CHEM 1020 General Chemistry IB

Instructor:
Name: Guochen JIA

Office: CYT 6009

Email: [email protected]

Phone #: 2358 7361

Office hour: 14:00 -15:00 Fri

CHEM 1020 General Chemistry IB

What have we been studying so far?

Atoms (Chapters 1,2)

Molecules (Chapter 3,4)

(bonding between/among atoms)

Changes of Molecules
(Chemical reactions)
→Types of changes (Chapter 6)
→Mass conversation (chapter 5)
→Energy conservation (Chapter 7)
 Chapter 5. Stoichiometry
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mole, atomic weight, molar mass
3. Composition stoichiometry
4. Reaction stoichiometry

3
 Assignments

• Reading Assignment: Z&Z, Chapter 5: pp. 198 ~ 238.

• Questions/Exercises Assignment: Z&Z, Chapter 5: pp.239~240;240a ~

240l.
➢ For Review: p. 239.
➢ Review Questions: 1 ~ 10.
➢ Questions: 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35.
➢ Exercises: 37, 39, 41, 43; 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69 71;
73, 75, 77; 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93; 95, 97, 99, 101, 103; 105, 107, 109,
111, 113; 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125.
 1. Introduction
➢ What is chemical stoichiometry?
• The study of the quantitative aspects of substances
and chemical reactions.
• Calculations about the masses of reactants and products.

➢ Types of chemical stoichiometry:

• Composition stoichiometry: deals with the quantitative (mass
and mole) relationships among elements in a compound.
e.g. molecular formula?

• Reaction stoichiometry: deals with the quantitative (mass and

mole) relationships between compounds, reactants and
products, in a chemical reaction.

aA + bB → cC + dD e.g. amount of reactants required or 5

products formed? efficiency ?
 1. Introduction

• Key concepts or skills needed:

– Mole
– Atomic mass, atomic weight, molar mass
– Mass percent, formula
– limiting reagent, yield
– Conversions between mass in grams and moles
– Balancing and interpreting chemical equations

6
 2. Mole, atomic weight, molar mass
What is a mole?
•It is a fundamental unit for the amount of substances in
macroscopic counting of atoms or molecules.

•The amount of a substance that contains the number of particles

a 12 g sample of carbon-12.
equal to the number of atoms in_______________________
(6.022140857x1023 →6.022 x 1023 particles).

1 mole = 6.022× 1023 entities.

•Abbreviated as mol.

• The number of particles in one mole of a substance is called

Avogadro constant or Avogadro number (NA).
7
NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
 The Mole
Usefulness of the mole concept in chemistry
➢ Mole is a quantity that bridges microscopic counting with macroscopic
counting.
✓ Microscopic counting: the number.
(Unit: integer numbers; e.g., 6 C atoms, or 200 Fe atoms).

✓ Macroscopic counting: the mole.

(Unit: mole; e.g., 2 mole of C atoms).

With mole, macroscopic counting of the number of entities

can be easily achieved by weighing.

e.g. 12 g of 12C = 1 mole (12C atoms) = 6.022 × 1023 atoms

➢ Mole can be used to correlate different substances with equivalence

relationship in terms of the amount or the number of entities.
e.g. 12 g of 12C = 1 mole (12C atoms) = 6.022 × 1023 atoms 8

32.1 g of S = 1 mole (S atoms) = 6.022 × 1023 atoms

 Some One-mole Quantities

32.1 g 55.9 g 58.5 g 294.2 g 342.2 g

9
 Atomic Mass and Atomic Weight
• Atomic mass: The mass of a specific atom.

• It is most often expressed in unified atomic mass

units (u or amu).

1 amu = one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the

carbon-12
_________, at rest and in its ground state.

By definition:
12 amu
The mass of a single atom of carbon-12 = ___________

12 g
The mass of one mole of atoms of carbon-12 = _____exactly.

12 amu = 12 g/NA (where NA is Avogadro's number).

