Ce6311 Survey Lab Manual.1
Ce6311 Survey Lab Manual.1
Ce6311 Survey Lab Manual.1
CIVIL ENGINEERING
www.vidyarthiplus.com
OBSERVATION
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NAME: ___________________________________
YEAR/SEM.: _______________________________
PREPARED
BY
KESAVAN.K
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of chains and its accessories
2. Aligning, Ranging and Chaining
3. Chain Traversing
4. Compass Traversing
5. Plane table surveying: Radiation
6. Plane table surveying: Intersection
7. Plane table surveying: Traversing
8. Plane table surveying: Resection – Three point problem
9. Plane table surveying: Resection – Two point problem
10. Study of levels and leveling staff
11. Fly leveling using Dumpy level
12. Fly leveling using tilting level
13. Check leveling
14. LS and CS
15. Contouring
16. Study of Theodolite
INDEX
SL.NO DATE EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO REMARKS
Objective: Date:
The chain surveying is done for the following purposes:
To secure the necessary data for making a plan
To secure data for exact description of the boundaries of a place of land
To determine its area.
To divide a place of land into a number of units.
Instruments:
Chain
Tape
Arrows
Ranging rods
Cross staff
Plumb bob
Hammer (or) Wooden mallet
Offset rods
Pegs
Optical square
Description of instruments:
Chain:
It is used to measure the distance between two points on the ground. The chain is
composed of 100 (or) 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire 4mm in diameter called links.
The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three rings.
The ends of the chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground,
each with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned round without twisting. The length of
the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside of the other. Metallic
tags are fixed at various distinctive points of the chain to facilitate quick reading of a chain
in surveying measurements.
Types of chains:
Generally chains are of two types
1) Metric chains,
2) Non-metric chains.
a) Metric chains:
Metric chains are either 20m (or) 30m in length. One metre is divided into 5 links each
of 0.2m. The least count of metric chain is 0.2m. The length of the link is the distance
between the centers of the two consecutive middle rings. To enable the reading of fractions
of a chain without much difficulty, tallies are fixed at every five – meter length for chains of
20m and 30m lengths. (See.Fig.1) Small brass rings are provided at every meter length,
except where tallies are attached. In metric chains readings are started from ends, increasing
towards the centre. The tallies in the chain are as shown in fig below.
Tape:
Tapes are used to measure the lengths to decimal places accuracy. It is also used to
measure the offset distance from main survey line. Tapes are made of various materials and are,
therefore divided into 4 classes,
i. Cloth (or) Linen tape
ii. Metallic tape
iii. Steel tape
iv. Invar tape
Arrows:
It is used to mark the points on the ground or to mark the end of each chain during the
chaining process. It is made of hardened and tempered. steel wire 4mm in diameter and
length of 400mm. These are pointed at one end whereas a circular ring is formed at its other
end as shown in fig. It is important to mark the chain lengths in chaining operation. In
general, ten arrows are given to one chain.
Cross staff:
This instrument is used for finding the foot of the perpendicular from a given point to
a line, and setting out a right angle at a given point on a line. To set out a right angles the
following two type of cross staffs are used.
i. Open cross staff
ii. French cross staff
iii. Adjustable cross staff
Plumb bob:
It is used while measuring distances on sloping ground and transfer to the leveled
ground. It is made of steel in a conical shape with a thread connected at the centre. It is
generally used for centering.
Hammer:
It is used to give blows to fix the peg on the ground.
Offset rod:
It is similar to the ranging rod but is usually 3m long. The top is provided with a stout
open ring recessed hook for putting or pulling the chain through a hedge or other
obstruction.
Optical square:
It is used to set out right angles. It is a small compact hand instrument. It consists of a
circular metal box about 5cm in diameter and 1.25cm deep. It is protected by a metal cover,
which slides round so as to cover the openings and thus protects the mirrors from dust when
not in use. H and I are the two mirrors placed at an angle of 45˚ to each other.
