ASSIGNMENT

Module Code EMD504

Module Name Modelling and Analysis of AC Machines
Course M Tech (Electrical Machinery Design)
Department Electrical and Electronics
Faculty Engineering and Technology

Name of the Student Sohail Khazi

Reg. No 14ETEE034003
Batch FT-2014
Module Leader Ms. Anusha V and Mr. Sachin S

i
 M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
University House, Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road,
M S R Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA - 560 054

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 Declaration Sheet
Student Name Sohail Khazi
Reg. No 14ETEE034003
Course M Tech (EMD) Batch Full-Time 2014.
Module Code EMD504
Module Title Modelling and Analysis of AC Machines
Module Date 23-Mar-15 To 06-Apr-15
Module Leader Ms. Anusha V and Mr. Sachin S

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook.
All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are
fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of
University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the
Date
student

Submission date stamp

(by Examination & Assessment
Section)

Signature of the Module Leader and date Signature of Reviewer and date

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 Abstract
____________________________________________________________________________

In the recent years the use of the electrical products like the turbines, relays, motors and
generators etc have become quite common in most of the fields, in various industries. The advent of
technological advancements in machine design and operation over the recent years has revolutionized
the industrial sectors starting from small toys and vehicles to bigger electric models in spacecrafts. This
aspect has significantly pushed its performance boundaries beyond the conventional counterparts. In
short based on the wide range of sustained, efficient and cost effective solution offered, they have
garnered the prestigious tag of most reliable machine. Thus first part deals with the debate on the axial
flux permanent magnet machine and its comparison with the conventional machines. Next, the
constructional features of the AFPMSM are dealt and its characteristics are known. Next, the
advantages of the AFPMSMs is learnt and its limitations. Next, the important aspect of the AFPMSMs
that is its latest applications and can it replace the conventional ones with the new application and a
proper justification is done.

The second part deals with the active magnetic bearings. Modeling of the AMB is carried
out in FEM analysis and comparison is made between 3 coils and 4 coils structure such that flux pattern
is analyzed along with tensor forces. Thermal distribution is carried out for both the structures and
finally plots are obtained for various parameters.

The final part deals with the PMSM and its been analyzed in Ansoft Maxwell software.
The analysis is carried out for both the slotless and the slot stator structures. Excitation circuit is drawn
in the Maxwell circuit editor under star and delta connection and flux variations is carried out in both
the cases and finally when the rotor poles are increased, the flux variations are examined in both the
cases and comparison is explained and various parameters are observed.

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 Contents
____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet...............................................................................................................................ii
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................iii
Contents............................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables......................................................................................................................................vi
List of Figures....................................................................................................................................vii
List of Symbols.................................................................................................................................viii
PART-A CHAPTER 1...........................................................................................................................09
Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (AFPMSM) in Future.................................09
1.1 Subtitle: Constructional Features of AFPMSM..........................................................................09

1.2 Subtitle: Critical review the characteristics of AFPMSM...........................................................10

1.3 Subtitle: Advantages and Limitations.......................................................................................11

1.4 Subtitle: Applications with rating..............................................................................................11

1.5 Subtitle: Suggestions for new applications...............................................................................12

1.6 Subtitle: Justification on your stand..........................................................................................12

PART-B CHAPTER 2...........................................................................................................................13

Active Magnetic Bearing motor with permanent magnet rotor and stator coils using ANSYS......13
2.1 Subtitle: Model the three and four coil structure of AMB........................................................13

2.2 Subtitle: Assign the materials and apply the load conditions...................................................17

2.3 Subtitle: Analyze the Flux pattern and tensor force..................................................................19

2.4 Subtitle: Plots for given condition.............................................................................................33

2.5 Subtitle: Analyze the temperature distribution........................................................................36

2.6 Subtitle: Plots for given conditions...........................................................................................41

PART-C CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................44

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) in low and medium power applications.........44
3.1 Subtitle: Model a two dimensional finite element of PMSM....................................................44

3.2 Subtitle: Designing of excitation circuit....................................................................................53

3.3 Subtitle: Analyze the flux variations for designed motor at different time instants (star
connected)......................................................................................................................................55

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 3.4 Subtitle: Analyze the flux variations for designed motor at different time instants (delta
connected)......................................................................................................................................57

3.5 Subtitle: Analyze the torque, speed, phase current, and flux linkages.....................................58

3.6 Subtitle: Specify the eddy effect and torque calculations.........................................................65

3.7 Subtitle: Analyze the flux variations if the poles are increased to six.......................................66

Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment. Whether the assignment was able to assess
module learning outcomes or not?................................................................................................70

References and citation of references..............................................................................................71

APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................................72

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 List of Tables
____________________________________________________________________________

Table No. Title of the table Pg.No.

1.0 Selection of Materials (Engineering tool box 2015) 20
1.1 Current Density Table 21
1.2 Selection of Materials (R.W.Powell 2001) 21
1.3 Flux density and forces table for different air gaps 28
Flux density and forces table for different air gaps
1.4 35
Thermal distribution for 3-coil structure
1.5 41
Thermal distribution for 4-coil structure
1.6 44
Polar Groups
1.7 52

vii
 List of Symbols
____________________________________________________________________________

Symbol Description Units

A Current Amp
G Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81 m/s2
V Voltage Volts
W Width Mm
R Resistance Ohm
L Inductance Henry
C Capacitance Farad
G Conductance Siemen
F Frequency Hertz
T Time sec
X Reactance Ohm
P Power Watts
S Apparent Power Volt amperes

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 PART-A CHAPTER 1

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (AFPMSM) in Future

The history of electrical machines shows that the first machines were – more or less – realized in a form
of the axial-flux machine. The first one was invented by Faraday in 1821 and was practically a primitive
permanent-magnet DC machine (Atherton, 1984). Radial-flux machines were invented later and were
patented firstly by Davenport in 1837 (Chan, 1987). Since then radial-flux machines have dominated
excessively the markets of the electrical machines. Manufacturers introduced permanent-magnet
machines successfully during the latest decade. Regardless of the success of radial-flux permanent magnet
machines, axial-flux permanent magnet machines have also been under research interest particularly due
to special-application limited geometrical considerations. A possibility to obtain a very neat axial length for
the machine makes axial-flux machines very attractive into applications in which the axial length of the
machine is a limiting design parameter. Such applications are, for example, electrical vehicles wheel motors
(Profumo et al., 1997) and elevator motors (Hakala et. al., 2000). Axial flux machines have usually been
used in integrated high-torque applications. Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) synchronous machines
have been studied with increasing interest since 1990’s, mainly because the AFPM synchronous machine
structure and performance fit very well into the requirements of the electrical vehicles’ wheel motors and
other AFPM motor applications. A permanent magnet design and performance characteristics for axial flux
permanent magnet machine is different when compared to conventional Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Machine (Asko Parviainen 2004).

