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Jayalath et al. (2016) conducted a study to use Burnt Clay Bricks as an Alternative Filter Media
for Pebble Matrix Filters (PMF). A novel method called PMF has been demonstrated to be
suitable for pre-treatment of high turbidity water prior to its introduction into Slow Sand Filters
in tropical monsoon conditions (SSFs). The scarcity of sources of required-quality pebbles,
government regulations on pebble dredging, and increased material costs were identified as
critical issues during the construction of Sri Lanka's first full-scale PMF plant at Kataragama. To
investigate the feasibility of using alternative PMF filter media, laboratory tests were conducted
using various configurations of chips and burnt clay bricks that are readily available in Sri
Lanka. Two filter media configurations were evaluated at an influent turbidity of 60 NTU using a
laboratory scaled model. The optimal configuration was determined using the maximum
turbidity removal efficiency obtained and then validated by varying the influent turbidity.
Broken clay bricks combined with sand in a 1:1 ratio are found to have greater potential as a
turbidity removal pre-treatment media. Additionally, bricks can be used in place of natural
pebbles. In comparison to chips, test results indicated that when bricks were used as the filter
media, turbidity removal efficiency increased as influent turbidity increased.
In the study of Nkwonta et al. (2010), TDS removal from roughing filters was evaluated for the purpose
of developing a roughing filtration treatment system. The obtained results indicated that roughing filters
could be considered a significant pre-treatment process for wastewater, as they efficiently separate fine
solids particles over extended periods of time without requiring the addition of chemicals. At delcoal, a
pilot plant was designed. Delcoal wastewater was used. Wegelin design criteria were used to guide the
design and sizing of the pilot plant. Gravel was used as a control medium due to its widespread use as a
roughing filter media and its use in developing these criteria. To enhance the performance of roughing
filters, this process has been modified to incorporate locally available materials such as charcoal as a
filter media substitute. The pilot plant was continuously monitored for 90 days following commissioning.
The filter's overall function of removing parameters such as TDS is accepted when charcoal is used as a
filter media alternative. The study's findings indicated that roughing filters could be considered an
efficient method of pretreatment for mine water. Additionally, it was observed that charcoal performed
better than gravel in general. This observation could be explained by the fact that charcoal has a slightly
higher specific surface area and porosity than gravel, which facilitates sedimentation and other filtration
processes such as adsorption.
In the study of Alemu et. al. (2019) entitled “Adsorption of chromium (III) from aqueous
solution using vesicular basalt rock”, a wastewater that contains Chromium (III) can be
converted in the environment to Cr (VI), one of the most toxic chemicals to biological systems.
The purpose of this article is to investigate the removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solutions
via an adsorption process using abundant vesicular basalt found near Ethiopia's Abbay River.
The batch adsorption method was used to determine the effect of various experimental
parameters on Cr (III) adsorption (pH, ionic strength, initial concentration, and contact time).
The adsorption process was extremely pH dependent. At pH 6, with an initial concentration of
100 mg L1 and an adsorbent dosage of 50 g L1, the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.976 mg
g1. Kinetic experiments indicated that the pseudo-second-order model fit the adsorption kinetic
data the best. During the reaction, Cr (III) was adsorbing onto the surface of the vesicular basalt
via film diffusion and/or intraparticle diffusion. Equilibrium studies revealed a stronger
correlation between the Langmuir Isotherm model and experimental data. This study established
that vesicular basalt rock possessed excellent potential for the treatment of water containing Cr
(III).
Mortula et al. (2012) entitled “Removal of TDS and BOD from Synthetic Industrial Wastewater via
Adsorption”, Industrial wastewater effluent discharge limits are regulated and are becoming increasingly
restrictive over time. The purpose of this article is to discuss the adsorption process and its effect on the
removal of TDS and BOD from synthetic industrial wastewater prepared in the laboratory of the
American University of Sharjah. Batch tests with various adsorbents such as limestone aggregate,
activated alumina, activated carbon, and steel slag were conducted. The effect of pH as a variable on the
most suitable adsorbent was investigated. The results of the experiments indicated that adsorption is
capable of removing a significant amount of BOD and TDS from synthetic industrial wastewater. The
most effective material for removing TDS and BOD was found to be limestone. A pH of 7 was found to be
optimal for TDS removal. Certain parameters, such as adsorbent dose, temperature, and other
adsorbents, can be used in future studies with various types of industrial wastewater.
