5/6/2017

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN

EEE 6002
Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan
Professor
Dept. of EEE, BUET

• Key Properties of Solar Radiation

• Solar cells
• Stand-alone PV Systems,
• PV System Batteries, Charge controllers, Inverters,
• Sustainability of Off-Grid Electrification Options, Technical
Aspects
• Mini-Grid: Concepts and Challenges,
• DC or AC Distribution,
• Guidelines for Smart Designing of Stand-Alone Solar PV
Systems,
• Case Study.
• Grid-Connected Systems:
• Possible System Configurations,
• Sizing PV Installations that Integrate a Battery Bank,
• Insolation Calculation Freeware
• The Economics of Solar Power:
• Solar Energy Cost, Grey Energy; Energy Payback Time; Yield
Factor
Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Energy
For the last few hundred years humans have been using up fossil
fuels that took around 400 million years to form and store
underground.
Will we run out of energy? If yes, when?
We rely on coal, oil and gas (the fossil fuels) for over 80% of our
current energy. On top of this energy demand is expected to grow
over the next two decades. Understandably this is causing some
fear that our energy resources are starting to run out, with
devastating consequences for the global economy and global
quality of life.
The potential for crisis if we run out of energy is very real but
there is still time before that occurs.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Energy
Will we run out of energy? If yes, when?
In the past two decades proven gas reserves have increased by
70% and proven oil reserves by 40%. At expected rates of demand
growth we have enough for thirty years supply.
Moreover, better technology means that new oil and gas fields are
being discovered all the time while enhanced recovery techniques
are opening up a potentially huge array of unconventional sources,
including tar sands, shale gas and ultra-deepwater.

Ultimately, the near-unlimited supply potential of renewable

energy sources should ensure that the world does not fall short of
its energy needs.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Energy Security
How secure is our access to energy?
The security of global energy supplies continues to be problematic.

Eighty per cent of the world’s proven oil reserves are located in just
three regions: Africa; Russia and the Caspian Basin; and the
Persian Gulf. And more than half of the world’s remaining proven
gas reserves exist in just three countries: Russia, Iran, and Qatar.

Concerns over energy security prompt policymakers to seek

independence from foreign sources of energy.

The more governments can extract themselves from the

dependence on foreign energy resources, the more secure they feel.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Energy & Climate

How does climate change affect the energy we use?
Emissions of carbon dioxide into the Earth’s atmosphere, primarily
as a result of burning fossil fuels for energy, are thought to be the
cause of rising global temperatures.
For the first time in history we face an energy crisis not because we
might run out of energy, but because we are using it in the wrong
way.

Up to now the energy industry was judged by two metrics: its

contribution to energy security and the cost of energy delivered to
the consumer. To this we must now add a third: its success in
reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon dioxide,
into the atmosphere.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Energy & Climate

Possible Solution 1: Reduce growing energy demand through
improved energy efficiency and conservation.
The first step to reducing global emissions is to arrest the growth in
energy demand with an aim to eventually setting it on a downward
trend. The key for continued economic progress is to learn how to
create more wealth with less energy. This has additional benefits in
improving energy security, preserving precious natural resources
and saving money for businesses and the ordinary consumer.
However, unlocking the potential savings from improved energy
efficiency will be very difficult without government coordination to
change consumer behaviour. Governments should also address the
issue of financing, providing cheap loans to households and small
businesses with which they can carry out the necessary
improvement works.
Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Energy & Climate

Possible Solution 2: Research, develop and deploy a broad range of
energy sources, both domestic and international, to work with
properly functioning global markets to help meet future energy
demands.
We need to look at both the short-term and long-term. In the short-
term we can push existing technologies to help reduce carbon
emissions. Fortunately we already have many technologies at our
disposal: from wind, wave, solar and biomass for heat and power,
to liquid biofuels, biogas and electric motors for transport.

In the long-term, evolutionary technologies need to be further

developed and research into revolutionary ones pursued.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from
resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Renewable Energy

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Renewable Energy

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Renewable Energy Technologies

The International Energy Agency (IEA) has defined three
generations of renewable energy technologies, reaching back over
100 years
First-generation technologies emerged from the industrial
revolution at the end of the 19th century and include hydropower,
biomass combustion, geothermal power and heat. These
technologies are quite widely used

Second-generation technologies include solar heating and cooling,

wind power, modern forms of bioenergy, and solar photovoltaics.
These are now entering markets as a result of research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) investments since the
1980s.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Renewable Energy Technologies

Third-generation technologies are still under development and
include advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery technologies,
concentrating solar thermal power, hot-dry-rock geothermal power,
and ocean energy. Advances in nanotechnology may also play a
major role.
Biomass
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently
living organisms. It offers a ready disposal mechanism for
municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. First-
generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive,
but may still require deployment support to overcome public
acceptance and small-scale issues

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by
hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of
the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most
widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of
global electricity generation. Hydroelectric plants have the
advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have
operated for more than 100 years.

The Three Gorges Dam

is the world's largest
power station in terms
of installed capacity
(22,500 MW).

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Geothermal power and heat

Geothermal electricity is electricity generated to geothermal
energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash
steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal
electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries, while
geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Geothermal power and heat

On a hot day, the system can run in reverse. The water or

refrigerant cools the building and then is pumped underground
where extra heat is transferred to the ground around the pipes.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Solar Heating
Solar heating systems consist of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system
to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir
or tank for heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot
water, swimming pools, or homes and businesses. The heat can also be
used for industrial process applications or as an energy input for other
uses such as cooling equipment.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Wind power
Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to
produce mechanical or electrical power. Windmills are used for their
mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping, and sails to propel
ships.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Wind power

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Solar thermal power stations

Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a technology for
harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy
for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors. The
first installation of solar thermal energy equipment occurred in the
Sahara Desert approximately in 1910 when a steam engine was run on
steam produced by sunlight.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Bioenergy
A biofuel is a fuel that is derived from biological materials, such as
plants and animals. Also biofuel can still be seen as fuel derived from
organic matter (obtained directly from plants, or indirectly from
agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes).

Global ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and
2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion litres, while biodiesel
expanded more than tenfold from less than 1 billion to almost 11 billion
litres. Biofuels provide 1.8% of the world's transport fuel and recent
estimates indicate a continued high growth. The main producing
countries for transport biofuels are the USA, Brazil, and the EU

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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New bioenergy technologies

According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol
biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future
than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol
can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose
fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues
(such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and
municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Ocean energy
Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean
energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the
energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature
differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast
store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be
harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and
industries.
The Rance Tidal Power Station (240 MW) is the world's first tidal power
station. The facility is located on the estuary of the Rance River, in
Brittany, France and opened on the 26th November 1966.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

Hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting using sunlight

has enormous potential in solving the worldwide energy and
environmental crisis.

1 kilogram of hydrogen could release about 1.16 kWh of energy, which

is about four times higher than that of methane .

Extensive studies were performed

on a wide range of semiconducting
materials (e.g. particularly TiO2)
for water splitting under visible
light irradiation.

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Renewable energy in Bangladesh

Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh, has been in force since 2009,

which envisions having 5% power from renewable energy sources by
2015 and 10% by 2020. The government has established Sustainable and
Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) to promote
renewable energy and energy efficiency.

To strengthen international cooperation, Bangladesh became one of the

initial members of the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA), the only inter-governmental agency working exclusively on
renewable energy.

Solar PV, Hydropower, Biogas, Wind, Waste to Energy, Tidal power and
wave energy

Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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