1.1 : Constructional Features of AFPMSM

The construction features of AEPMSM over conventional PMSM are the stator position with respect
to the rotor position. Possible configurations are: structure with one stator and one rotor, Structure in
which the stator is located between the rotors, Structure in which the rotor is located between the stators
and multistage structure including several rotors and stators. Where as in conventional PMSM there are
internal rotors structures with surface mounted magnets or buried magnets etc and have several variations
of arranging the magnets into the rotor. In AFPMSM, when rotors are placed between two stators, there
will be less space for the winding and in one stator two rotor configurations, the wound phase windings has
short end windings , which improves the machine efficiency and the power density. In AFPMSM, the
arrangement of the magnets has an effect on the main flux path in the machine rotor or stator as well as
possible winding configurations. In the case of the TORUS topology the main flux may flow axially through
the stator or it may flow circumferentially in the stator yoke. Flux paths in plane for the slotted TORUS
machines are North-North type magnet arrangement and North-South type magnet arrangement. For the
North-North (NN) structure, the phase winding is wound around the stator core giving short end windings
in both the axial and radial directions of the machine and the copper losses are reduced due to this
structure. For the North-South (NS) structure, the main flux flows axially through the stator, thus the
structure does not need a stator yoke at all. This structure reduces the iron losses but increases copper
losses. As a conclusion, the NN structure has lower copper losses and a smaller external diameter but
higher iron losses and a grater axial length where as in conventional there is no such arrangement (Asko
Parviainen 2004).

1.2 : Critical review the characteristics of AFPMSM

For AFPMSM, the permanent magnets produce a square wave flux density distribution into the air-
gap with maximum value Bmax and all the winding conductors carry constant current with RMS value I, and
the current is appropriately timed and perpendicularly oriented with the flux density distribution in the
airgaps. The electromagnetic torque produced by a real machine is somewhat reduced due to the actual
distribution of the flux density in the air-gaps. For the machine performance computations, the
synchronous inductances are important parameters. The direct- and quadrature axis magnetizing
inductances and the leakage inductance form together the synchronous inductances, which are used in the
evaluation of the machine toque production capabilities. For cogging torque, It may be seen from figure 1.0
that the amplitude of the measured cogging torque is almost 100% larger compared to the result obtained
with the 3D FEA and about 40 % larger than the result obtained with the analytical computations. The
significant difference between the calculated and the measured values arises from the influence of the
permanent magnet radial joint, which increases the cogging torque. In figure 1.1, the computed efficiency
tends to be slightly lower than the measured efficiency if the machine load is below 6 kW, and the opposite
is valid for machine loads above 6.5 kW. Figure1.1 shows also that a rapid reduction in the efficiency is
obtained when the output power exceeds 6 kW. This may be explained by the typical behavior of
permanent-magnet machines. As the permanent magnet temperature increases, the remanence flux
density of the permanent magnet decreases. Thereby, if the original stator flux linkage is maintained, more
magnetizing current in the stator is needed causing more copper losses. As the copper losses increase, the
temperature starts to grow up, causing further reduction in a permanent magnet remanence and an
increment in the phase winding resistance. These phenomena further increase the power losses in the
stator winding. The electromagnetic torque against diameter ratio is extracted from AFPM machine’s
fundamental equation, to obtain maximum torque. A sizing equation capable of calculating, with
acceptable accuracy and speed, flux distribution and torque characteristics, is then applied to obtain the
initial AFPM motor dimensions, before FEA is applied, for permanentmagnet skewing, accuracy enhancing,
and the desired electric motor parameters (Asko Parviainen 2004).

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1.3 : Advantages and Limitations
Axial-flux (AF) PMSMs have a number of distinct advantages over their radial-flux counterparts,
i.e. they can be designed to have (i) higher power-to-weight ratio, resulting in less core material, (ii) planar
and easily adjustable air-gaps, (iii) reduced noise and vibration levels. Moreover, the direction of the airgap
flux path can be varied, so that additional topologies can be derived. Copper losses in slotted-stator AF-
PMSG are lower than those of its slotless-stator counterpart. The use of slotted-stator armature winding
results in significant cogging torque and content of harmonics in the back-emf waveform. Both problems
may be tackled efficiently from the design point of view. When concentrated windings are used,
prefabricated coils can simply be inserted in the stator structure, and the winding process becomes
cheaper. Furthermore, the space occupied by the end windings and thus the corresponding Joule losses are
minimized (Adrian Augustin Pop 2013).
Limitations: High capital cost. For machines of higher rating, the cost of rotor magnets can be very high,
making the overall capital cost of the machine high. Another is demagnetization of magnets. Armature may
partially demagnetize the rotor magnets under heavy stator currents. As the stator current increases, the
flux produced by the armature current increases. This flux can weaken the flux produced by the magnet. If
the stator currents is very high it could partially demagnetize the rotor magnets (S.Geetha 1993).

1.4 : Applications with rating

AFPMSM have various applications. Some of them are: In wind power applications. Because it is
highly developed and efficient, wind power has become the leading actor among renewable energies. In
fact, in some European countries, such as Denmark, Spain, and Portugal, wind power is among the main
energy sources (The European Wind Energy Association [EWEA] report 2011). According to the EWEA
report, wind power has increased from 2% of the total power capacity in 2000 to 10% in 2011.AFPMSM are
used nowadays. The main reason is that by avoiding mechanical coupling and reducing the size of the
machine, the system becomes lighter, more efficient, and maintenance free. There are also commercial
solutions, such as those proposed by Kestrel Wind Turbines Ltd. This company offers a range of axial
machines between 600W and 3KW. Refer APPENDIX for estimation cost and dimensions (Mahmoudi 2012).
In electric vehicle direct drive system AFPMSM can be used. The ratings are mentioned in the APPENDIX.
In elevation system AFPMSMs are used. The ratings are given in the APPENDIX.
In concrete processing AFPMSMs are used. Pad saw and band saw drives have an output of up to 25 kW.
These drives can be manufactured as small and lightweight units thanks to the high power density of our
fast-spinning motor elements. This makes it much easier to transport them between construction sites and
install them on site (Elektromaschinen Und Atriebe 2015). In aerospace and aviation industries AFPMSMs
are used with a 30 kW, 1800 rpm, 15.8 kg PMSM.

