Single acting hacksaw

ABSTRACT

This project is the design and construction of single acting hacksaw for Cutting
wood and metal to different length. The power is given by a motor it drives the
pulley which holds the main screw. The main screw holds two connecting rods.
The other ends of the connecting rods are connected to the frame of the hack saws.
The hacksaws are constrained to move in a straight path with the help of sliders.
The frame is designed to provide the necessary motion . In this double acting
hacksaw machine we can able to cut materials such as wood, steel, etc. This
machine makes the cutting operation much easier and also it reduces the
production time. Since two work pieces can be cut at the same time the total time is
also reduced. The handling of the machine is much simple.

INTRODUCTION

A hacksaw is a handheld tool used to cut through materials like wood,

plastic tubing and metal pipes. Its cutting mechanism is provided by removable
blades which feature sharp teeth along their outer edge. In most cases, a hacksaw
consists of a metal frame that resembles a downward-facing. The frame’s ends
feature adjustable pegs that can be tightened to secure a blade in place, and
loosened to remove it. Hacksaw blades are long, thin strips of hardened steel that
feature a row of teeth along their cutting edge. Each end of the blade is punched
with a small hole that fits onto the saw frame’s pegs. Most blades range in length
from ten to 12 inches (25.4 to 30.48 cm), although six-inch (15.24 cm) blades can
be purchased to fit smaller hacksaw models. A device that applies force, changes
the direction of a force, or changes the strength of a force, in order to perform a
task, generally involving work done on a load. Machines are often designed to
yield a high mechanical advantage to reduce the effort needed to do that work. We
have found a solar power hacksaw to be the most useful for general shop work.
Modern heavy-duty hacksaw machines provide an economical and efficient means
of sawing a wide range of materials and stock sizes. Power hack saws are getting
rarer all the time but they do a good job within their capacity. If you can get one
that takes standard hacksaw blades then you'll have a tremendous range of blades
to choose from and will be able to cut most anything. Solar Hacksaws are more
tolerant to tensioning adjustment and run off. A major advantage of solar power
hacksaw cutting is the relatively low capital investment required. Accuracy and
finishes produced, range from fair to good depending on the material being sawed.
Time saving as compared to simple hacksaw and comfortable than ordinary
hacksaw.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.

2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.

3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the

packaging sector.
4. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1. Objective of this project is to increase production rate.

2. Reduce human effort.

3. To provide alternative power source.

HACKSAW MACHINE

HISTORY
The use of simple tools dates to about 2,400,000 BCE when various shaped
stones were used to strike wood, bone, or other stones to and break them apart and
shape them. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were
being used as hacksaw by about 30,000 BC during the middle of the Paleolithic
Stone Age.

Small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle, that fits
around a narrow, rigid blade. One edge of the blade has many small saw teeth
along almost its entire length. The blade can either be attached such that the teeth
face away from the handle, resulting in sawing action when pushing, or be attached
such that the teeth face toward the handle, resulting in sawing action when pulling.
On the push stroke, the arch will bend a little, releasing the tension on the blade.
The blade is normally quite brittle, so care needs to be taken to prevent brittle
fracture of the blade.

A panel hacksaw eliminates the frame, so that the saw can cut into panels of
sheet metal without the length of cut being restricted by the frame. Junior
hacksaws are the small variant, while larger mechanical hacksaws are used to cut
working pieces from bulk metal.

Large, power hacksaws are sometimes used to replace a band saw in

machine shops.
Band saw

A band saw uses a blade consisting of a continuous band of metal with teeth along
one edge. The saw may be powered by wind, water, steam, electrical motor or
animal power. The band rides on two wheels rotating in the same plane. Band saws
can be used for woodworking, metal working, or for cutting a variety of other
materials, and are particularly useful for cutting irregular or curved shapes. The
radius of a curve that can be cut on a particular saw is determined by the width of
the band and its lateral flexibility.

Metal-cutting band saws

19th century wood bandsaw

When cutting metals or timber, a constant flow of liquid over the blade
facilitates cutting by lubricating to keep the blade cool as well as preventing
encrustation or smearing on the blade, prolonging blade life and making for greater
cutting accuracy. Brushes or brushwheels are sometimes used to remove chips and
encrustation from the blade as it exits the material. Band saws are available in
vertical and horizontal designs. These units range from manually operated
machines to fully automatic machines. Band speeds range from 40 feet per minute
to 5000 feet per minute.

