Handout - Mendelian Genetics
Handout - Mendelian Genetics
Mendel:
1823-‐1884
Mendelian
Genetics
The
study
of
Heredity
1
Genetics
I. Genetics
is
the
Study
of
heredity
(the
transmission
of
traits
from
generation
to
generation).
2
Pea
plants
:
•
are
inexpensive
•
reproduction
is
easy
to
control
•
Produce
many
offspring
•
Pea
plants
have
contrasting
characteristics
Contrasting
characteristics
include:
•
Seeds
–
round
or
wrinkled
•
Seed
Color
–
yellow
or
green
•
Height
–
TALL
or
short
•
Flowers
–
white
or
purple
•
pod
color
–
yellow
or
green
•
Etc.
3
4
Mendel
Developed
Principles
of
5
Pea
Plant
Characteristics
6
Working
with
Pea
Plants
–
The
Next
Generation
7
Mendel’s
Work
Mendel
began
by
cross-‐pollinating
pure
plants
with
contrasting
traits.
T
T
t
t
10
Mendel’s
Work
Mendel
then
used
two
of
these
F1
tall
plants
and
crossed
them.
(incest)
Ex.
F1
tall
x
F1
tall
(Tt)
(Tt)
11
Tt
x
Tt
T
t
T
t
12
13
From
this
F1
cross
he
observed
both
traits
in
the
offspring
(2nd
Rilial
generation
–
F2),
but
in
an
unequal
proportion
(75%
tall
and
25%
short)
or
(3
tall
:
1
short)
Mendel
determined
that
one
form
of
the
trait
is
dominant
over
the
other
recessive
trait
(Tall
is
dominant
over
short)
Parents
pure
tall
X
pure
short
F1
all
tall
F2
3
tall
:
1
short 14
Law
of
Dominance
–
one
form
of
a
hereditary
trait
dominates
or
prevents
the
expression
of
the
recessive
trait.
Dominant
allele
=
capital
letter
Recessive
allele
=
lower
case
letter
Ex.
tall
=
T
short
=
t
16
4.
Genotype
–
the
genetic
make
up
of
an
individual.
ex.
TT,
Tt,
tt
a.
Homozygous
–
(pure)
both
alleles
are
the
same
ex.
TT
–
tall
tt
–
short
b.
Heterozygous-‐
(hybrid)
possessing
two
different
alleles
for
the
same
trait
ex.
Tt
17
5.
Phenotype
–
The
appearance
of
the
offspring
(you
can
see
the
phenotype)
Genotype Phenotype
TT Tall
Tt Tall
tt
Short
Mendel’s
2nd
Law:
Segregation
and
Recombination
Gametes
formed
during
meiosis
separate
alleles
so
that
each
gamete
contains
only
one
gene
for
each
trait.
At
fertilization
the
alleles
combine
to
form
new
combinations.
Mendel
tested
this
hypothesis
by
predicting
the
outcome
of
crosses
he
never
did
before
19
Punnett
square
–
used
to
predict
the
outcome
of
genetics
crosses
1n
Tt gametes
2n
parents
T t
T TT Tt Each
box
represents
Tt
a
possible
t Tt tt offspring
1n
gametes
Mendel
would
predict
that
¾
would
be
tall
and
¼
would
be
short
20
Hybrid
Cross
–
When
two
heterozygotes
are
crossed,
there
are
3
possible
genotypes
which
occur
in
a
1
:
2
:
1
ratio.
1
Homozygous
Dominant
2
Heterozygous
Dominant
1
Homozygous
Recessive
The
phenotypic
ratios
are
3
:
1
3
Dominant
:
1
Recessive
21
It
is
not
possible
to
tell
the
appearance
if
an
individual
is
showing
a
dominant
trait
that
is
pure
(BB)
or
hybrid
(Bb).
Therefore
you
must
perform
a
test
cross
Test
Cross
–
To
determine
the
genotype
of
an
organism
showing
a
dominant
phenotype,
cross
the
organism
with
a
recessive
individual.
If
any
recessive
offspring
are
produced
the
individual
is
heterozygous.
22
Ex.
Lets
do
a
test
for
eye
color
Bb
or
BB
B=Brown
b=blue
•
BB
x
bb
=
100%
brown
24
Ex.
Lets
do
a
test
for
coat
color
R
=
Red
W
=
White
VI.
Incomplete
dominance
–
(blending
inheritance)
sometimes
an
allele
is
only
partly
dominant
over
another.
In
a
heterozygote
the
dominant
allele
is
only
partially
expressed
and
the
phenotype
is
between
the
two
homozygous
forms.
Ex.
Snap
dragons
or
Japanese
4
o’clock
Rlowers.
RR
=
red
WW
=
white
RW
=
pink
26
Ex.
Lets
do
a
test
for
Ylower
color
R
=
Red
W
=
White
28
Mendel’s
Law
of
Independent
Assortment
Two
traits
will
be
inherited
independently
of
each
other,
provided
their
genes
are
located
on
non-‐
homologous
chromosomes.
29
Gene
Linkage
–
If
the
genes
for
two
different
traits
are
located
on
the
same
chromosome
pair
(homologous
chromosomes),
they
are
said
to
be
linked,
and
are
usually
inherited
together.
Ex.
The
gene
for
eye
and
hair
color
are
on
the
same
chromosome.
Blond
hair
is
often
inherited
with
blue
eyes.
Crossing
over
–
In
the
1st
meiotic
division
the
chromatids
of
homologous
chromosomes
may
exchange
segments.
This
results
in
the
rearrangement
of
linked
genes
and
increases
variability
of
offspring.
30
Multiple
Alleles
–
some
traits
are
controlled
by
more
than
2
different
alleles
types.
Ex.
Human
blood
types
–
The
inheritance
of
blood
types
in
humans
can
be
explained
by
a
model
in
which
there
are
3
alleles
for
blood
type.
IA
=
A
protein
IB
=
B
protein
i
=
no
protein
IA
and
IB
are
both
dominant
(codominance)
over
i
31
Blood Type Genotypes
A IAIA IA i
B I BI B IB i
AB IAIB
O ii
32
Sex
determination
–
Scientists
have
discovered
that
chromosomes
in
cells
from
males
and
females
were
identical
except
for
one
pair
Humans
have
23
pairs
of
chromosomes.
•
22
pairs
of
autosomes
•
pair
of
sex
chromosomes
35
36
37
38
39
XII. Heredity and the Environment – The environment
interacts with genes in the development and expression
of inherited traits