Astm A143a143m.20
Astm A143a143m.20
Astm A143a143m.20
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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practice hydrogen embrittlement of galvanized steel is usually treatment to stress relieving at a maximum of 1100 °F [595 °C]
of concern only if the steel exceeds approximately 150 ksi to avoid excessive grain growth or alternatively to fully
[1100 MPa] in ultimate tensile strength, or if it has been normalize the steel at temperatures from 1600 to 1700 °F [870
severely cold worked prior to pickling. to 925 °C]. The time at temperature should be approximately
4.3 Loss of ductility of cold-worked steels is dependent on 1 h ⁄in. [24 min ⁄cm] of section thickness.
many factors including the type of steel (strength level, aging 6.4 Flame cut copes on structural beams shall have a
characteristics), thickness of steel, and degree of cold work, minimum radius of 1 in. [2.5 cm]. After cutting, the cut surface
and is accentuated by areas of stress concentration such as shall be ground to remove notches, grooves, and irregular
caused by notches, holes, fillets of small radii, sharp bends, etc. surface features to leave the surface smooth.
4.4 Low temperatures increase the risk of brittle failure of 7. Preparation for Galvanizing
all plain carbon steels including steel that has been galvanized.
The rate at which this temperature loss of ductility occurs 7.1 Hydrogen can be absorbed during pickling and in some
varies for different steels. The expected service temperature instances, as noted in 4.2, may contribute to embrittlement of
should thus be taken into account when selecting the steel. the galvanized product. The likelihood of this, or of surface
cracking occurring, is increased by excessive pickling
5. Steels temperature, prolonged pickling time, and poor inhibition of
5.1 Open-hearth, basic-oxygen, and electric-furnace steels the pickling acid. Heating to 300 °F [150 °C] after pickling and
shall be used for galvanizing. Other materials that can be before galvanizing in most cases results in expulsion of
galvanized include continuous cast slabs, steel or iron castings, hydrogen absorbed during pickling.
and wrought iron. 7.2 Abrasive blast cleaning followed by flash pickling may
also be employed when over-pickling is of concern or when
6. Cold Working and Thermal Treatment very high strength steel, ultimate tensile strength higher than
6.1 For intermediate and heavy shapes, plates, and 150 ksi [1100 MPa], must be galvanized. The abrasive blast
hardware, cold bend radii should not be less than that which is cleaning does not generate hydrogen while it is cleaning the
proven satisfactory by practice or by the recommendations of surface of the steel. The flash pickling after abrasive blast
the steel manufacturer. These criteria generally depend on the cleaning is used to remove any final traces of blast media
direction of grain, strength, and type of steel. A cold bending before hot-dip galvanizing.
radius of three times (3×) the section thickness, or as recom-
mended in AISC Manual of Steel Construction,3 will ordinarily 8. Responsibility for Avoiding Embrittlement
ensure satisfactory properties in the final product. Although 8.1 Design of the product and selection of the proper steel to
sharper bending on thin sections can usually be tolerated, withstand normal galvanizing operations without embrittle-
embrittlement may occur if cold bending is especially severe. ment are the responsibility of the designer. The fabricator shall
If the design requires sharper bending than discussed herein, be responsible for employing suitable fabrication procedures.
the bending should be done hot, or if done cold the material The galvanizer shall employ proper pickling and galvanizing
should be subsequently annealed or stress relieved as noted in procedures.
6.3.
9. Testing for Embrittlement of Steel Shapes, Steel
6.2 Smaller shapes, including thickness up to 1⁄4 in. Castings, Threaded Articles, and Hardware Items
[6.4 mm] may be cold worked by punching without subsequent
annealing or stress-relieving. Shapes 5⁄16 to 11⁄16 in. [8 to 9.1 Subject to base material and dimensional limitations, the
18 mm] in thickness are not seriously affected as to service- tests given in 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, or 9.5, or a combination thereof,
ability by cold punching or if the punching is done under good shall apply. If one test specimen should be found embrittled by
shop practice. The heavier shapes, 3⁄4 in. [19 mm] and over, these tests, two additional specimens should be tested. Failure
shall be reamed with at least 1⁄16 in. [1.6 mm] of metal removed of either the second or the third specimen shall be cause for
from the periphery of the hole after punching, or shall be rejection of the lot (see Note 1) that the samples represent.
