form.

b) Determine the equation in standard form.

c) Determine the equation in vertex form.

2. Determine the equation of the parabola in standard form that passes through the point
(2, 12) and has roots of 1 + 5 and 1 - 5 .

3. The parabolic opening to a tunnel is 32m wide measured from side to side along the ground.
At the points that are 4m from each side, the tunnel entrance is 6m high.

a) Sketch a graph of the tunnel labeling the given points.

b) Determine the equation of the function that models the opening to the tunnel.
c) Find the maximum height of the tunnel, to the nearest tenth of a metre.
 1.7 SOLVE LINEAR-QUADRATIC SYSTEMS

* Solving a linear-quadratic system means to find the point(s) of intersection of a line and a
quadratic relation.

→ For this section we are looking at the intersection(s) of lines and parabolas.

* To Solve a Linear-Quadratic System:

1) Solve the linear equation for either variable.

2) Substitute the linear expression into the quadratic equation.
3) Solve for the variable.
4) Substitute the result(s) into the linear equation to solve for the remaining variable.

Example: Solve the following linear-quadratic systems.

a) y = 4x + 5 b) x + y = 6
y = x2 y = -3x2 + 10

c) y = -2x + 1
y2 = x + 7
Intersections of Linear- Quadratic Systems

y y y

8 8 8

6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

x x x

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10

−2 −2 −2

−4 −4 −4

−6 −6 −6

−8 −8 −8

2 points of intersection 1 point of intersection no points of

intersection

* To Determine the Number of Intersection Points:

1) Equate the linear and quadratic equation.

2) Rearrange the equation so that the equation is = 0.
3) Use the discriminant to determine the number of intersection points.

Example: Determine the number of intersection points of the following systems.

a) y = 3x + 5 and y = 3x2 – 2x – 4 b) y = -x - 2 and y = -2x2 + x - 3

* When there is exactly 1 intersection point to a linear-quadratic system, we call the line a
tangent to the parabola.

Tangent line: a line that touches a curve at one point and has the slope of the curve at that
point.

* We can use a linear-quadratic system to determine the equation of a tangent to a parabola.

Recall: ′ y = mx + b is a linear equation with m = slope and b = y-intercept
′ the discriminant of a quadratic is b2 – 4ac
′ if b2 – 4ac = 0, there is one real root

Example: If a line has a slope of 2 and is tangent to the parabola y = x2 – 5, determine the y-
intercept of the line.
.

Example : Determine the equation of the tangent line with a slope of -2 to the parabola
y = x2 + 2x + 3.