1 Intermolecular Force

INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
INTRODUCTION:
• Matter (the gas, liquid, and solid) have
different orientation of particles depending
on the nature of the intermolecular force
present between each particle of that
matter.
INTRODUCTION:
• Intermolecular Force is a forces that hold
individual particle such as atoms, molecules,
or ions together.
OBJECTIVES:
This discussion is designed for you to:
1. explain the properties of liquids, solids and gas
using kinetic molecular model;
2. define the types of Intermolecular forces;
3. state the effect of Intermolecular force on each
property of liquid (surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, vaporization);
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL
• The phase at which any substance may exist depends on
the Intermolecular forces and the predominance of the
kinetic energies of the particles. The kinetic energy that
keeps particles moving depends upon temperature. The
higher temperature the faster the particles movement.
THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF ATTRACTION
• Generally, the stronger the intermolecular
forces of attraction, the greater is the
required amount of energy to overcome
these forces.
THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF ATTRACTION
Based on these postulates, the particles of each phase of
matter are as follows:
1. The particles of solids are closely packed together.
Because of their compact arrangement, solids have
definite sizes and shapes.
2. The particles of liquids are slightly far from one another.
This amount of space enables liquids to flow and take
the shape of their containers. Thus, they have no
definite sizes and shapes.
3. The particles of gas move freely and are very far from
one another, which is why gas cannot be seen.
Furthermore, gases diffuse easily.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCE
T E R M I N O L O G Y:
1. Dipole moment- occur when there is a
separation of charge. Dipole moments arise
from differences in electronegativity. They
can occur between two ions in an ionic
bond or between atoms in a covalent
bond.
2. Polar molecules- -is a chemical species in
which the distribution of electrons between
the covalently bonded atoms is not even.
3. Nonpolar molecules- nonpolar molecule is
completely symmetric or has an even
distribution of electrons around the molecule.
The dipole moment vectors on each molecule
will cancel each other out, making the
molecule nonpolar.
WAYS TO DETERMINE NONPOLAR AND POLAR
MOLECULES:
4. Electronegativity - is a measure of an atom's
ability to attract shared electrons to itself. On
the periodic table, electronegativity generally
increases as you move from left to right across
a period and decreases as you move down a
group.
SIMPLE TRICKS!
How to determine if a molecule is POLAR or
NONPOLAR?
Molecule is POLAR if…
•There are different terminal atoms;
OR
•There is/are lone pair/s around central atom.
Otherwise, molecule is NONPOLAR
SIMPLE TRICKS!
NONPOLAR POLAR POLAR

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
1. London Dispersion Force- the weakest
among the intermolecular forces in a
nonpolar molecule create temporary dipole. It
happens when one nonpolar molecule with a
temporary dipole exerts a weak attractive
force on another nonpolar molecule to make
it a temporary dipole.
Example of London Dispersion
2. Ion-Dipole Interaction- This arises from the
interaction between an ion (anion or cation)
and a polar molecule. If the particle is an
anion (negative charged ion), it will be
attracted to the partially positive end of the
polar molecule.; however, if the particle is a
cation, it will be attracted to the partially
negative end of the polar molecule.
Example
1. Which of the following molecules will create an ion-dipole interaction with

Ni+2?
A. H2 B. CO2 C. CH4 D. SO2 E. I2
2. Which of the following molecules will create an ion induced dipole

interaction with the P-3 ion?
A. H2O B. HF C. O2 D. CO E. NH3
3. Dipole- Dipole Interaction- Intermolecular
force exhibited by polar molecule in which
positive end of one dipole attracts the
negative end of another polar molecule. Eg.
HBr and H2S.
4. Hydrogen bonding– A special kind of
dipole-dipole interaction with the involvement
of hydrogen. Hydrogen bonding is also
important in holding together the
complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA, as
well as the formation of protein structure.
Self-Check
List the type of IMF exhibited between the pairs of
molecules shown below
1. CO2
2. Na+ CH2O
3. HF
4. PCl3
5. SO2
6. F2
7. LiCl
8. CH2Cl2
9. NH3
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
1. Viscosity– This property refers to the
measure of liquid’s resistance to flow. Highly
viscous liquids are those exhibiting the
strongest intermolecular forces.
2. Surface Tension – this is referred to as the
amount of resistance needed to increase the
surface area of liquids. In order for the liquid
surface to increase, then the intermolecular
forces of attraction must move from inside
particles into the surface particles. The greater
the intermolecular force, the higher the
surface tension is.
3. Vapor Pressure– the vapor pressure of liquid
is defined as the pressure of the vapor (gas)
present at equilibrium.
Liquids with high vapor pressure have weak
intermolecular forces of attraction, whereas
liquids with high intermolecular force of
attraction have relatively lower vapor
pressure, so they would require large amount
of energy.
4. Boiling Point– A liquid boils when its vapor
pressure is equal to the prevailing atmospheric
pressure. The normal boiling point of a liquid is
the temperature at which its pressure is equal
to the standard pressure of 101 325 Pa. If a
stronger intermolecular force of attraction is in
place, the liquid will have a relatively higher
boiling point.
THANK YOU!!!

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INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

NONPOLAR POLAR POLAR

1. Which of the following molecules will create an ion-dipole interaction with

2. Which of the following molecules will create an ion induced dipole

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