2020-09-25

Advanced Object Oriented

Programming

EECS 2030
F 2020 :: Section C

Advanced Object Oriented

Programming

EECS 2030
Lecture 5 :: CLASS BASICS

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 2020-09-25

Recall:
Organization of a Typical Java Program
• one or more files
package 2030.lab0; • zero or one package
import java.util;
name
import java.util; • zero or more import
statements
Class Student {
• one class
int age; • zero or more fields
(attributes)
public Student()
{…} • zero or more constructors
public int getAge() • zero or more methods
}
{…}

Recall:
Organization of a Typical Java Program
• one or more files
package 2030.lab0; • zero or one package
import java.util;
name
import java.util; • zero or more import
statements
Class Student {
• one class
int age;
• zero or more fields
(attributes)
public Student()
{…} • zero or more constructors
public int getAge() • zero or more methods
}
{…}

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Recall:
()

color

• Class:
▪ A class is a model of a thing or concept
▪ A class bundles together a set of values (data), and valid
operations for these values (methods), into a single unit

data methods

(attributes) (behaviors)

▪ A class is an implementation of a reference type

o Student, Point, …

Classes: implementation of reference type

• Most classes can serve as a blueprint for creating objects
▪ An object is an instantiation / instance of a class
▪ Instantiating objects implies the use of NON-STATIC
features
▪ Objects can each have a unique state
o state: set of current values of all of its non-static fields

q
Imagine we have a class Point2D that can be used to create
-3
instances that represent a location (x, y) where x and y are 8
integers
1
public static void main(String[] args) { 2
p

Point2D p = new Point2D(1,2); // point ( 1, 2) 5

13 r
Point2D q = new Point2D(-3,8); // point (-3, 8)
Point2D r = new Point2D(5,13); // point ( 5,13)
6 }

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1 5
Point2D p = new Point2D(1, 2); q -3
8
2 p 13 r
Point2D q = new Point2D(-3, 8);
Point2D r = new Point2D(5, 13);
600 Point2D object

x 1
Point2D(1,2)
y 2

64 client
p 600a
700 Point2D object
q 700a
Point2D(-3,8) x -3 GCH
r 800a
y 8

100 Point2D class Point2D object

800
x Point2D(5,13) x 5
y y 13

p = null; // object at 600 unreachable, will be garbage collected (later)

‘reference count’ is 0

1 5
Point2D p = new Point2D(1, 2); q -3
8
2 p 13 r
Point2D q = new Point2D(-3, 8);
Point2D r = new Point2D(5, 13);
600 Point2D object

x 1
Point2D(1,2)
y 2

64 client
p 600a
700 Point2D object
q 700a
Point2D(-3,8) x -3 GCH
r 800a
y 8

100 Point2D class Point2D object

800
x Point2D(5,13) x 5
y y 13

Point2D w = p;
p = null; // object at 600 not unreachable, will not be garbage collected
‘reference count’ is not 0, as w reference it
8

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Classes have static and non-static features

• Static: implies lack of instantiation

▪ single versions (fields/methods/etc.) in memory
▪ created at compile time
▪ different usage from non-static. Visited later

• Non-Static: implies instantiation of objects

▪ multiple versions (fields/methods/etc.) in memory
▪ created at run-time q

r
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Classes have static and non-static features

• A Class can be used bundle related data and methods
▪ E.g. java.lang.Math bundles constants like PI and common math
functions like sin(), cos(), and pow(), etc.
▪ Classes such as java.lang.Math have purely STATIC features
o Called utility class
o Don’t need to (actually cannot) construct
PI pow()
Math …

public static void main(String[] args) {

double radius = 10.5;

double area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius,2); Visit later
System.out.println("Area = " + area);

10 }

10

5
 2020-09-25

Recall:
Organization of a Typical Java Program
• one or more files
package 2030.lab0; • zero or one package
import java.util;
name
import java.util; • zero or more import
statements
Class Student {
• one class
int age;
• zero or more fields
public student()
(attributes)
{…} • zero or more constructors
public int getAge() • zero or more methods
} {…}

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11

Implementing classes ()

() color

• fields: "attributes", "instance variables"

color

▪ Data, state of object

Example: Point2D Class

• consider implementing our own class that represents 2-

dimensional points on a real cartesian plane (Point2D)
▪ a possible implementation would have:
o a field to represent the x-coordinate of the point as a float
o a field to represent the y-coordinate of the point as a float

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/**
* A simple class for representing points in 2D Cartesian
* coordinates. Every <code>Point2D</code> instance has a
* public x and y coordinate that can be directly accessed
* and modified.
*
* @author EECS2030
*/

package eecs2030.basics;

public class: any client can use

public class Point2D{ this class
public float x;
public float y; public fields: any client
can use these fields directly by name
}

Can we use the class (create object) now?