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1.5 : Suggestions for new applications
In swimming pool pump where induction motors are usually used are replaced by single sided axial
flux non overlapped winding PM machine with integrated electronics figure 2.1 shows the 900 W machine
as produced, fitted to the wet end, alongside the single phase induction machine version it replaces. Figure
2.2 shows a cutaway of the assembled axial flux motor. The rotor with magnet segments can be seen; the
stator is cut away, but extends from the rotor to the left end shield carrying the bearing, a very small
fraction of the volume of the already smaller case. The integrated electronics occupies approximately the
same volume as the machine. This application is the new latest one which the fasco Australia Company has
recently developed and a prototype of this is constructed (Dean J Patterson 2015).
Simple geometric manipulations have shown that the single sided axial flux machine has a
considerable volumetric advantage over the traditional radial flux machine, and if the rotor of the radial
flux machine is filled with electrical steel, a substantial consequent mass and cost advantage. On top of this,
the single sided axial flux machine can have a larger “effective torque arm” than the inside rotor radial flux
machine at similar outer radii, which leads to a requirement for a lower air gap area to produce a given
torque at a given magnetic and electric loading. This has a significant impact on the active material cost.
Finally the cost of the same electric loading is shown to be noticeably higher in the radial flux machine
(Dean J Patterson 2015).

1.6 : Justification on your stand

A proper justification is given regarding the choice of axial flux PMSM compared to the conventional
ones. AFPMSMs have high efficiency and more power output than the conventional radial flux types. Based
on the stator-rotor position configuration losses are less in case of arrangement of magnets compared to
the conventional PMSMs. Nowadays based on particular application where conventional ones can be
replaced by axial types. In axial flux PMSM based on different possible configurations are having the
particular applications. AFPMSMs have higher maximum torque and high torque to inertia ratio. These
machines have axial flux geometry. PM material chosen is NdFeB family because, it has high remanence
and coercivity means they are less susceptible to demagnetization compared to other magnets and are
used for axial flux machines. An axial flux machine has low inertia since it has no back iron in rotor. This is
desirable property which makes it highly suitable for servo drives. Thus, AFPMSMs are the future machines
and can replace the conventional ones because of its desirable and dependable features and properties.

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 PART-B CHAPTER 2
________________________________________________________________________________
Active Magnetic Bearing motor with permanent magnet rotor and stator coils using ANSYS

The use of bearings is essential to all types of machines, in that they provide the function of
supporting another piece or component in a desired position. Two major types include radial and axial
bearings. A further classification can be made into active and passive bearings. Active bearings are
electrically controlled with some type of controller, whereas passive bearings are not electrically powered
and thus have no control mechanism. Magnetic bearings are electromagnetic actuators. These are working
according to electromagnetic principle and it supports moving machinery without physical contact. For
example, they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion without friction. They are in use
industrial applications such as electric power generation, petroleum refining, machine tool operation and
natural gas pipelines. Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) is a new kind of bearing. Unlike conventional
bearings, which rely on mechanical forces originating from fluid films or physical contact to support bearing
loads, AMB has advantages of non-contact, friction-less, high speed, low power loss and high accuracy. Due
to these advantages, AMB is used widely in many fields such as transportation, high-speed machine tool,
aerospace and precision instrumentation.
The nonlinear solution of the magnetic vector potential is determined by using the 2-D finite element
method. The force is calculated by Maxwell’s stress tensor method. The electromagnetic field distribution
and density analysis allow verifying the designed AMB and the influence of the shaft and coil current
changes on the bearing parameters (Piłat A 2004).

2.1: Model the three and four coil structure of AMB

ANSYS Multiphysics is a powerful interactive environment for modeling and solving all kinds of
scientific and engineering problems based on partial differential equations (PDEs). To solve the PDEs,
ANSYS Multiphysics uses the proven finite element method (FEM). The software runs the finite element
analysis together with adaptive meshing and error control using a variety of numerical solvers (Subrata
Banerjee 2013).
To model three and four coil structure of AMB, basic flow chart of the procedure of calculation of flux
pattern and force by using ANSYS software for AMB 3 and 4-coil structure is followed.
 Start

Select different radius for stator and rotor

Set the parameters for the stator and rotor

materials

Make a 3 and 4-coil structure, in which is

analysis

Meshing different elements

Select the rotor element and define force

Setting the current density of the coil

Select the flux parallel outside of the line

and specify the Boundary condition

Apply the solving method

Calculate the flux pattern and force

Finish
Figure 2.3: Flow chart of calculation of flux pattern and force by using ANSYS software for AMB 3 and 4-Coil
structure

To model structure, Select> Peferences> Magnetic-nodal analysis. Since both flux pattern and force
has to be calculated, magnetic-nodal analysis is selected and for thermal distribution thermal analysis is
selected. In preprocessor, Modeling> Create> Lines> Arc –By centre and radius.
Fist, for AMB 3-coil structure, the outer radius is taken as, in global Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (5,0,0) and for
the second circle same procedure in global Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (4.5,0,0), and for the third circle in global

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Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (3,0,0). Next, go to Create> Lines> straight lines. Draw the lines such that the desired
stator poles are 120 degree apart from each other and figures are obtained and delete the remaining lines
which are not in use.

Figure 2.4: Stator poles by joining the lines

To draw the coils, same procedure is implemented, on stator pole structure for first circle, Create > Lines>
Arc –By centre and radius, in global Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (3.75,0,0) and for the second circle in global
Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (3.25,0,0). And using keypoints on the working plane join the lines such that desired
shapes of coils are obtained. And To draw the circle outside the stator, Create> Lines> Arc –By centre and
radius, in global Cartesian> (0,0,0) and (5.5,0,0). Then complete model is united. Since lines cannot be
overlapped in Modeling> Operate> Boolean> Divide> Area by lines, pick all and pick the lines of the stator
poles and coils. Similarly, same procedure is done for AMB 4-coil structure such that stator poles are 90
degrees apart from each other. And for the different air gaps, the rotor is modeled and in figure 1.2 and
1.3, the rotor is modeled for 0.5cm air gap.

