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Transfer Functions of Physical Systems

This document discusses transfer functions of physical systems. It provides an introduction to Laplace transforms and partial fraction expansions. It then gives examples of using these techniques to derive transfer functions for various electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical systems using methods like mesh analysis and nodal analysis. The document derives transfer functions for systems with increasing complexity, from simple RC and RLC circuits to multi-degree of freedom translational and rotational mechanical systems.

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natasha
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44 views38 pages

Transfer Functions of Physical Systems

This document discusses transfer functions of physical systems. It provides an introduction to Laplace transforms and partial fraction expansions. It then gives examples of using these techniques to derive transfer functions for various electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical systems using methods like mesh analysis and nodal analysis. The document derives transfer functions for systems with increasing complexity, from simple RC and RLC circuits to multi-degree of freedom translational and rotational mechanical systems.

Uploaded by

natasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL

SYSTEMS
Introduction:
LAPLACE TRANSFORM REVIEW
Laplace transform:

Inverse Laplace transform:


Example 1:
Find the Laplace Transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
PARTIAL-FRACTION EXPANSION
Convert the function to a sum of simpler terms

s 1 A B • Expand into a term for each


 
( s  2) ( s  3) s  2 s  3 factor in the denominator.
• Recombine RHS
s 1 A( s  3)  Bs  2 

( s  2) ( s  3) ( s  2) ( s  3)
• Equate terms in s and
constant terms. Solve.
A  B 1 3 A  2 B 1 • Each term is in a form so that
inverse Laplace transforms
s 1 1 2 can be applied.
 
( s  2) ( s  3) s  2 s  3
Example 2:
Example 3: Solution of an ODE
Example 4: Solution of an ODE

d2y
 6
dy
 8 y  2 y ( 0)  y ' ( 0)  0 • ODE w/initial conditions
dt 2 dt
• Apply Laplace transform to
s Y ( s)  6s Y ( s)  8 Y ( s)  2 / s
2
each term
2
• Solve for Y(s)
Y ( s) 
s ( s  2) ( s  4 )
• Apply partial fraction
1 1 1 expansion
Y (s)   
4 s 2 ( s  2) 4 ( s  4) • Apply inverse Laplace
2 t 4 t
transform to each term
1 e e
y (t )   
4 2 4
Example 5

2
𝐾1 = ฬ 𝑠 → −1 = 2
𝑆+2 2

Differentiate When 𝑠 → −2, 𝐾2 − 2

When 𝑠 → −2, 𝐾3 − 2
2 2 2
𝐹 𝑠 = − 2− 𝑠+2
𝑠+1 𝑠+2
THE TRANSFER FUNCTION
-Allow separation of the input, system and output into three separate and distinct parts.
-Allow us to algebraically combine mathematical representations of subsystems to yield a total
system representation.

Transfer function
with zero initial
conditions
Example 6
Find the TF represented by
ELECTRICAL NETWORK TRANSFER FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 7: SIMPLE CIRCUITS VIA MESH ANALYSIS
𝑉𝑐 (𝑠)
Find the TF the
𝑉(𝑠)
For the capacitor,

For the resistor,

For the inductor,

Transfer Function:

Where Z(s) is called as impedance


EXAMPLE 8: SIMPLE CIRCUITS VIA MESH ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 9: COMPLEX CIRCUITS VIA MESH ANALYSIS
𝐼2 (𝑠)
Find the TF,
𝑉(𝑠)

Mesh 1:

Mesh 2:
COMPLEX CIRCUITS VIA NODAL ANALYSIS

where Y(s) is a admittance or the reciprocal of


impedance

EXAMPLE 10: COMPLEX CIRCUITS VIA NODAL ANALYSIS


𝑉𝑐 (𝑠)
Find the TF,
𝑉(𝑠)
1 1
Rearranging and expressing the resistances, 𝐺1 = and 𝐺2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2
EXAMPLE 11: MESH ANALYSIS
TRANSLATIONAL MECHANICAL SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 12: One Equation of Motion
Find transfer function, X(s)/F(s)

Mass, spring and damper system Block diagram

FBD of the system Transformed FBD


Force displacement for the spring:

For viscous damper:

For the mass:

Impedance for mechanical components:


EXAMPLE 13: Two degrees of freedom
Find transfer function, 𝑋2 (s)/F(s)

2-degrees-of freedom translational


mechanical system

Block diagram
Forces on 𝑀1 due only to motion of 𝑀1 Forces on 𝑀1 due only to motion of 𝑀2

All forces on 𝑀1
Forces on 𝑀2 due only to motion of 𝑀1
Forces on 𝑀2 due only to motion of 𝑀2

All forces on 𝑀2
Exercise Do It Yourself
Write the equation of motion for the mechanical network.
ROTATIONAL MECHANICAL SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 14: Two equations of motion

Physical system Schematic

Block Diagram
Torgue on 𝐽1 due Torgue on 𝐽1 due Final free-body
only to the motion only to the motion diagram for 𝐽1
of 𝐽1 of 𝐽2
Torgue on 𝐽2 due Torgue on 𝐽2 due Final free-body
only to the motion only to the motion diagram for 𝐽2
of 𝐽2 of 𝐽1
where,
EXAMPLE 15

Three-degrees of freedom rotational system

Write the Laplace transform of the equations for the system?


THANK YOU

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