1 amu = 1/NA g = 1.660538782 × 10−24 g

10

One “amu” is also called one Dalton (Da).

 Are there any particles with a mass close to one
amu?
One “amu” = 1.6605 x 10-24 g

Mass of proton (p), electron (e) and neutron (n):

mproton = 1.6726 x 10-24 g = 1.007316 amu

mneutron = 1.6749 x 10-24 g = 1.008701 amu

melectron = 9.11 x 10-28 g = 0.000549 amu 11

 The atomic mass
➢ Atoms = Proton + neutron + electron

➢ Mass of an atom = total mass of (proton +neutron + electron)?

mass of an 12C atom = 12 amu Mproton = 1.007316 amu

mneutron = 1.008701 amu

12C = 6 (p) + 6 (n) + 6 (e)
melectron = 0.000549 amu
= 6 x 1.007316 (p) + 6 x 1.008701 (n) + 6 x 0.000549 (e)

= 6.043896 + 6.052206 + 0.003294 = 12.099396 amu

➢ Mass of an atom does not exactly equal to the total mass of (p +n + e)

12
Mass of an atom = total mass of (p +n + e) + binding energy (mass loss)
 The atomic mass
The relative atomic mass can be measured 12C: 12 amu
accurately by mass spectrometer. the reference
standard

13C: 13.003355
amu

By comparing the positions of 12C and 13C in the mass spectrum, the ratio of
their masses is found to be
→the relative atomic mass of 13C = 1.0836129 x 12 amu= 13.003355 amu.
• Even though 13C has an integer mass number, its relative atomic mass (or simply atomic mass) is
NOT an integer. By definition, 12C is the only atom (isotope) that has an integer atomic mass. 13
• The mass of all other atoms are given relative to the 12C standard (as reference).
 Atomic Weight
• Atomic weight: The average atomic mass of a
naturally occurring element.

• It is also often expressed in unified atomic mass units.

Example:
Naturally occurring C: 98.892% C-12 + 1.108% C-13

Atomic mass: C-12, 12; C-13, 13.00335

Atomic weight of C =
(0.98892)(12) + (0.01108)(13.00335) = 12.011 amu.

Note:
• Atomic weight is also known as average atomic mass , or atomic mass
of an element.
• Atomic weights could be found in some periodic table. 14
For Example

15
 Molar Atomic mass
• Molar atomic mass of an element:
Mass of 1 mole of an element, and it equal to its
atomic weight in gram. It is expressed in g/mol.

Example:

Atomic weight of C = 12.011 amu

Molar atomic mass of C = 12.011 g/mol

Atomic weight of S = 32.065 amu

Molar atomic mass of C = 32.065 g/mol

16
 Formula Mass, Molecular Mass, Molar Mass,
Molecular Weight
Formula Mass = Molecular Mass
• The sum of the atomic masses for all atoms in a formula.
• It is expressed in atomic mass unit (amu).

e.g. Formula mass of SO2 = 32.1 (S) + 2 × 16.0 (O) = 64.1 amu
(Atomic weight: S, 32.1 amu; O, 16.0 amu)

Molar Mass = Molecular Weight

• Mass of 1 mole of a substance.
• It is expressed in g/mol.
• Numerically equivalent to the formula mass

64.1 g/mol
e.g. Molar mass of SO2 = __________

17
 Relationship between Particle Number, Moles
and Mass

❑Calculations involving “the number” and “the mass”:

NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1 18

 Exercise
1. The formula mass of CO2 (dry-ice) is
A) 28 g Atomic mass:
B) 44 amu/mol C: 12 amu
O: 16 amu
C) 44 g
H: 1 amu
D) 44 amu
E) 44 g/mol

Unit for formula mass: amu

1x12 (C) + 2x16 (O) = 44

19
 Exercise
2. Which of the following contains as many atoms as 18 g of
water, H2O? Atomic mass:
A) one mole of hydrogen, H2 2 moles O: 16 amu
B) three moles of sodium, Na 3 moles H: 1 amu
C) two moles of sodium chloride, NaCl 4 moles
D) two moles of oxygen, O2 4 moles