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 Figure 2.5: AMB 3-coil structure for 0.5 cm air gap

Figure 2.6: AMB 4-coil structure for 0.5 cm air gap

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2.2: Assign the materials and apply the load conditions

The element type selected is PLANE13. PLANE13 has a 2-D magnetic, thermal, electrical, piezoelectric, and
structural field capability with limited coupling between the fields. PLANE13 is defined by four nodes with
up to four degrees of freedom per node. The element has nonlinear magnetic capability for modeling B-H
curves or permanent magnet demagnetization curves.
For assigning materials,
Materials Permeability Resistivity
(H/m) (Ωm)
1. Air 1 -
2. Coil (Copper) 1 3e-8
3. Stator (Iron) 2000 70e-8
4. Rotor (Aluminum) 4000 -
Table 1.0: selection of Materials (Engineering tool box 2015)
The materials are assigned as per table 1.0 in Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh tool and meshing is done for
the both 3 and 4-coil structure using smartsize, value to 1 in Element Attributes, set to global and the
whole structure is meshed.

Figure 2.7: Meshed model

To apply loads, for flux pattern and force in magnetic-nodal analysis, first in utility menu Select> Entities>
Element by Attributes, for coils select 2, Ok. Go to utility menu plot>Elements, and in preprocessor>Select
static analysis, apply loads> Magnetic> Excitation> on elements, pick all.
Current density of 0.011/ (0.01**2) is applied for 1A current and 500 turns. Select everything. Plot> multi
plot and for applying force to rotor, first select> Entities> Element by Attributes, for rotor select 4 and

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select Comp/Assembly> Create component name as rotor made of element. By selecting elements of
rotor, apply load> Magnetic> Flag> Component force and select rotor and select everything. And finally
apply boundary condition to the model, apply load> Magnetic> Boundary> Vector potential> Flux parallel>
on lines, pick 4 lines outside the stator circle. Thus, all loading conditions are applied for both the structures
using magnetic nodal analysis. Thus, for different excitation current and for different number of turns the
same procedure is repeated but before that previous loads are deleted and again re-applied. This same
procedure is implemented for different air gaps. Finally, solution is solved.
For 0.5 cm air gap,
Excitation Current No. of turns Current Density
(A) (A/m2)
1 500 0.011/(0.01**2)
6 500 0.066/(0.01**2)
1 700 0.0155/(0.01**2)
6 700 0.0933/(0.01**2)
Table 1.1: Current Density Table
For thermal distribution, select preferences> Thermal analysis. And for PLANE13 element> Options>Change
the element degrees of freedom to TEMP. For thermal analysis, same materials are assigned but thermal
conductivity is considered instead of resistivity.
Materials Permeability Thermal Conductivity
(H/m) (W/m*K)
1. Air 1 5.7e-5
2. Coil (Copper) 1 0.386
3. Stator (Iron) 2000 6.44e+6
4. Rotor (Aluminum) 4000 7.7
Table 1.2: selection of Materials (R.W.Powell 2001)
Apply loading conditions i.e, apply convection to the outer 4 lines of circle of stator i.e, Apply> Thermal>
Convection>on lines, Ok and in the command window, VALI Film coefficient=0.00005 and VAL2J Bulk
temperature=300. Apply temperature on the coil areas i.e, Thermal> Temperature on coil areas,
Constrained the DOFs to TEMP and load Temp value to 400. This procedure is repeated for both the
structures for different air gaps. Finally, solution is solved.

2.3: Analyze the Flux pattern and tensor force

For AMB 3-coil structure having air gap=0.5 cm,

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 Figure 2.8: Flux lines pattern for i=1A and N=500

Figure 2.9: Flux Density Vector for i=1A and N=500

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 Figure 3.0: Tensor force for i=1A and N=500

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 Figure 3.1: Flux lines pattern for i=6A and N=500

Figure 3.2: Flux Density Vector for i=6A and N=500

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 Figure 3.3: Tensor force for i=6A and N=500

Figure 3.4: Flux lines pattern for i=1A and N=700

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 Figure 3.5: Flux Density Vector for i=1A and N=700

Figure 3.6: Tensor force for i=1A and N=700

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 Figure 3.7: Flux lines pattern for i=6A and N=700

Figure 3.8: Flux Density Vector for i=6A and N=700

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 Figure 3.9: Tensor force for i=6A and N=700
For different air gaps, different excitation current and turns, the following values of flux pattern, flux
density and tensor forces are obtained and are shown in table 1.3.

For AMB 3-coil structure,

Air Flux pattern Flux density Tensor forces
gap(cm),Excitation (Wb) (Tesla) (N)
current(A) and No. of
turns
0.25, 6, 500 0.001178 0.002617 1.47497
0.5, 6, 500 0.854e-3 0.001892 0.329616
0.75, 6, 500 0.749e-3 0.001658 0.136027
1, 6, 500 0.702e-3 0.001554 0.125897
Table 1.3: Flux density and forces table for different air gaps

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For AMB 4-coil structure having air gap=0.5 cm,

Figure 4.0: Flux lines pattern for i=1A and N=500

Figure 4.1: Flux Density Vector for i=1A and N=500

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 Figure 4.2: Tensor force for i=1A and N=500

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 Figure 4.3: Flux lines pattern for i=6A and N=500

Figure 4.4: Flux Density Vector for i=6A and N=500

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 Figure 4.5: Tensor force for i=6A and N=500

Figure 4.6: Flux lines pattern for i=1A and N=700

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 Figure 4.7: Flux Density Vector for i=1A and N=700

Figure 4.8: Tensor force for i=1A and N=700

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 Figure 4.9: Flux lines pattern for i=6A and N=700

Figure 5.0: Flux Density Vector for i=6A and N=700

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 Figure 5.1: Tensor force for i=6A and N=700

For different air gaps, different excitation current and turns, the following values of flux pattern, flux
density and tensor forces are obtained and are shown in table 1.4.
For AMB 4-coil structure,
Air Flux pattern Flux density Tensor forces
gap(cm),Excitation (Wb) (Tesla) (N)
current(A) and No. of
turns
0.25, 6, 500 0.729e-3 0.001729 0.015526
0.5, 6, 500 0.564e-3 0.001339 0.019438
0.75, 6, 500 0.514e-3 0.001219 0.02377
1, 6, 500 0.496e-3 0.001172 0.03576
Table 1.4: Flux density and forces table for different air gaps

In 3-coil structure, as the area of the air gap increases, flux density decreases and hence there will be few
flux lines pattern. As excitation current increases for example in air gap 0.5 cm, flux will be more and hence
there will be more flux density. As the air gaps are increased, tensor forces will be nearly approximately
constant but not always but depends on the coil structure. As if the coil structures are increased to 4, then
there will be less tensor force compared to 3-coil structure. Thus, a comparative study of three and four

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coil AMB has been presented. Comparative results of ANSYS simulation of three and four coil AMB has also
been presented for different air- gap and coil-current. It is concluded that the simulated results of 3-coil
AMB is superior to 4-coil AMB the flux and force are determined by FEM-based analysis using the Maxwell's
stress tensor and virtual work. It is essential to use appropriate materials for the rotor and stator. As the
number of turns increases, flux and hence tensor forces also increases and 3-coil structure is having higher
values and is superior to 4-coil structure. For different air gaps from 0.25 cm to 1 cm in 4 coil structure,
there is decrease of tensor forces as compared to 3-coil structure. As the excitation current increases, field
strength increases and hence the flux and flux density values. And for the number of turns increases, the
flux will be more and hence the flux density.