Wulandari et al. (2019), entitled “Abilities of stratified filter and wetland to reduce TDS and TSS in
blackwater domestic waste”, the purpose of this study was to develop a new design for domestic waste
treatment that would produce class IV water (irrigation water) based on TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) and
TSS (Total Suspended Solid) measurements. The physical model used in this study was a stratified filter
composed of coarse to fine materials, specifically gravel, charcoal, and sand. Additionally, blackwater
waste filtering was improved through remediation with cattail (Typha Angustifolia) and vetiver (Vetiveria
Zizanoides). The physical model of the WWTP was set to 1:25, which was added in the upstream section
via a stratified filter. The TDS levels of blackwater were determined prior to treatment, after passing
through a stratified filter, and following a remediation process using aquatic plants. The results indicated
that stratified filters and wetland can effectively reduce the TDS content of blackwater to levels
acceptable for irrigation water.
Shirle et al. (2020), Turbidity and TDS Removal from Dual Media Filter by Using Pumice Stone , Sand and
anthracite coal are used as media in a dual media filter. Pumice stone is used in conjunction with sand as
filter media in this study due to the high cost and scarcity of anthracite coal. As a result, we replaced the
anthracite coal with pumice stone to increase the filtration rate, the depth of filtration, and the removal
of total dissolved solids. Another advantage of using pumice stone in a dual media filter is that it
removes both suspended and dissolved solids, reducing the size of the dissolved solids removal unit.
Dual media filter demonstrated high turbidity removal efficiency and moderate total dissolved solids
removal in this study.
Rao (n.d.), Evolving High Rate Filter and Use of Crushed Stone as Filter Media There has been significant
research into multi-media filters, reverse flow filters, and high-rate filters. While the available data
indicate that multi-media filters are a viable option for high-rate filtration, they have not gained
widespread adoption in India, with the primary reason being a lack of desired anthracite coal. A study
was undertaken to develop a high-rate filter. It was limited to the use of non-hazardous materials as
filter media, such as sand and crushed stone. The models were operated for over a year using pre-
treated water from an existing treatment plant as influent. The study demonstrates that conventional
rapid sand filters can be completely loaded if adequate pretreatment is used. Additionally, selected
crushed stone can be used in place of sand as filter media and is easily prepared from stone dust
generated by stone crushers in quarries. This has the potential to save money in practice at locations
where high-grade sand must be transported long distances.
Utari et al. (2020), “Filtration as a water treatment method: Used to remove TSS and COD in household
wastewater”, Indonesia, as one of the world's most populous countries, faces a water crisis. Each year,
as the population grows, the amount of clean water required increases. Additionally, it contributes to
the growth of wastewater, particularly domestic wastewater. As one of the constituents of domestic
wastewater, household wastewater in Indonesia, particularly in DKI Jakarta, is a major source of river
pollution. Domestic wastewater is discharged directly into a river. It contains substances such as
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). As a result, prior to disposal,
wastewater must be managed. Filtration processing is one of the methods used in wastewater
treatment to reduce the pollutant level in the water. The materials are capable of lowering the COD and
TSS concentrations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether filtration can be used to reduce
household wastewater through a review of the literature. Additionally, the researcher processed
samples of household wastewater using other materials. Filtration is a simple method that can be
implemented by the community, particularly those that are not served by a wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP).
References
Jayalath, C. & Miguntanna, Nadeeka & Perera, H. (2016). Burnt Clay Bricks as an Alternative Filter Media
for Pebble Matrix Filters (PMF). Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka. 49. 1.
10.4038/engineer.v49i3.7071.
Nkwonta & Onyeka. (2010). Total Dissolved Solids Removal in Wastewater Using Roughing Filters.
Chemical Sciences Journal. 1. 10.4172/2150-3508.1000004.
Agegnehu Alemu, Brook Lemma & Nigus Gabbiye | Keng Yuen Foo (Reviewing editor:) (2019)
Adsorption of chromium (III) from aqueous solution using vesicular basalt rock, Cogent
Environmental Science, 5:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311843.2019.1650416
Mortula, M. & Shabani, S. (2012). Removal of TDS and BOD from Synthetic Industrial Wastewater via
Adsorption. 2012 International Conference on Environmental, Biomedical and Biotechnology IPCBEE
vol.41
Wulandari, L.K., Bisri, M., Harisuseno, D., & Yuliani, E. (2019). Abilities of stratified filter and wetland to
reduce TDS and TSS in blackwater domestic waste. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 469 012016
Shirle, Abhishek C., Baporikar, Mandar S., Kale, Tushar A., Magar, Omkar A., Manale, Sujata A. (June
2020). Turbidity and TDS Removal from Dual Media Filter by Using Pumice Stone. International Journal
of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455- 6211 Volume 8, Issue 6, June-
2020, Impact Factor: 4.597
Rao, DR. Jagannatha. (n.d.). Evolving High Rate Filter and Use of Crushed Stone as Filter Media. Journal
Institution of Engineers. Vol. 61
Utari, Andiny Widya and Herdiansyah, Herdis. (08 July 2020). Filtration as a water treatment method:
Used to remove TSS and COD in household wastewater. AIP Conference Proceedings 2245, 060004
(2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0006875

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