Molar mass of water = 2  1 (H) + 1  16 (O) = 18 g/mol

18 g of water → 1 mole water → 3 moles of atoms (2 moles H + 1 mole O)

20
 Exercise
3. Allyl sulfide C6H10S is a compound that Atomic mass:
C: 12.0 amu
has the odor of garlic. How many moles of H: 1.0 amu
C6H10S are in 225 g? S: 32.0 amu

Molar mass of C6H10S:

= 6x12.0(C) + 10x1.0(H) + 1x32.0(S) = 114 g/mol

Moles of C6H10S:

mass 225 (g)

= = = 1.97 mole
molar mass 114 (g/mol)

21
 Exercise
4. Acetylsalicyclic acid (AA) is the active Atomic mass:
ingredient of Asprin. A tablet of Aspirin contains C: 12.01 amu
325 mg of AA. O: 16.00 amu
H: 1.008 amu
a)How many moles of AA are in one tablet?
b)How many molecules of AA are in one tablet?

Molecular formula of AA: C 9 H 8 O4

Molar mass of AA:
= 9 x 12.01 (C)+ 8 x1.008 (H) + 4x16.00 (O)
= 108.09 + 8.064 + 64.00 = 180.15 g/mol
# moles of AA:
mass 0.325 (g)
= = = 1.80 x10-3 moles
molar mass 180.15 (g/mol)

# molecules of AA: = mole x NA 22

= 1.80x10-3 x 6.022x1023 = 1.08x1021 molecules

 3. Composition Stiochiometry

Ways to indicate the composition of a pure compound:

◆ Mass percent
◆ Empirical formula
◆ Molecular formula

23
 Mass Percent and molecular formula

• Mass percent of an element:

Molecular
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
= x 100% formula
(Formula mass of the compound) and
mass %

e.g. For iron in iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3):

2 x 55.85 amu (Fe)

Mass % Fe= x100% = 69.94%
2x55.85 amu + 3x16.00 amu 24

(Fe2O3)
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

• Empirical formula: Formula contains the smallest whole-number

ratio of atoms

• Molecular formula: Formula contains the exact numbers of

constituting atoms
H
H O C

Molecular formula: C 6H 6
C6H12O6
Empirical formula: CH CH2O
25
Molecular Formula = [ Empirical Formula ]n (where n is an integer)
 Relationship between mass percent and formula

The formula and the mass percent of each element in the

compound are related to each other.

mass % empirical
element formula

molar mass
molecular
formula

26
 Determination of Formula
➢ Determination of empirical formula from mass percents:

a, b, c, d..
Note: The smallest whole-number ratio in the empirical formula could be obtained by
dividing each mole number by the smallest of the values. If the numbers obtained are not
whole numbers, multiply each number by an integer so that the results are all whole
numbers.

➢ Determination of molecular formula from mass percents :

Mass % Use
element Empirical formula Molar Molecular formula
mass

Molecular Formula = [ Empirical Formula ]n (where n is an integer)

27
 Exercise
1. Consider CO2 and WO3. Atomic mass:
C: 12.01 amu
Which compound has a higher percent of O: 16.00 amu
oxygen by mass. H: 1.008 amu
W: 183.9 amu

2x16.00 (O)
Mass % O (CO2) = x100% = 72.71%
12.01(C) + 2x16.00 (O)

3x16.00 (O)
Mass % O (WO3) = x100% = 20.70%
183.9 (W) + 3x16.00 (O)

CO2 28
 Exercise

2. The composition of adipic acid ( a starting material for

Nylon) is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O (by mass). The
molar mass of the compound is about 146 g/mol.

▪ What is the empirical formula?

▪ What is the molecular formula?

Atomic mass:
C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
H: 1.008 amu

29
 Exercise
2.The composition of adipic acid ( a starting material for Nylon)
is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O (by mass). The molar mass
of the compound is about 146 g/mol.