2.4: Plots for given condition

Figure 5.2: Flux v/s Air gap, 1A, 500 turns

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on AC Machines>
 Figure 5.3: Flux v/s Air gap, 6A, 500 turns

Figure 5.4: Flux density v/s Air gap, 1A, 500 turns

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 34

on AC Machines>
 Figure 5.5: Flux density v/s Air gap, 6A, 500 turns

Figure 5.6: Tensor force v/s Air gap, 1A, 500 turns

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 35

on AC Machines>
 Figure 5.7: Tensor force v/s Air gap, 6A, 500 turns

2.5: Analyze the temperature distribution

For AMB 3-coil structure for 6A excitation current,

Figure 5.8: Thermal distribution for 0.25 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 36

on AC Machines>
 Figure 5.9: Thermal distribution for 0.5 cm air gap

Figure 6.0: Thermal distribution for 0.75 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 37

on AC Machines>
 Figure 6.1: Thermal distribution for 1 cm air gap

Air gaps Thermal Distribution SMIN

(cm) (K)
0.25 328.782
0.5 322.927
0.75 296.49
1 256.89
Table 1.5: Thermal distribution for 3-coil structure

For AMB 4-coil structure for 6A excitation current,

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 38

on AC Machines>
 Figure 6.2: Thermal distribution for 0.25 cm air gap

Figure 6.3: Thermal distribution for 0.5 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 39

on AC Machines>
 Figure 6.4: Thermal distribution for 0.75 cm air gap

Figure 6.5: Thermal distribution for 1 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 40

on AC Machines>
 Air gaps Thermal Distribution SMIN
(cm) (K)
0.25 331.093
0.5 354.173
0.75 357.071
1 350.162
Table 1.6: Thermal distribution for 4-coil structure
The thermal distribution for 3 coil structure for different air gaps will be approximately constant and it
depends on the current i.e, as excitation current increases the temperature will be more and more heat is
generated. In 3-coil and 4-coil structure table of thermal distribution, both are having nearly constant
values and the heat generated will be more at the coils which is having higher temperature values. But still
Thermal distribution is more in 4 coil structure compared to 3-coil structure.

2.6: Plots for given conditions

Figure 6.6: Flux v/s No. of turns, 1A, 0.5 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 41

on AC Machines>
 Figure 6.7: Flux v/s No. of turns, 1A, 1 cm air gap

Figure 6.8: Force v/s No. of turns, 1A, 0.5 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 42

on AC Machines>
 Figure 6.9: Force v/s No. of turns, 1A, 1 cm air gap

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 43

on AC Machines>
 PART-C CHAPTER 3
________________________________________________________________________________
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) in low and medium power applications
The development of high-quality permanent magnet materials into commercial production has
encouraged several manufacturers to launch various permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM)
into the market. The characteristics of a permanent magnet machine are highly dependent on the rotor
structure. The rotor can be implemented in various ways. When employing the modern permanent magnet
materials, the rotor can be constructed even completely without iron. Permanent magnet synchronous
machines have been applied to servo drives for a long time already, and nowadays, there are quite large
permanent magnet synchronous machines also in industrial use. In wind mill generators, the development
has currently been in the direction of permanent magnet machines. Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motors (PMSM) are widely used in low and medium power applications such as computer peripheral
equipments, robotics, adjustable speed drives and electric vehicles. Different modeling and simulations
have helped the process of developing new systems including motor drives, by reducing cost and time.
Simulation tools have the capabilities of performing dynamic simulations of motors in a visual environment
so as to facilitate the development of new systems (Kim J.S 1997).

3.1: Model a two dimensional finite element of PMSM

To model PMSM with slotless stator, first go to Maxwel 2D – solution type – transient. For the stator
construction, create a circle of outer radius of 60 mm and the inner radius of 37.5 mm. To create a pole,
create a rectangle of height 10 mm and width 20 mm. Selected the created rectangle and duplicate around
the axis, select Z axis with rotating angle of 60 degrees. Number of slots required is 6, Ok.To create
complete stator, create a radius of 31.6 mm. Now select circle and all rectangles, subtract rectangles from
the circle. Similarly, if the poles are increased to 6, the same abve procedure is followed but the numbe of
slots are increased to 8. The materials assigned for both slot and slotless structures are: for stator,
steel1008 and for rotor, NdFe35 for the coils copper is assigned.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 44

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.0: Stator construction

For the rotor construction, create a circle of radius 2.5 mm and create rectangle of same dimension as
stator pole dimension, with air gap between stator and rotor is of 0.5 mm and rotate the rectangle around
the Z axis with angle of 90 dergrees and are united and the complete rotor is rotated at an angle of 10
degrees.

Figure 7.1: Rotor construction

Stator windings are created in the form of circles on the stator poles and complete model is obtained by
combining both stator and rotor construction.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 45

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.2: PMSM with slotless complete model

Next region is created around the model and band is assigned to the rotor model, such that the band
dimension should be more than the rotor model in mm and it is assigned to obtain the motion.

Figure 7.3: Model with region

For the slot model construction, first got to create RMxprt 2D design > In Machine> Line start PMSM with
the number of poles to 4.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 46

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.4: Command window
In machine option, >stator construction, assign the materials and the inner and outer dimension are
entered and the number of slots to 24.

Figure 7.5: Command window

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 47

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.6: Stator model
For slot dimension, Bs0=1.2, Bs1=6, Bs2=7 as width of slot and Hs0=0.7,Hs1=0.7 and Hs2=13 are entered.

Figure 7.7: Slot model

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 48

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.8: Command window
Finally, the windings are created for excitation. Single layer damper windings are created.
Manual calculation for lap winding:
Let the number of poles=4, Number of slots=24, Number of phases=3.