drilled, or thermally treated prior to galvanizing as noted in 6.3. NOTE 1—A lot is a unit of production from which a sample may be
taken for testing. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and
6.3 Fabrication in accordance with the principles outlined in the purchaser, or established within this practice, the lot shall be as
6.1 and 6.2 will normally obviate the need for thermal follows: For test at a manufacturer’s facility, a lot is one or more articles
treatment. However, if required, proper thermal treatment shall of the same type and size comprising a single order or a single delivery
precede galvanizing of the steel. For heavy cold deformation load, whichever is the smaller, or a smaller number of articles identified as
exemplified by cold rolling, sheared edges, punched holes, or a lot by the manufacturer, when these have been galvanized within a single
production shift. For test by purchaser after delivery, the lot consists of the
cold-formed rods and bolts, subcritical annealing at tempera- single order or the single delivery load, whichever is the smaller, unless
tures from 1200 to 1300 °F [650 to 705 °C] should be the lot identity, established in accordance with the above, is maintained
employed. For less severe cold deformation typified by cold and clearly indicated in the shipment by the manufacturer.
bending, roll forming, etc., it is advisable to limit the thermal 9.2 A bend test for embrittlement of galvanized steel hard-
ware such as bolts, pole and tower steps, braces, rods,
3
Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One East reinforcing bars, etc., consists of bending the article and
Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001. 9th Edition. comparing the degree of bending to that which is obtained on
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a similar ungalvanized article. The article, before and after 9.4.2.1 The test shall be made in a universal testing
galvanizing, may be clamped in a vise and using a lever if machine, or by other means such as a press with the load
necessary, bent until cracking of the base steel occurs, or to 90° applied slowly, until fracture of the galvanized test specimen
whichever is less. The galvanized article should withstand a occurs. The length of the test specimen and the distance
degree of bending substantially the same as the ungalvanized between the supports are shown in the following table:
article. Flaking or spalling of the galvanized coating is not to Leg of Angle, l, in. [mm] Length Between Minimum Length, L2,
be construed as an embrittlement failure. For threaded articles, (see Fig. 1) Supports, L1, in. [mm]
in. [mm]
the test shall be made on the unthreaded portion. Up to 4 [102], incl 14 [356] 18 [457]
9.3 Small steel castings and steel hardware of such shape or Over 4 to 6 [102 to 152], incl 20 [508] 24 [610]
Over 6 to 8 [152 to 203], incl 30 [762] 36 [914]
size that do not permit bending may be struck a sharp blow
with a 2-lb [1-kg] hammer and the results for both galvanized 9.4.2.2 After the test, the distance along the gage length
and ungalvanized samples compared. If the article withstands from each punch mark to the corresponding edge of the
such a blow in the ungalvanized condition, but after galvaniz- fracture shall be measured to 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] with a flexible
ing cracks under the blow, it shall be considered embrittled. scale and the percentage of elongation calculated from the sum
of these distances.
9.4 A test for embrittlement of galvanized steel angles is 9.4.2.3 For determining the percentage reduction of thick-
detailed as follows: ness after fracture, the reduction shall be measured with a
9.4.1 Test Specimen—A test specimen with a length deter- ball-point micrometer at the three locations indicated in Fig. 2:
mined by the table in 9.4.2.1 and by Fig. 1 shall be cut from the namely a, outer side of hole; b, inner side of hole; and c,
steel angle before galvanizing. A hole shall be made in the test middle of leg. The percentage reduction of thickness shall be
specimen at its midlength, using the same procedure as will be calculated on the basis of the original thickness of the angle
employed in the fabricated material which the specimen and the average of the three values at a, b, and c.
represents, whether this be by punching, punching and 9.4.2.4 The test shall be made upon galvanized specimens
reaming, or drilling. The dimensional values, diameter, and having a temperature not below 60 °F [16 °C] and not over
location of hole shall be not less than those employed in the 90 °F [32 °C] when tested.
structural details. Care should be taken not to place the hole 9.4.3 Requirements—The elongation measured in accor-
near stamped or rolled-in identification marks. The specimen dance with 9.4.2.2 shall be not less than 5 % with the following
shall then be galvanized. For determining the elongation after exception: when the specimen does not show 5 % elongation,
fracture, a 2-in. [51-mm] gage length (Fig. 1) shall be prick- the reduction in thickness shall be measured in accordance with
punched in the middle of the edge of the vertical leg of the 9.4.2.3. The sum of the percentage of elongation plus the
galvanized angle along a line parallel to its length and centered average percentage reduction of thickness shall not be less than
directly under the hole. For specimens under 1⁄2 in. [13 mm] in 10.
thickness, or those in which the distance from the edge of the
hole to the edge of the angle is less than 3⁄8 in. [10 mm], a 1-in. 9.5 For hot-dip galvanized externally threaded fasteners, an
[25-mm] gage length shall be used. alternate test to 9.2 for embrittlement is detailed in Test Method
F606.
9.4.2 Procedure:
10. Keywords
10.1 coatings-zinc; galvanized coatings; steel products-
metallic coated; zinc coatings-steel products
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