▪ What is the empirical formula? Atomic weight:

C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
▪ What is the molecular formula? H: 1.008 amu

▪ Assuming 100 g: C, 49.3 g; H, 6.9 g; O, 43.8 g

▪ Mol. C: = Mass/M.M = 49.3 g /(12.01 g/mol) = 4.10 mol

▪ Mol. H: = Mass/M.M =6.9 g /(1.008 g/mol) = 6.80 mol
▪ Mol. O: = Mass/M.M = 43.8 g/(16.00 g/mol) = 2.73 mol
4.10 6.80 2.73
C:H:O = 4.10:6.80:2.73 = : : = 1.5:2.5:1 = 3:5:2
30

2.73 2.73 2.73

 Exercise
2. The composition of adipic acid ( a starting material for
Nylon) is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O (by mass). The
molar mass of the compound is about 146 g/mol.

▪ What is the empirical formula? C3H5O2

▪ What is the molecular formula?

The molar mass of the empirical formula is

= 3x12.01(C) + 5x1.008 (H) + 2x16.00 (O) Atomic weight:
=73.07 g/mol. C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
The molecular formula = C H O H: 1.008 amu
6 10 4

C:H:O = 4.10:6.80:2.73 = 4.10/2.73:6.80/2.73:2.73/2.73

31
= 1.5:2.5:1 = 3:5:2
 Experimental Determination of Formula
➢ Formula can be determined if mass percent of elements are
known.
➢ A combustion device is often used to analyze the mass percent
of elements in a compound.
• A weighed sample is burned in the presence of excess oxygen

• Carbon converted into CO2, collected (by absorbent materials) and weighed.

• Hydrogen converted into H2O, collected and weighed.

C, H,
32

→ Na2CO3
 Experimental Determination of Formula
Example: Suppose a substance is composed of C, H and N. When
0.1156 g of this compound burned with excess oxygen, 0.1638 g of CO2
and 0.1676 g of H2O are produced. Determine the empirical formula of
this compound.

Formula C%, H%, N%

0.1156 g sample → 0.1638 g CO2 + 0.1676 g H2O

33
 Experimental Determination of Formula
Example: Suppose a substance is composed of C, H Atomic weight:
and N. When 0.1156 g of this compound burned with C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
excess oxygen, 0.1638 g of CO2 and 0.1676 g of H2O H: 1.008 amu
are produced. Determine the empirical formula of this N: 14.01 amu
compound.

0.1156 g sample → 0.1638 g CO2 + 0.1676 g H2O

Mole of CO2: Mass/Mw = 0.1638 g/ (44.01 g/mol) = 0.003722 mol

Mole of C: 0.003722 mol

Mass of C: Mol.x Mw = 0.003722 mol x 12.01 g/mol = 0.0447 g

C%: [mass (C) / mass (sample)] x100%

34
= [0.0447 0g /0.1156 ] x 100% = 38.67%
 Experimental Determination of Formula
Example: Suppose a substance is composed of C, H Atomic weight:
and N. When 0.1156 g of this compound burned with C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
excess oxygen, 0.1638 g of CO2 and 0.1676 g of H2O H: 1.008 amu
are produced. Determine the empirical formula of this N: 14.01 amu
compound.

0.1156 g sample → 0.1638 g CO2 + 0.1676 g H2O

Mole of H2O: Mass/Mw = 0.1676 g/ (18.02 g/mol) = 0.009301 mol

Mole of H: 2 x mol (H2O) = 2 x0.009301 mol = 0.01860 mol

Mass of H: Mol.x Mw = 0.01860 mol x 1.008 g/mol = 0.01875 g

[mass (C) / mass (sample)] x100%

H%:
= [0.01875 g /0.1156 ] x 100% = 16.22% 35
 Experimental Determination of Formula
Example: Suppose a substance is composed of C, H Atomic weight:
and N. When 0.1156 g of this compound burned with C: 12.01 amu
O: 16.00 amu
excess oxygen, 0.1638 g of CO2 and 0.1676 g of H2O H: 1.008 amu
are produced. Determine the empirical formula of this N: 14.01 amu
compound.