No. of slots per pole per phase= 24/ (4x3) = 2

Pole pitch= No. of slots/pole= 24/4 = 6

Winding pitch=full pitch= 180 degree

Slot angle= 180/ pole pitch= 30 degree

Angle between the two sides of the same coil is 180 degree.
180 degree corresponds to = 180/ 30= 6 slots

The start of the phases must be displaced by 120 degree and so must be finishes. If the start of R or A
phase lies in slot no. 1, the start of Y or B phase must be in slot no. (1 +120/ 30 =) 5 and
that of B or C phase in slot no. (5 +120/ 30 =) 9. This makes the phase sequence RYB or ABC.

Starting of phases: Rs=1 (0 degree) Ys=5 (120 degree) Bs=9 (240 degree).

Poles per phase N1 S1 N2 S2

R 1, 2 7, 8 13, 14 19, 20
B 3, 4 9, 10 15, 16 21, 22
Y 5, 6 11, 12 17, 18 23, 24
Table 1.7: Polar Groups

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 49

on AC Machines>
 Figure 7.9: Lap winding manually

From the manual calculation mentioned, the following winding parameters are assigned to the command
window and the windings are balanced. Same procedure is implemented when the rotor poles are
increased to 6 and the stator slots are 36 and again with the winding manual calculation, the windings are
balanced.

Figure 8.0: Command window

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 50

on AC Machines>
 Figure 8.1: Stator with single layer windings

For the rotor construction, enter the outer and inner dimensions with the number of poles to 4. From the
pole dimension model the thickness of the magnets, magnet duct, width of ribs of the adjacent magnets
and the limited diameter of the four magnets are entered.

Figure 8.2: Pole dimension model

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 51

on AC Machines>
 Figure 8.3: Command window
Finally, dampers are placed such that there is excitation for the windings. And the shaft is made to the rotor
from the command window.

Figure 8.4: Command window

Figure 8.5: Rotor Model with dampers and shaft

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 52

on AC Machines>
 Figure 8.6: Overall PMSM model with slots

3.2: Designing of excitation circuit

For the PMSM with slot construction, the star and delta connected excitation circuit is created for the
stator in the Maxwell circuit editor and from the circuit editor, the circuits are exported such that the
windings added in the Ansoft Maxwell to the model should have the same name in the Maxwell circuit
editor also. In Ansoft Maxwell, Coil terminals and windings are added having number of conductors to 20.
In the Excitation circuit all the windings are added along with terminals and all three phases are 120 degree
apart with rated voltage 220V and resistance values are 4.3 ohm.

Figure 8.7: Star connection excitation circuit

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 53

on AC Machines>
 Figure 8.8: Delta connection excitation circuit
For the PMSM with slot construction, the rated output, voltage and speed are assigned in the Analysis>
setup>General command window and for the star and delta connection; there is no need of creating
separate excitation circuit as did in slotless construction. The connection can be assigned by just selecting
LSSM option beside general option and in that option select whether star or delta connection is needed by
tick mark on the option and automatically whichever connection needed is assigned.

Figure 8.9: Command window

Figure 9.0: Command window

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 54

on AC Machines>
3.3: Analyze the flux variations for designed motor at different time instants (star connected)
First before analyzing the results both slot and slotless models are validated and analysis setup is
added with the required start and stop time.

Figure 9.1: Command window

For the slotless model, following results are obtained for the flux variation.

Figure 9.2: Flux variation for 5ms having star connection

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 55

on AC Machines>
 Figure 9.3: Flux variation for 100ms having star connection
For the slot model, following result is obtained for the flux density.
XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
6.00 Curve Info
AirGapFluxDensity
Setup1 : Performance

4.00

2.00
AirGapFluxDensity [mTesla]

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
ElectricalDegree [deg]

Figure 9.4: Airgap flux density for star connection

For the slotless model, the flux variation at 5 ms is 2.5616e-2(Wb/m) maximum and at 100ms is 2.3074e-
2(Wb/m) maximum for star connection. This states that as time increases, the flux variation of the pattern
decreases. But in delta connection, the flux variation at 5ms is 2.33e-2(Wb/m) and at 100ms is 2.401e-
2(Wb/m). This states that as time increases, the flux variation also increases for delta connection.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 56

on AC Machines>
For the slot model, the maximum air gap density at 125 electrical degrees is nearly 5mT and it remains
constant up to 200 degrees and afterwards flux density becomes negative for star connection and for delta
connection also it remains the same. Thus, for both the connection the air gap flux density remains same.

3.4: Analyze the flux variations for designed motor at different time instants (delta connected)
For the slotless model, following results are obtained for the flux variation.

Figure 9.5: Flux variation for 5ms having delta connection

Figure 9.6: Flux variation for 100ms having delta connection

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 57

on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
6.00
Curve Info
AirGapFluxDensity
Setup1 : Performance

4.00
AirGapFluxDensity [mTesla]

2.00

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
ElectricalDegree [deg]

Figure 9.7: Airgap flux density for delta connection

For the slotless model, the flux variation at 5 ms is 2.5616e-2(Wb/m) maximum and at 100ms is 2.3074e-
2(Wb/m) maximum for star connection. This states that as time increases, the flux variation of the pattern
decreases. But in delta connection, the flux variation at 5ms is 2.33e-2(Wb/m) and at 100ms is 2.401e-
2(Wb/m). This states that as time increases, the flux variation also increases for delta connection.
For the slot model, the maximum air gap density at 125 electrical degrees is nearly 5mT and it remains
constant up to 200 degrees and afterwards flux density becomes negative for star connection and for delta
connection also it remains the same. Thus, for both the connection the air gap flux density remains same.

3.5: Analyze the torque, speed, phase current, and flux linkages
For slotless model, the following results are obtained.
Under star connection:
Torque Maxwell2DDesign1
375.00
Curve Info
Moving1.LoadTorque
Setup1 : Transient
Moving1.Torque
Setup1 : Transient
250.00

125.00
Y1 [NewtonMeter]

0.00

-125.00

-250.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 9.8: Torque plot under star (slotless)

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 58

on AC Machines>
 Speed Maxwell2DDesign1
2000.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Speed
Setup1 : Transient

1500.00

1000.00
Moving1.Speed [rpm]

500.00

0.00

-500.00

-1000.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 9.9: Speed plot under star (slotless)

XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1
1.00 2.00
Curve Info Y Axis
L(L1,L1)
L(L1,L1)
0.90 Setup1 : Transient
FluxLinkage(L1)
Y2
Setup1 : Transient
1.50
0.80 FluxLinkage(L2)
Y2
Setup1 : Transient

