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TCP/IP
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TCP/IP is a family of protocols for communication between computers.

What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It
defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected over
the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into small packets before they can
be sent over a network, and for assembling the packets again when they
arrive.
IP - Internet Protocol
IP takes care of the communication between computers. It is responsible for
addressing, sending and receiving the data packets over the Internet.

TCP/IP Protocols For the Web

Web browsers and servers use TCP/IP protocols to connect to the Internet.
Common TCP/IP protocols are:
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web
browser. HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) to
a web server, returning web content (web pages) from the server back to
the client.
HTTPS - Secure HTTP
HTTPS takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web
browser. HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive
data.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FTP takes care of transmission of files between computers.
IP is Connection-Less
IP is a "connection-less" communication protocol.
IP does not occupy the communication line between two computers. This
reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be used for communication
between many different computers at the same time.
With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent
"packets" and sent between computers via the Internet. IP is responsible for
"routing" each packet to the correct destination.

IP Routers
When an IP packet is sent from a computer, it arrives at an IP router.
The IP router is responsible for "routing" the packet to the correct
destination, directly or via another router.
The path the packet will follow might be different from other packets of the
same communication. The router is responsible for the right addressing,
depending on traffic volume, errors in the network, or other parameters.
Analogy: Communicating via IP is like sending a long letter as a large
number of small postcards, each finding its own (often different) way to the
receiver.

IP Addresses
IP uses 32 bits, or four numbers between 0 and 255, to address a computer.
IP addresses are normally written as four numbers separated by a period,
like this: 192.168.1.50.
Each computer must have an unique IP address before it can connect to the
Internet.
Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another
computer.
This is an IP address: 192.68.20.50. This might be the same address: 
www.w3schools.com
This is your IP address: 108.161.252.158
In computer terms, TCP/IP uses 32 bits addressing. It uses 4 bytes. One
byte is 8 bits. One byte can contain 256 different values:
How data travels across the Internet
Information is divided up, sent in chunks across the world and
reassembled when it reaches its destination. 

The Internet works by chopping data into chunks called packets. Each packet then moves
through the network in a series of     hops.

Entering the network

Each packet hops to a local Internet service provider (ISP), a company that offers
access to the network – usually for a fee.

Taking flight
The next hop delivers the packet to a long-haul provider, one of the airlines of
cyberspace that quickly carrying data across the world

BGP
These providers use the Border Gateway Protocol to find a route across the many
individual networks that together form the Internet. This journey often takes several
more hops, which are plotted out one by one as the data packet moves across the
Internet.

Bad information
For the system to work properly, the BGP information shared among routers cannot
contain lies or errors that might cause a packet to go off track – or get lost altogether

Arrival
The final hop takes a packet to the recipient, which reassembles all of the packets into a
coherent message. A separate message goes back through the network confirming
successful delivery.

Q. How do computers send data through the Internet?

A. Computers send information through the Internet by dividing the data to send into small chunks
("packets") and transmitting them to the other device. All this happens without your doing anything -
the web browser, e-mail program, etc. all take care of these low level details.

When your computer wants to send to another computer, it creates the packet, then places the other
computer's address in the destination address of the packet, places its own address in the source
address of the packet, and then sends the packet off, either directly to the destination computer, or
to a nearby router that takes responsibility for routing the packet.

There's an analogy with the post office here. Packets are like envelopes, with destination addresses
and return addresses. Routers are like post offices: they check the destination address and have the
responsibility for delivering the packet to the final destination computer or to another router that's
closer to the destination.

Concept of “port”
What is port?

It is a logical path, used for communication outside the computer system.

What is port number?

Internet Port Number

All data transmitted over the internet is sent and received using a specific set of commands, also known
as a protocol. Each protocol is assigned a specific port number. For example, all website data transferred
over HTTP uses port 80. Data sent over HTTPS uses port 443. Other common ports include:

Port 20 - FTP (file transfer protocol)

Port 22 - SSH and SFTP

Port 25 - SMTP (outgoing email)

Port 465 - SMTP over SSL

Port 143 - IMAP (incoming email)

Port 993 - IMAP over SSL

Port numbers are similar to wireless channels in that they prevent conflicts between different protocols.
They also provide a simple way to implement network security measures, since it is possible to allow or
block specific protocols.
Other TCP/IP Protocols
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
ARP is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card
based on the IP address.
BOOTP - Boot Protocol
BOOTP is used for booting (starting) computers from the network.
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a
network.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP takes care of error-handling in the network.
LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDAP is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses
from the internet.
NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is used to synchronize the time (the clock) between computers.
PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
PPTP is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks. 
RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RARP is used by IP to find the IP address based on the hardware address of
a computer network card.
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMP is used for administration of computer networks.
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
The SSL protocol is used to encrypt data for secure data transmission.
TLS - Transport Layer Security
The TLS protocol is a newer and more secure version of SSL.