0.1156 g sample → 0.1638 g CO2 + 0.1676 g H2O

C%, 38.67%, H%, 16.22%. N%: = ?

C% + H% + N % = 100%

%C %H 36
 Experimental Determination of Formula
Example: Suppose a substance is composed of C, H and N. When
0.1156 g of this compound burned with excess oxygen, 0.1638 g of CO2
and 0.1676 g of H2O are produced. Determine the empirical formula of
this compound. C%, 38.67%, H%, 16.22%, N%, 45.11%
# atoms in 100 g? Smallest whole-
number ratio

Empirical formula is CH5N 37

 Summary of last lecture
➢ Terminology in Chemical Stiochiometry

✓ Mole, Avogadro constant, Avogadro number

✓ Atomic mass, atomic weight, amu

✓ Formula mass, molecular mass, molar mass, molecular weight.

✓ Mass percent, empirical formula, molecular formula

➢ Composition stoichiometry

38
 4. Reaction Stoichiometry
➢ Reaction stoichiometry: deals with the quantitative (mass and
mole) relationships between compounds, reactants and products,
in a chemical reaction.
aA + bB → cC + dD

➢ Typical questions:
• Given amount of reactants, how much of products can be formed?
• Given Amount of product how much of reactants are needed?
• How much of a reagent is left?
• How efficient is the reaction?

➢ Concepts/skills required:
• Balancing and interpreting chemical equations
39

• limiting reagent, yield

 4.1. Chemical equations

A balanced chemical equation is a concise symbolic

representation of a chemical reaction.

Reactants Products

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted

to balance the equation. The states of the reactants
and products are written in
parentheses to the right of
They tell the number of each compound.
molecules. 40
 Some Conventions
➢ Physical states:
Examples:
• Gas (g)
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) →H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
• Liquid (l)
CH4(g )+ 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
• Solid (s)
• Aqueous solution (aq)
(or hydrated)

➢ Reaction condition
2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
• Heating ()
hn
CO2 + 3H2 (g) CH3OH (l) + H2O (l)
• Photolysis (hn)
Information from a Balanced Chemical Equation
A balanced equation show relative “numbers” of reactants and products.

Note: the coefficients in front of chemical formulas indicate the NUMBER of

molecules, NOT the masses of molecules!!!
 Balancing a Chemical Equation
• Balance the equation by inspection.
A suggested strategy for balancing chemical equations:

1. Start by giving the coefficient 1 to the most complex formula

(The one that contains the most different elements). Save free
elements for last.
2. If the same polyatomic ion appears on both sides of the equation,
it’s usually okay to treat it as one unit.
3. Balance elements that appear only once on each side of the arrow,
followed by elements that are in two formulas in the same side.
4. By convention, balance equations have only integer coefficients.
Eliminate fractional coefficients by multiplying all the formulae
by the smallest integer that eliminates the fraction.
 Exercise
1. Balance the following equation.

Al2(CO3)3 + H3PO4 → AlPO4 + CO2 + H2O

1 Al2(CO3)3 + 2 H3PO4 → 2 AlPO4 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

Check O: Left, 3x3+ 2X4 = 17, Right: 2x4 +3x2+ 3 = 17

Balanced equation:
Al2(CO3)3 + 2 H3PO4 → 2 AlPO4 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
 Exercise
2. Balance the following reaction:

a) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C → CaSiO3 + P4 + CO

x?
1 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 SiO2 +5 C → 3 CaSiO3 +1/2P4 + 5CO

#O: 2x4 + 3x2 = 3x3 + x x=5

Balanced equation

2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C → 6CaSiO3 + P4 + 10CO

 4.2. Limiting reagents

A reaction can be carried out with a stoichiometric

mixture, a mixture contains reactants in the same
mole ratio as that of the balanced reaction.