0.70 FluxLinkage(L3)
Y2
Setup1 : Transient
1.00
L(L1,L1) [mH]

0.60

Y2 [Wb]
0.50
0.50
0.40

0.30
0.00

0.20

0.10 -0.50
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.0: Flux linkages plot under star (slotless)

Position Maxwell2DDesign1
10000.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Position
Setup1 : Transient

8000.00
Moving1.Position [deg]

6000.00

4000.00

2000.00

0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.1: Position plot under star (slotless)

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 59

on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1
59.44 Curve Info
Current(L1)
Setup1 : Transient
40.00 Current(L2)
Setup1 : Transient
Current(L3)
Setup1 : Transient
20.00
Y1 [A]

0.00

-20.00

-40.00

-60.00

64.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

Time [ms]

Figure 10.2: Phase current plot under star (slotless)

For star connection, the maximum torque at 100ms is 260Nm and it remains nearly constant as time
increases. The maximum speed at 100ms is 750 rpm and is nearly remains constant as time increases. The
flux linkage at 100ms is 0.5mH and it nearly remains constant throw ought as the time increases. As the
time increases the position also increases linearly. This shows that the machine is rotating and is changing
the position rotationally. The maximum phase current is 50A and all three phases are 120 degrees apart.

Under Delta connection:

XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1
375.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Torque
Setup1 : Transient

250.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]

125.00

0.00

-125.00

-250.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.3: Torque plot under delta (slotless)

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on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 2 Maxwell2DDesign1
2000.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Speed
Setup1 : Transient

1500.00

1000.00
Moving1.Speed [rpm]

500.00

0.00

-500.00

-1000.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.4: Speed plot under delta (slotless)

XY Plot 4 Maxwell2DDesign1
2.00 Curve Info
FluxLinkage(L1)
Setup1 : Transient
FluxLinkage(L2)
Setup1 : Transient
1.50
FluxLinkage(L3)
Setup1 : Transient

1.00
Y1 [Wb]

0.50

0.00

-0.50
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.5: Flux linkages plot under delta (slotless)

Position Maxwell2DDesign1
10000.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Position
Setup1 : Transient

8000.00
Moving1.Position [deg]

6000.00

4000.00

2000.00

0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 10.6: Position plot under delta (slotless)

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on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1
59.44 Curve Info
Current(L1)
Setup1 : Transient
40.00 Current(L2)
Setup1 : Transient
Current(L3)
Setup1 : Transient
20.00
Y1 [A]

0.00

-20.00

-40.00

-60.00

64.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

Time [ms]

Figure 10.7: Phase currents plot under delta (slotless)

For delta connection, the maximum torque at 100ms is 260Nm and it remains nearly constant but slightly
higher compared to star connection as time increases. The maximum speed at 100ms is 750 rpm and is
nearly remains constant as time increases. Initially the speed is maximum at 1700rpm and suddenly
decreases at 20ms and remains constant. The flux linkage at 100ms is 0.5mH and it nearly remains constant
throw ought as the time increases but slightly greater than star connection. As the time increases the
position also increases linearly. This shows that the machine is rotating and is changing the position
rotationally. The maximum phase current is 50A and all three phases are 120 degrees apart but current is
having nearly less values compared to star connection.

For slot model, the following results are obtained.

Under star connection:
XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
60.00
Curve Info
TotalTorque
Setup1 : Performance
50.00

40.00
TotalTorque [kNewtonMeter]

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

-10.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
RSpeed [rpm]

Figure 10.8: Toque v/s speed plot under star (slot)

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 XY Plot 2 RMxprtDesign1
1.60E+005 Curve Info
InputLineCurrent
Setup1 : Performance
1.58E+005

1.56E+005

1.54E+005
InputLineCurrent [A]

1.52E+005

1.50E+005

1.48E+005

1.46E+005

1.44E+005
-25.00 0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
Ang [deg]

Figure 10.9: Phase current v/s angle plot under star (slot)

XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
6.00
Curve Info
AirGapFluxDensity
Setup1 : Performance

4.00
AirGapFluxDensity [mTesla]

2.00

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
ElectricalDegree [deg]

Figure 11.0: Air gap flux density v/s electrical degree plot under star (slot)

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 63

on AC Machines>
For star connection, initially at no speed the torque is maximum at 58KNm and as speed increases the
torque decreases and finally becomes zero. The phase current is 1.58e+5 maximum at 180 degrees and is
1.45e+5 minimum at 90 degrees and continues. The air gap flux density is nearly 5mT maximum at 125
electrical degrees and is minimum at 250 electrical degrees.
Under delta connection:
XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
175.00
Curve Info
TotalTorque
Setup1 : Performance
150.00

125.00
TotalTorque [kNewtonMeter]

100.00

75.00

50.00

25.00

0.00

-25.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
RSpeed [rpm]

Figure 11.1: Toque v/s speed plot under delta (slot)

XY Plot 3 RMxprtDesign1
4.80E+005
Curve Info
InputLineCurrent
Setup1 : Performance

4.70E+005
InputLineCurrent [A]

4.60E+005

4.50E+005

4.40E+005

4.30E+005
-25.00 0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
Ang [deg]

Figure 11.2: Phase current v/s angle plot under delta (slot)

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 64

on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
6.00
Curve Info
AirGapFluxDensity
Setup1 : Performance

4.00
AirGapFluxDensity [mTesla]

2.00

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
ElectricalDegree [deg]

Figure 11.3: Air gap flux density v/s electrical degree plot under delta (slot)
For delta connection, initially at no speed the torque is maximum at 175KNm and as speed increases the
torque decreases and finally becomes zero. The phase current is 4.78e+5 maximum at 180 degrees and is
4.32e+5 minimum at 90 degrees and continues. The air gap flux density is nearly 5mT maximum at 125
electrical degrees and is minimum at 250 electrical degrees. This clearly states that air gap flux density
remains same for both the star and delta connection but torque is maximum in delta connection compared
to star and phase current is maximum in delta compared to star in slot model.

3.6: Specify the eddy effect and torque calculations

In slotless model, the following result is obtained.
XY Plot 3 Maxwell2DDesign1
60.00
Curve Info
StrandedLoss
Setup1 : Transient

50.00

40.00
StrandedLoss [kW]

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Time [ms]

Figure 11.4: Stranded loss under star (slotless)

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 65

on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 8 Maxwell2DDesign1
60.00 Curve Info
StrandedLoss
Setup1 : Transient

50.00

40.00
StrandedLoss [kW]

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Time [ms]

Figure 11.5: Stranded loss under delta (slotless)

The stranded loss under star connection at 5ms is nearly 55 KW and at 100ms is nearly 15 KW. The torque
created by rotor at 100ms is nearly 260 Nm. The stranded loss under delta connection at 5ms is nearly 50
KW and at 100ms is nearly 18 KW. The torque created by rotor at 100ms is nearly 260 Nm.
In slot model, the total torque created by rotor under star connection is nearly 58 KNm and the total
torque created by rotor under delta connection is nearly 175 KNm.