Result:
The various instruments used in Chain Surveying and their uses are studied.
Result:
The length of line AB by chaining is ___________Metres.
with M2B.
The person at N3 directs the person at M2 to a new position M3 in line with N3A.
The process is repeated till the points M and N are located in such a way that M finds
the person at N in line with AB and the person at N finds the person at M in line with
AB.
After fixing the points M and N, other points are also fixed by direct ranging and the
length of the line is measured.
Result:
The length of line AB by chaining is ____________ Metres.
CHAIN TRAVERSING
MEASUREMENT OF AREA BY CHAIN TRIANGULATION
Objective: Date:
To measure the area of the given field by chain triangulation.
Instruments:
Chain 20m/30m - 01 Nos
Arrows - 10 Nos ( 1 Set)
Ranging rods - 06 Nos
Wooden pegs - 05 Nos
Procedure:
Let ABCDE be the given field whose area is to be measured, fix the pegs at A, B, C, D
& E. Divide area into three triangles ADE, ABD and BCD by joining AD and BD.
Measure the lengths AB, BC, CD, DE, EA, AD and BD. Calculate the area of the
triangles.
The sum of the areas of the three triangles is the area of the given field.
Formula:
Result:
The area of the given field = ________________ Square Metre.
Note: The student should prepare a layout of the given area covering building roads etc.
Result:
From the recorded measurements of the building area is plotted.
Compass Box: It is a circular box of diameter 85 to 110 mm having pivot at the center and
covered with plain glass at top.
Magnetic Needle: It facilitates in taking the bearings of survey lines with reference to the
magnetic north.
Graduated Ring: The bearings are marked inverted on the graduated rings from 0° to 360°
in a clockwise starting 0° from south.
Pivot: Magnet is freely held with this.
Object Vane: It consists of prism with a sighting slit at the top. The prism magnifies and
erects the inverted graduations.
Brake Pin: It is pressed to stop the oscillations of the graduated ring.
Lifting Pin: On pressing it brings the lifting lever into action.
Colour Glasses: Red and blue glasses are provided with the prism to sight luminous
objects.
Result:
The prismatic compass with its components was studied.
Follow the same procedure to observe the magnetic bearings ‘OB’ & ‘OC’
Fig.3.Bearing observation
Observation & Tabulation:
Result:
The whole circle bearing is 360º for given field. Hence proved.
COMPASS TRAVERSING
Objective: Date:
To conduct compass survey along the closed traverse.
Instruments:
Prismatic compass
Chain
Ranging rods
Procedure:
Fix the closed traverse ABCDE.
Set up the compass at the station ‘A’. Perform the temporary adjustments.
Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.
Sight the object at E and note down the BB of EA.
Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments. Sight the
object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.
Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.
Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.
Continue the same process all at other stations.
Formula:
Included angle = B.B of previous line – F.B of next line.
Observation & Tabulation:
SL.NO LINE FORE BEARING BACK BEARING INCLUDED ANGLE
Check:
The sum of the included angles should be equals to (2n-4) x 90º (IA = 360º - EA)
Where ‘n’ is number of sides of the traverse.
Result:
The included angle of the traverse are found out and the closing error is _______.
carried out by means of U-frame and plumb bob. The plane table is exactly placed over the ground
station by U-frame and plumb bob.
Leveling The Plane Table :
The process of leveling is carried out with the help of level tube. The bubble of level tube is
brought to center in two directions, which are right angles to each other. This is achieved by
moving legs.
Orienting The Table :
The process of keeping the plane table always parallel to the position, which is occupied at
the first station, is known as orientation. When the plane table is oriented, the lines on the
board are parallel to the lines on the ground.
Result:
The out line of the profile is plotted and the perimeter of profile is ________ Metre.
Result:
The objects are plotted on drawing sheet and the distance the given points are measured.
Result:
The traverse is a closed one and its plotted on drawing sheet.