For example:

For reaction starting with a stoichiometric mixture, all

reactants will be consumed to form products

Mw(CH4) = 16 g/mol; M(O2) = 32 g/mol, Mw(CO2) = 44 g/mol, Mw(H2O) = 18 g/mol)

 4.2. Limiting reagents
A reaction can also be carried out with a non-
stoichiometric mixture, a mixture contains reactants in
different mole ratio as that of the balanced reaction.

For example:

Non-stoichiometric mixture: 1 mol 3 mol

Stoichiometric reaction: 1 mol 2 mol
After reaction: 0 mol 1 mol

Limiting reagent excess reagent

Limiting reagent: Substance that runs out first in a chemical reaction, thus limits the
amount of product.
Excess reagent: Reactant that is present in excess, thus is left over when a
reaction stops.
 Determination of Limiting Reactant
 Compare moles of each reactant and see which one runs out first:
For example: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)
9 mol 24 mol
• 9 mol N2 requires 27 mol H2 to react
✓ Comparison starting with N2: completely.
• However, there are only 24 mol H2 present.
• Thus, H2 will be consumed before N2.
• The limiting reagent is H2, which limits the
amount of product formed.

✓ Alternatively, we could have started with H2 and calculate N2 required:

• 24 mol H2 requires 8 mol N2 to react

completely.
• Since 9 mol N2 are actually present, N2 is in
excess.
• Again, the limiting reagent obtained is H2.

48
 Limiting reagent, An example

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

Limiting reagent: H2 (10 H2, can only react with 5 O2)

Excess reagent: O2 (7O2, only 5 O2 is consumed, 2 O2 left)

To correctly determine how much product can be formed, we must first

figure out the limiting reactant!
 4.3. Yields of reactions
Yields can be used to indicate the efficiency of reactions.

•Theoretical yield: The maximum amount of product

that can be made. (Unit, g)

•Actual yield: The amount actually produced. (Unit , g)

•Percent yield: Ratio between actual yield and theoretical yield.

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x100%
Theoretical Yield

• Often, actual yield < theoretical yield, why?

➢ Not all the reactants may react
➢ Presence of significant side reactions
➢ Physical recovery of 100% of the sample may be impossible
 Yields of reactions

Actual yield percent yield

51
 4.4. General strategy and examples of
stoichiometric calculations
• Typical problems in stoichiometric calculations:
aA+bB → cC+dD

• Given: Amount of reactants

Question: how much of a products can be formed?

• Given: Amount of product

Question: how much of a reactants is needed?

• How much of a reagent is left

•Limiting reagent?

•Yield?
 4.4. General strategy and examples of
stoichiometric calculations
• General strategy: aA+bB → cC+dD
1. Balance the equation for the reaction. e.g. known e.g. desired?
2. Calculation of mass of desired substance
① Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to moles.
② Use the balanced equation to set up the mole ratio of known substance to
desired substance.
③ Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of
desired reactant or product.
④ Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.
3. Yield is calculated based on limiting reagent.
 Exercise
1. Which of the following reaction mixtures could produce
the greatest amount of product? Each involves the
reaction symbolized by the equation:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

a) 2 moles of H2 and 2 moles of O2 → 2 mole

b) 2 moles of H2 and 3 moles of O2 → 2 mole
c) 2 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2 → 2 mole
d) 3 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2 → 2 mole
e) Each produce the same amount of product.

→ 2 mole
 Exercise
2. Consider the following reaction: MM: Al = 26.982;
I2 = 253.80
2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
AlI3 = 407.68 g/mol
(a) Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
of the product if one starts with1.20 g Al and 2.40 g
iodine.
(b) How many grams of Al are left over?
 Exercise
2. Consider the following reaction: MM: Al = 26.982;
I2 = 253.80
2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
AlI3 = 407.68 g/mol
(a) Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
of the product if one starts with1.20 g Al and 2.40 g
iodine.
(b) How many grams of Al are left over?