3.7: Analyze the flux variations if the poles are increased to six
In slotless model, when the rotor poles are increased to six the following results are obtained.

Figure 11.6: Overall PMSM model with 6 poles

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 66

on AC Machines>
 Figure 11.7: Flux variations with 6 poles at 5ms (slotless)

Figure 11.8: Flux variations with 6 poles at 100ms (slotless)

In slotless model, for 4 poles the flux variation at 5 ms is 2.5616e-2(Wb/m) maximum and at 100ms is
2.3074e-2(Wb/m) maximum and when the poles are increased to 6, the flux variation at 5 ms is 2.313e-
3(Wb/m) maximum and at 100ms is 1.6502e-3(Wb/m) maximum. This clearly states that flux variation is
more in 4 poles as compared to 6 poles and as the time increases the flux decreases in both the cases.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 67

on AC Machines>
In slot model, when the rotor poles are increased to six the following results are obtained.

Figure 11.9: Overall PMSM model with six poles

The stator model is designed with 36 slots and the winding is balanced for the 6 poles.

Figure 12.0: Stator with 36 slots single layer winding

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 68

on AC Machines>
 XY Plot 1 RMxprtDesign1
50.00
Curve Info
AirGapFluxDensity
Setup1 : Performance

25.00
AirGapFluxDensity [uTesla]

0.00

-25.00

-50.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
ElectricalDegree [deg]

Figure 12.1: Air gap flux density for 6 poles (slot)

For the slot model, in the 4 poles structure, the maximum air gap density at 125 electrical degrees is nearly
5mT and it remains constant up to 200 degrees and afterwards flux density becomes negative for star
connection and for delta connection also it remains the same. Thus, for both the connection the air gap flux
density remains same. But as compared to 6 poles structure the air gap flux density decreases i.e, the
maximum air gap density at 125 electrical degrees is nearly 45 µT and it remains constant up to 200
degrees and afterwards flux density becomes negative for both star and delta connection. Thus, this clearly
states that 4 poles structure is having higher air gap flux density as compared to 6 poles structure.

<Assignment On Modeling and Analysis 69

on AC Machines>
Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment

Solving the assignment has provided with a lot of beneficiaries and it has helped a lot to access
module learning outcomes and the entire syllabus has been covered including that of the laboratory
aspects. In the part A of this assignment learnt about the features and characteristics of AFPMSMs
compared with the conventional ones. Learnt about the advantages and limitations of the axial machines.
More importantly learnt the various applications of the axial machines and how it has replaced the
conventional ones.

In the second part helped in understanding the applications of the motor used in today’s
technology and learnt about Ansys FEM software tool. In the final part learnt about the Ansys Maxwell
software and came across the application type problem of what kind of motor to be installed and learnt the
importance of both the slotless and slotted structure and its observations and learnt about the magnetic
bearings and its observation is carried out in ANSYS software.

Thus solving this assignment was not only the part of the academics but it really gave a good
knowledge of the industrial electrical products and protocols and the tools in order to create 2D and 3D
models .It was like fun solving the questions, modeling and analysis and it also helped in accessing all the
module syllabus and was of a good benefit.

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 References and citation of references
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A. Anonymous, (2015), ‘List of Properties with values of several known metals’, Engineering tool box.
B. Anonymous, (2015), ‘Axial flux permanent magnet machine applications’, Elektromaschinen Und
Atriebe.
C. Anonymous, (2015), ‘Axial flux permanent magnet motors in swimming pool pump’, Fasco
Australia.
D. Asko Parviainen, (2004), ‘Performance of axial flux permanent magnet synchronous low speed
machines’, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2004, pp. 1333-1340.
E. Adrian Augustin Pop, (2013), ‘Axial-flux vs. radial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generators
for micro wind turbine application’, EPE'13 ECCE Europe, ISBN: 978-90-75815-17-7.
F. A. Mahmoudi, (2012), ‘Axial flux permanent magnet motor design and applications’, Progress in
Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 122, pp.467–496.
G. Dean J Patterson, (2015), ‘A Comparison of Radial and Axial Flux Structures in Electrical Machines’,
The Timken Company, Mail Code TEC-05, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511.
H. Kim J.S. and Sul S.K, (1997), ‘New approach for high-performance PMSM drives without rotational
position sensors’, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. PE-12, Issue 5, pp 904−911.
I. Piłat A, (2004), ‘FEMLab software applied to Active Magnetic Bearing analysis’, International
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Spec. iss.: Issues in modeling, optimization
and controls, Vol. 14, 4: 497-501.
J. Pabitra Kumar Biswas and Subrata Banerjee, (2013), ‘ANSYS Based FEM Analysis for three and four
coil Active Magnetic Bearing-a Comparative Study’, International Journal of Applied Science and
Engineering, Vol.11, 3: 277-292.
K. R.W.Powell, (2001), ‘Thermodynamics and thermo physical properties of materials’, National
standard reference data series.
L. S.Geetha, (1993), ‘Axial flux permanent magnet servo motors with sixteen poles’, University of
Wollongong thesis collection, Vol.12, 1339.

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 APPENDIX
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.
Figure 1.0: Calculated and measured cogging torque (Asko Parviainen 2004)

Figure 1.1: Machine efficiency as the function of output power (Asko Parviainen 2004)

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 Figure 1.3: EU power capacity 2011 (Mahmoudi 2012)

Figure 1.4: Estimation cost and dimensions for wind turbine

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 Figure 1.5: Vehicle specification (Mahmoudi 2012)

Figure 1.6: Design restrictions and requirements (Mahmoudi 2012)

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 Figure 1.7: Motor’s final design dimensions and specifications (Mahmoudi 2012)

Figure 1.8: Power consumption against speed (Elektromaschinen Und Atriebe 2015)

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 Figure 1.9: Axial PMSM (Elektromaschinen Und Atriebe 2015)

Figure 2.0: Axial PMSM (Elektromaschinen Und Atriebe 2015)

Figure 2.1: Pump assemblies, with the original single phase induction machine version on left, PM axial
flux version on right (Fasco Australia 2015)

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 Figure 2.2: A cutaway version of the motor on the right in Figure 2.1

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