Machine shop bandsaws may also be horizontal or vertical. Small bandsaws

may employ a gravity-fed blade or the rate of descent may be controlled by a
hydraulic cylinder bleeding through an adjustable valve. When the saw is set up for
a cut, the operator raises the saw by hand and the material is clamped in place and
the saw is turned on, the blade slowly descending into the material, cutting it as the
band blade moves. When the cut is complete, a switch is tripped and the saw
automatically turns off.

Stone cutting saws

Common in mining industries band saws are used to cut hard stone into
large blocks that can then be shipped to processing plants to be further refined.
These saws use the same mechanical principals as other band saws but with one
major difference. The major difference is that instead of a thin flat blade these use
a thick cable. The cable is coated in diamond allowing it to cut through the hard
rock.
 MECHANISMS

Feed mechanisms

 Gravity feed saws fall under their own weight against a hydraulic cylinder
which has a control valve. Common in small saws.
 Hydraulic feed saws use a positive pressure hydraulic piston to advance the
saw through the work. Common in production saws.
 Screw feed employ a leadscrew to move the saw.

Fall mechanisms

 Pivot saws hinge in an arc as they advance through the work.

 Single Column saws have a large diameter column that the entire saw rides
up and down on, very similar to a radial drill.
 Dual column saws have a pair of large columns, one on either side of the
work, for very high rigidity and precision. The dual column setup is unable
to make use of a miter base due to inherent design. Dual column saws are
the largest variety of machine bandsaws encountered, to the point where
some make use of a rotary table and X axis to perform complex cutting.

Automated saws

Automatic bandsaws feature preset feed rate, return, fall, part feeding, and
part clamping. These are used in production environments where having a machine
operator per saw is not practical. One operator can feed and unload many
automatic saws.
Some automatic saws rely on NC/CNC control to not only cut faster, but to be
more precise and perform more complex miter cuts.

Common Tooth Forms

 Precision Blade gives accurate cuts with a smooth finish.

 Buttress Blade provides faster cutting and large chip loads.
 Claw Tooth Blade gives additional clearance for fast cuts and soft material.

Large saws

Timber mills use very large band saws for ripping lumber; they are preferred
over circular saws for ripping because they can accommodate large-diameter
timber and because of their smaller kerf (cut size), resulting in less waste.

The blades range in size from about (4" wide x 19' long x 22 ga thickness) to
(16" wide x 62' long x 11 ga thickness). The blades are mounted on wheels with a
diameter large enough not to cause metal fatigue due to flexing when the blade
repeatedly changes from a circular to a straight profile. It is stretched very tight
(with fatigue strength of the saw metal being the limiting factor). Band saws of this
size need to have a deformation worked into them that counteracts the forces and
heating of operation. This is called benching. They also need to be removed and
serviced at regular intervals. Saw filers or sawdoctors are the craftsmen responsible
for this work.

The shape of the tooth gullet is highly optimized and designed by the sawyer
and sawfiler. It varies according to the mill, as well as the type and condition of the
wood. Frozen logs often require a frost notch ground into the gullet to break the
chips. The shape of the tooth gullet is created when the blade is manufactured and
its shape is automatically maintained with each sharpening. The sawfiler will need
to maintain the grinding wheel's profile with periodic dressing of the wheel.

Head saws

Head saws are large band saws that make the initial cuts in a log. They
generally have a two to three inch tooth space on the cutting edge and sliver teeth
on the back. Sliver teeth are non-cutting teeth designed to wipe slivers out of the
way when the blade needs to back out of a cut.

Resaws

A ripsaw is a large bandsaw optimized for cutting timber along the grain to
reduce larger sections into smaller sections or veneers. Resawing veneers requires
a wide blade - commonly 2" to 3" (52 - 78 mm) - with a small kerf to minimize
waste. Resaw blades of up to 1" (26 mm) may be fitted to a standard bandsaw.