2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
1.20 g 2.40 g

Mole? Mole?
Yield of product?
Limiting reagent? Amount reacted? Amount left?
 Exercise
2. Consider the following reaction: MM: Al = 26.982;
I2 = 253.80
2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
AlI3 = 407.68 g/mol
1.2 g 2.4 g
(a) Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
of the product if one starts with1.20 g Al and 2.40 g
iodine.
(b) How many grams of Al are left over?

Mol of Al: = mass/M. M. = 1.20 g/(26.982 g/mol ) = 0.0445 mol

Mol of I2 : = mass/M.M = 2.40 g/(253.80 g/mol) = 0.00946 mol
Al:I2 ratio: = 2:3 3
Mol of I2 required to react with the Al: = Mol (Al)x( 2 )
= 0.0445x(3/2) = 0.0667 mol
Iimiting reagent: I2
 Exercise
2. Consider the following reaction: MM: Al = 26.982;
I2 = 253.80
2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
2.4 g, 0.00946 mol AlI3 = 407.68 g/mol
(a) Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
of the product if one starts with1.20 g Al and 2.40 g
iodine.
(b) How many grams of Al are left over?
I:AlI3 mole ratio: 3:2
= mol(I )x ( 2)
Mol of AlI3 produced from the I2: 2 3
= 0.00946x ( 23 )= 0.00631 mol
Mass of AlI3 produced? = 0.00631 mol x (407.68 g/mol) = 2.57 g
 Exercise
2. Consider the following reaction: MM: Al = 26.982;
I2 = 253.80
2 Al + 3 I2 ------> 2 AlI3
1.20 g 2.4 g, 0.00946 mol AlI3 = 407.68 g/mol
(a) Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
of the product if one starts with1.20 g Al and 2.40 g
iodine.
(b) How many grams of Al are left over?
I2:Al mole ratio: 3:2
2 2
Mol of Al reacted: = Mol(I 2 )x( ) = 0.00946x( ) = 0.00631 mol
3 3
Mass of Al reacted: 0.00631 mol x (26.982 g/mol) = 0.170 g

Mass of Al left? = 1.20 g – 0.170 g = 1.03 g

 Exercise
3. Consider the following reaction:
P4(s) + 6F2(g) → 4PF3(g)
What mass of P4 is needed to produce 85.0 g of PF3 if
the reaction has a 64.9% yield?

Types of yield? 85.0 g  actual yield

64.9%  percent yield

 Exercise
3. Consider the following reaction: Molar mass:
P4, 123.88 g/mol;
P4(s) + 6F2(g) → 4PF3(g) PF3, 87.97 g/mol
g P4 needed ? 85.0 g
64.9% yield

Theoretical PF3 in g

Mol P4 needed Theoretical PF3 in mole

 Exercise
3. Consider the following reaction: Molar mass:
P4, 123.88 g/mol;
P4(s) + 6F2(g) → 4PF3(g) PF3, 87.97 g/mol
What mass of P4 is needed to produce 85.0 g of PF3 if the reaction has
a 64.9% yield?
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = Theoretical Yield x100%

Actual Yield
Theoretical yield = Percent Yield (%)

Theoretical amount of PF3 in g: = 85.0 g/(65.9%) = 85.0/0.659 = 131 g

Theoretical amount of PF3 in mole: = Mass/M.M =131 g /87.97 g/mol) = 1.49 mol

Amount of P4 needed in mole: = mol(PF3)/4 = 1.49 mol/4 = 0.372 mol

Amount of P4 needed in g: = 0.372 mol x 123.88 g/mol = 46.1 g

 Chapter Summary: Key concept checklist
Mole, atomic weight, molar mass
➢mole, Avogadro constant, Avogadro number, atomic mass, atomic
weight, amu, formula mass, molecular mass, molar mass

Molecular formula and chemical composition

➢Mass percent and formula

Chemical Equations
➢Balancing equations

Limiting reagents and reaction yields

➢Limiting reagent, excessive reagent, theoretical yield, actual yield,
percent yield

Examples of stoichiometric calculations

➢ Amount and mass, compositions, chemical reactions 63
End

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