13 (no constructor, no methods)

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Using Point2D

• even in its current form, we can use Point2D to create

and manipulate Point2D objects
public static void main(String[] args) {
// create a point
Point2D p = new Point2D();

// set its coordinates

p.x = -1.0f;
p.y = 1.5f;

// get its coordinates

System.out.println("p = (" + p.x + ", " + p.y + ")");
} p = (-1.0, 1.5)

14 System.out.println(p); eecs.2030.Point2D@15db9742

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Using Point2D

Immediate issues with current implementation:

1. initializing the coordinates of the point is inconvenient

▪ clients have to manually set the x and y coordinates

2. manipulating a point is somewhat inconvenient

▪ clients have to manually compute a string representation of the point
▪ clients have to manually compute the distance of two points

3. comparing two points using equals() may result in

unexpected results
▪ Point p1 = new Point(1,2); Point p2=new Point(1,2);
▪ p1.equals(p2); ?

4. poor Information hiding (later)

15 ▪ Data accessible to the public

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public static void main(String[] args) {

// create a point
Point2D p = new Point2D();

// set its coordinates

p.x = -1.0f;
p.y = 1.5f;

// get its coordinates

System.out.println("p = (" + p.x + ", " + p.y + ")");

Point2D q = new Point2D();

q.x = 2.3f;
q.y = 4.5f;
System.out.println("q = (" + q.x + ", " + q.y + ")");

double d =Math.sqrt ((p.x-q.x)* (p.x-q.x)+ (p.y-q.y)*(p.y-q.y));

// equals?
System.out.println("p.equals(q) is: " + p.equals(q));
} 16 equals() compile?
result?
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Encapsulation
• we can add features to Point2D to make it easier to use
▪ we can add access modifiers to fields to prevent unauthorized
access or manipulation of data (information hiding)

▪ we can add constructors that set the values of the fields of a

Point2D object when it is created

▪ we can (need to) add methods that use the fields of Point2D to
perform some sort of computation
o e.g., calculate distance between two points, or distance to origin
o e.g., translate, rotate or scale a point (w.r.t. an origin)

▪ we are obliged to define certain standard methods like

toStrings(), equals() so that we can display, test and compare
objects in a meaningful way

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Encapsulation

This bundling of data and methods that use

the data into a single unit is known as
ENCAPSULATION

Typically achieved by:

restricting/controlling
access to internal data

allowing interaction through

constructors and methods
(expose only what a client needs)
()

color

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Access Modifiers

public, private, default, protected

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Top level classes

• a top level class is a class that is not nested inside of another class
▪ Point2D is a top level class

• a top level class can have either:

▪ the public access modifier public Class Point2D{…}
o the class is visible to all other classes everywhere

▪ no access modifier default Class Point2D{…}

o called package access;
o the class is visible only inside its own package (and not its
sub-packages) import not help

• cannot be private, protected

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Public access, visible outside package (after import)

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Default (package) access, not visible outside package (even after import)

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Access modifiers on fields (and methods)

Public: The access level is everywhere -- from within the class,
outside the class, within the package and outside the package.

Private: The access level is only within the class -- cannot be accessed
from outside the class..

Default (no modifier): The access level of a default modifier is only

within the package. --- cannot be accessed from outside the
package.

Protected: The access level is within the package + subclass

outside the package.

Class access modifier

take precedence!
• public field in default
class not accessible
outside package
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Access modifiers on fields

• the safe rules of thumb:
▪ a field that represents a constant value can be public
o e.g., PI in java.lang.Math

▪ all other fields should be private

• protected fields appear when using inheritance (later)

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Other example

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/**
* A better way to implement fields of Point2D
*/

package eecs2030.basics;

public class Point2D{

public class: any client can use this class
private float x;
private float y; private fields: visible only to this class
} .x .y okay only in the class

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// in some other application

package eecs2030.basics;

public class PointMaker {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Point2D p = new Point2D();

no longer possible

p.x = -1.0f;
p.y = 1.5f;
System.out.println("p = (" + p.x + ", " + p.y + ")");

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Encapsulation
• we can add features to Point2D to make it easier to use
▪ we can add access modifiers to fields to prevent unauthorized
access or manipulation of data (information hiding)

▪ we can add constructors that set the values of the fields of a

Point2D object when it is created

▪ we can add methods that use the fields of Point2D to perform

some sort of computation
o e.g., calculate distance between two points, or distance to origin
o e.g., translate, rotate or scale a point (w.r.t. an origin)

▪ we are obliged to define certain standard methods (like

toStrings(), equals() so that we can display, test and compare
objects in a meaningful way

29

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Recall:
Organization of a Typical Java Program
• one or more files
package 2030.lab0; • zero or one package
import java.util;
name
import java.util; • zero or more import
statements
Class Student {
• one class
int age;
• zero or more fields
public student()
(attributes)
{…} • zero or more constructors
}
public int getAge() • zero or more methods
{…}

30

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Constructors

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32

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Constructors
• the purpose of a constructor:
▪ to initialize the state of an object
o it should set the values of all of the non-static fields to
appropriate values

• a constructor: public Point2D(…)

▪ must have the same name as the class
▪ never returns a value (not even void)
o constructors are not methods
▪ can have zero or more parameters

• 3 fundamental types of constructor

▪ No-argument (default) constructor
▪ Custom constructor
33 ▪ Copy constructor

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