Double cut saws

Double cut saws have cutting teeth on both sides. They are generally very
large, similar in size to a head saw.
 EXISTING SYSTEM

Hand-held circular saws for wood

An unusually large hand-held circular saw for cutting timbers with a roughly 16 in
(410 mm) blade.

In woodworking the term circular saw is most commonly used to refer to a hand-
held, electric circular saw designed for cutting wood, but may be used for cutting
other materials with different blades. Circular saws can be either left or right-
handed, depending on the side of the blade where the motor sits. A left-handed saw
is typically easier to use if held in the right hand, and contrariwise for the right-
handed saw, because the user does not need to lean across the saw to see the
cutting line. Blades for cutting wood are almost universally tungsten carbide tipped
(TCT), but high-speed steel (HSS) blades are also available.

The saw base can be adjusted for depth of cut and can tilt up to 45° and sometimes
50° in relation to the blade. Adjusting the depth of cut helps minimize kickback.
Different diameter blades are matched to each saw and are available ranging from
14 centimetres (5.5 in) to 61 centimetres (24 in). The saw can be designed for the
blade to mount directly to the motor's driveshaft known colloquially as
a sidewinder, or be driven indirectly by a perpendicularly mounted motor via worm
gears, garnering considerably higher torque called a worm-drive saw.
MATERIALS

DESIGN
 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages
 1. There is no need of giving feed during every cut due to the presence of
weight. 2. The cutting speed can be varied according to our needs by adjusting
the timer.

3. It does not have any Prime mover, like electric motor related to the unit.

4. As the air is freely available, we can utilize the air to cut the metal and hence
it is economical.

5. Simple in construction than mechanical hacksaw.

6. It is a compact one

7. Less Maintenance

Limitation

1. Only smaller size and soft metal can be cut

2. It is costlier than the mechanical hacksaw because of compressor unit.
3. Less efficiency when compressed to mechanical device.
4. Leakage of air affects the working of the unit.

CONCLUSION

The various benefits of solar power wood cutter:

1) It is the need of time to replace conventional power hacksaw by solar power
hacksaw

2) Solar operated wood cutter is energy efficient as well as eco-friendly in

comparison to conventional hacksaw

3) This machine is light in weight and thus it is portable.

4) An advancement that can be implemented in solar operated wood cutter that the
user can also make it automated using required mechanisms and sensors

REFERENCE

[1] Rithesh R. Jadhav , Vireshkumar G. Mathad “Design And Performance

Analysis Of Hand Held Solar Power Cutter” , “IJETCSE” ISSN :0976-1353, Vol
-14, PP 874-877, (2015)
[2] Kurvinen, E., Sopanen, J., & Mikkola,(2015). “Ball bearing model performance
on various sized rotors with and without centrifugal and gyroscopic forces”,
“Mechanism and Machine Theory”, page no 240-260

[3] Archan B.Patel & Sagar R.Amrelia , “ Design and development of metal or
wood cutting tool by using solar energy ” , “Global Research And Development
For Engineering”,ISSN:2455-5703,(2016)

[4] Abhijit Morya & Abdul Moqeem “Fabriccation of solar powered

hacksaw”(2017) “Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Technical University” Issue No.4 (2017)
Volume No. 2 ISSN 2456-4184

[5] Dr.Syed Azam Pasha Quadri, “Solar Operated Wood Cutter” , “International
Journal and Magazine of Engg , Technology management and research” ,Volume
No.: 4 (IJMER) [Page No.569], ISSN2348-4845,(2017)

[6] Milan Gajera , “solar operated hacksaw machine” , “IJRITCC” ,Volume no;5
ISSN 2321-8169 ,(2017)

[7] J Nagarjun & Balu Maloth “Fabrication Of Solar Powered Wood And Metal
Cutting Hacksaw Machine”, “Journal Of Innovation In Mechanical Engineering”
,ISSN 1 ,vol 1,(2018)

[8] Rachit Garga, Mohammmad Abbas. “Solar wood and metal cutting hacksaw
ODR Cutter”, “Global Journal for research analysis” PP 573-575, ISSN 2277-
8160, (2018)

[9] S.Khurmi, J.K.Gupta, “Machine design pub-Eurasia publishing house pvt.ltd”

[10] V .B. Bhandari Design Of Machine Element 3rd Edition Tata McGraw-Hill
(2010)