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Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management 13 Edition

The document discusses data modeling and data models from a database systems textbook. It describes data models as representations of real-world data structures that are often graphical. Data modeling is an iterative process to understand complex real-world environments. Data models organize data for different users and views. Data models have basic building blocks of entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints. Business rules are also important to understand in data modeling as they describe policies and operations within an organization.

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151 views

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management 13 Edition

The document discusses data modeling and data models from a database systems textbook. It describes data models as representations of real-world data structures that are often graphical. Data modeling is an iterative process to understand complex real-world environments. Data models organize data for different users and views. Data models have basic building blocks of entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints. Business rules are also important to understand in data modeling as they describe policies and operations within an organization.

Uploaded by

tHe tecHniquEs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems:

Design, Implementation, and


Management
13th Edition
CHAPTER 2
DATA MODELS
Data Modeling and Data Models
Data models
Relatively simple representations of complex
real-world data structures
Often graphical
Model: an abstraction of a real-world object
or event
Useful in understanding complexities of the
real-world environment
Data modeling is iterative and progressive
2
DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
The Importance of Data Models
Facilitate interaction among the designer, the
applications programmer, and the end user.
End users have different views and needs for
data.
Data model organizes data for various users
Data model is an abstraction
Required data can not be extracted from the
data model

3
DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Data Model Basic Building Blocks
Entity: anything about which data are to be
collected and stored
Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
Relationship: describes an association among
entities
One-to-many (1:M) relationship
Many-to-many (M:N or M:M) relationship
One-to-one (1:1) relationship
Constraint: a restriction placed on the data
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DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Business Rules
Descriptions of policies, procedures, or principles within
a specific organization
Apply to any organization that stores and uses data to
generate information
Description of operations to create/enforce actions
within an organization’s environment
Must be in writing and kept up to date
Must be easy to understand and widely disseminated
Describe characteristics of data as viewed by the
company

5
DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Discovering Business Rules
Sources of business rules:
Company managers
Policy makers
Department managers
Written documentation
Procedures
Standards
Operations manuals
Direct interviews with end users
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DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
The process of identifying and documenting business
rules is essential to database design for several
reasons:
They help standardize the company’s view of data.
 They can be a communications tool between users
and designers.
They allow the designer to understand the nature,
role, and scope of the data.
They allow the designer to understand business
processes.
They allow the designer to develop appropriate
relationship participation rules, constraints and to
select an accurate data model.
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DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Examples of Business Rules
A customer may generate many invoices.
An invoice is generated by only one
customer.
A training session cannot be scheduled for
fewer than 10 employees or for more than 30
employees.

8
DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Examples of Business Rules
Note that those business rules establish entities,
relationships, and constraints.
For example: the first two business rules establish
two entities (CUSTOMER and INVOICE) and a
1:M relationship between those two entities.
The third business rule establishes a constraint (no
fewer than 10 people and no more than 30 people),
two entities (EMPLOYEE and TRAINING), and a
relationship between EMPLOYEE and
TRAINING.
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DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION
Another Example:
Of course, not all business rules can be
modeled.
For example, a business rule that
specifies that “no pilot can fly more
than 10 hours within any 24-hour
period” cannot be modeled.
However, such a business rule can be enforced by
application software.

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DATABASE SYSTEMS, 13TH EDITION

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