Keep the alidade at ‘a’ and sight ‘A’ and draw a resector. Draw resection from ‘b’ by
sighting ‘B’ to intersect the previous line at‘d’. Transfer the point‘d’ to the ground and
drive a peg.
Keep the alidade at‘d’ and sight ‘c’ and draw a ray or line. Mark a point ‘c1’ on the
line to represent the distance ‘DC’.
Shift the table to ‘C’, orient the table by taking back sight to ‘D’ and centre it with
reference to ‘c1’.
Keep the alidade pivoted at ‘a’ and sight it to A. Draw a ray to intersect the previously
dawn ray from ‘D’ in ‘C’.
Pivoting the alidade about ‘C’ and sight ‘B’. Draw a ray to intersect the ray drawn
from ‘D’ to ‘B’ at ‘b’.
In order that ab and ‘ab’ to coincide keep a pole ‘p’ in the line ‘ab’ at a great distance.
Keeping the alidade along ‘ab’ rotate the table till ‘p’ is bisected clamp the table.
After orientation draw a resection from ‘a’ to ‘A’ and another from ‘b’ to ‘B’. The
intersection of which will give the position ‘c’ occupied by the plane table.
Result:
Thus the position of station occupied by the plane table is determined.
Result:
Thus the position of station occupied by the plane table is determined by three point
problem using “Bessel’s” Graphical Solution.
∑ 𝑩𝑺 = ∑ 𝑭𝑺 =
Check:
∑ 𝑩𝑺 − ∑ 𝑩𝑺 = Last RL – First RL
∑ 𝑩𝑺 = ∑ 𝑭𝑺 =
Check: ∑ 𝑩𝑺 − ∑ 𝑭𝑺 = ∑ 𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑬 - ∑ 𝑭𝑨𝑳𝑳 = Last RL – First RL
Result:
Difference in elevation between A and B = ____________ Metre.
Result: The longitudinal section for the given road is thus plotted.
Result:
The cross section of the given road is this plotted.
Result: Thus the contour lines have been plotted for the given area.
STUDY OF THEODOLITE
Objective: Date:
To study different parts of transit Theodolite and Temporary adjustments.
Instruments:
Transit theodolite
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
Vertical Axis: It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.
Horizontal Axis: It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
Line Of Collimation: It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the
diaphragm to the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.
Axis Of The Telescope: It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center
of the eye-piece.
Axis Of The Level Tube: It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level
tube at the center of the tube.
Centering: The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as
centering.
Transiting: It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about the
trunnion axis
Telescope: It consists of eye-piece, object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight the
object.
Vertical Circle: It is used to measure vertical angles.
Levelling Head: It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates. Its uses are
To support the main part of the instrument.
To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
Lower Plate: It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.
Upper Plate:The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It consists
of an upper clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with
lower plate accurately.
Foot Screws:These are used to level the instrument
Plumb Bob: It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.
Swinging The Telescope: It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the
horizontal plane. A swing is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise
or counter clockwise.
Face Left: If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation
of the angles taken is known as face left observation.
Face Right: If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the
observation of the angles taken is known as face right observation.
Changing Face: It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and
vice-versa.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS
There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are
Setting up the theodolite over a station.
Leveling up.
Elimination of parallax.
Setting Up:
It includes two operations
Centering a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs
radially or circumferentially.
Leveling Up:
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is done with
the help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical axis shall be truly
vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to a
line joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center.
Turn the upper plate through 90º i.e until the axes of the level passes over the position
of the third leveling screw ‘C’.
Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
Rotate the upper plate through 90º to its original position fig(a) and repeat step(2) till
Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
Now rotate the instrument through 180º. The bubble should be remaining in the center of its
run, provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be truly vertical.
ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not possible.
Parallax can be eliminated in two steps.
Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of the
telescope. Move the eyepiece in and out until a distant and sharp black image of the
cross-hairs is seen.
Telescope is now turned towards object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned until
image appears clear and sharp.