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General Physics Notes 1st Sem 1

Physics is the science of matter and energy and their interactions. It has two main branches - classical physics which studies mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics, and modern physics which examines relativity, quantum mechanics, solid state physics, and more. At the core of atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons - protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Physics uses mathematical concepts like significant figures, scientific notation, and vectors to describe and analyze physical quantities and their relationships.

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24K views11 pages

General Physics Notes 1st Sem 1

Physics is the science of matter and energy and their interactions. It has two main branches - classical physics which studies mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics, and modern physics which examines relativity, quantum mechanics, solid state physics, and more. At the core of atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons - protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Physics uses mathematical concepts like significant figures, scientific notation, and vectors to describe and analyze physical quantities and their relationships.

Uploaded by

Jaimie Alcantara
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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-Introduction to Physics-

General Physics – is the science of matter and energy and the interactions between the two.
“Mathematics is the language of Physics”
Matter – is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
Energy – the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object to perform work.
-Branches of Physics-
Classical Physics
Mechanics – deals with the behavior of objects and systems in response to various forces.
Acoustics – studies the production and properties of sound
Thermodynamics – is the study of heat and other forms of energy, and of the conversion of
energy from one form to another.
Electromagnetism – is the branch of science concerned with the forces that occur between
electrically charged particles.
Optics – is the study of the nature and behavior of light
Modern Physics
Relativistic Physics – Is having or involving a speed close to that of light so that the behavior is
described by the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein.
Quantum Physics - Includes various areas of study based on quantum theory, which deals with
matter and electromagnetic radiation, and interactions between them.
Solid State Physics – also called condense matter physics, examines the physical properties of
solid materials.
Plasma Physics – concerned with the study of highly ionized gases – that is gases, that have
been separated into positively and negatively charged particle.
Atomic and Nuclear Physics – is concerned with the structure of the atomic nucleus, and with
nuclear reactions and their applications.
-Inside of an Atom-
Neutrons – which carry no electric charge
Electrons – encircling the nucleus which carry negative charges
Protons – carries positive electric charges
 Opposite – attract
 Similar – repel
Significant Figures – are numbers that are certain or good estimated numbers
 Non-zero numbers are always significant
 Any zeros between two significant digits are significant
 A final zero or trailing zeros are only significant in decimal portion
 Leading zeroes in decimal portion are NOT significant
Scientific Notation – is a way of expressing numbers that are too small or too large to be
conveniently written in decimal form.

Scientific Notation to Decimal


 (10 > Whole number > 0) meaning only 1 number is on the left side of decimal point.
 Move to left = Exponent is positive
 Move to right = Exponent is negative
Ex: 3128 > 3.128 x 10^3

Decimal to Scientific Notation


 Move to right = Positive exponent
 Move to left = Negative exponent
Ex: 3.128 x 10^3 > 3128

Addition & Subtraction of Scientific Notation


 Different exponent cant be added or subtract
1. 9 x 10^3 – 4 x 10^3 = 5 x 10^3
2. 5 x 10^5 + 3.3 x 10^3 = 8.3 x 10^3
3. 12 x 10^4 – 4 x 10^5 (Change 1 equation to be equal with another 1)
= 1.2 x 10^5 – 4 x 10^5 = -2.8 x 10^5
4. 3.6 x 10^5 + 2.7 x 10^4 = 36 x 10^4 + 2.7 x 10^4 = 38.7 x 10^4

Multiplication & Division of Scientific Notation


 Add the exponent then multiply the numbers (Multiplication)
 Minus the exponent then divide the numbers (Division)
5. (4 x 10^4) (2 x 10^3) = 4 * 2 x 10^7 = 8 x 10^7
Physical Quantities
 It is the measurable property of an object.
Fundamental Quantity – quantities that do not depend on any of the other quantity. Ex: 2
Kilometers, 2 miles
- Can easily understood the measurement using only one of the basic units.
Derived Quantity – combination of 2 or more fundamental quantity to understand
measurement. Ex: 2 kilometers per hour, 2 miles per second
-Two types of System Measurement-
British or English System
 The English unit of measure or sometimes called FPS system since it uses the foot for
length, pound for mass and second for time.
Metric System
 The metric units of measure, also called SI system or the international system of
measurement.
 It consists of standard units and prefixes that are multiply of ten.
 It includes the MKS system (Meter-Kilogram-Seconds) and the CGS system (Centimeter-
Gram-Seconds) for the length, mass, and time.

Examples: Convert the following


1. 820cm to meters
2. 255mL to Liter
3. 23mi to in
4. 0.028km to cm
5. 30m/s to km/hr
6. 120km/hr to ft./s
Scalar Quantity = Speed
- A scalar is a quantity which needs only its magnitude for a complete selection. Ex:
Length, mass, speed, distance, and time.
Vector Quantity = weight
- A vector is a quantity which needs both magnitude and direction for complete selection.
Ex: Force, velocity, and
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Examples:
1. A -> = 4cm, 30° south of east
2. A -> = 5cm, 60° west of south
3. A -> = 6cm, 40° west of north
-Vector Addition using Component Method-
- This method is used when two or more vectors act at a single point.
STEPS in using Component Method:
1. Resolve or break the given vector into Rx-component and Ry-component. We will use: (with
reference to x-axis)
For X-Axis we will use Cosine
For Y-Axis we will use Sin
Vice versa when using sin and cosine
2. Apply sign of Quadrant

3. Get Summation
4. Find the Resultant
5. Find the Angle θ
Θ = tan  -1 Σ Ry / Σ Rx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------j
Kinematics (Velocity, Speed & Acceleration)
Velocity – Tells how fast the position is changing per second.
- Tells you how fast an object position is changing with respect to time.
Speed – Tells how fast the distance is changing.
Acceleration – Tells how fast the velocity is changing.

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