PROJECT

5/1/2018
REPORT ON
TPMS DEVICE
INTERNSHIP REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
VIVEK SEHGAL (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
SRM UNIVERSITY- CHENNAI

UNDER GUIDENCE
VIVEK SEHGAL (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
SRM UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
VIVEK SEHGAL (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

Education

SRM UNIVersity-kattankulathur-B.tech. (Mechanical 2nd year)

CGPA: 7.12

Little angel school-kichha-XII (Senior secondary)

Percentage: 79.2%

R.A.N. public school-bilaspur-X (secondary)

CGPA: 8.4

Certification and Awards

Winner of Intra College CAD Modelling Competition held during International Space Week
2016.
CATIA Course from CADD CENTRE.

Languages Known

English (Professional)
Hindi (Professional)
Punjabi (Basic)
German (Basic)

Additional Details

Hobbies
Cricket
Badminton
Table Tennis
Gardening
Shooting
OBJECTIVE
 Expand philosophy and knowledge in the field of Mechanical Engineering.
 Gain a greater understanding of the duties and responsibilities of a fitness
professional.
 Identify personal strengths and weaknesses.
 Understand and adhere to professional standards in the field.
 Relate to, interact with, and learn from current professionals in the field.
 Broaden my knowledge and education by continuing to learn
 Put theory into practice.
 Develop the initiative and motivation to be a self starter and work
independently.
 Keep current in the field, update knowledge as standards are revised.
 Assess and evaluate self, facilities and program.
TPMS (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System)
A tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is an electronic system designed to monitor the air pressure
inside the pneumatic tires on various types of vehicles. TPMS report real-time tire-pressure information to
the driver of the vehicle, either via a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light.

Not every TPMS works the same way. The illumination of the low tire pressure indicator represents the final
step in the process of either an indirect TPMS or a direct TPMS.

Indirect TPMS
Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (iTPMS) are the systems that do not have air pressure sensors
inside the tires. Rather, they detect a low tire by measuring different parameters such as

1) Volume of tyre

2) Stiffness of tyre

3) Contact patch

4) Rotation of Wheel which changes w.r.t. the pressure in tyre.

Direct TPMS
Direct TPMS uses pressure monitoring sensors within each tyre that monitor specific pressure levels – not
just wheel revolution data from the anti-lock brake system.

Sensors in a direct TPMS may even provide tyre temperature readings. The direct tyre pressure monitoring
system sends all of this data to a centralized control module where it’s analysed, interpreted, and, if tyre
pressure is lower than it should be, transmitted directly to your dashboard where the indicator light
illuminates. A direct tyre pressure monitor usually sends all of this data wirelessly. Each sensor has a unique
serial number. This is how the system not only distinguishes between itself and systems on other vehicles,
but also among pressure readings for each individual tyre.
iTPMS

A)Contact Patch
A.1) Formula based approach
The tire contact patch, or tire footprint, is the area of the tire that directly connects the vehicle with the
driving surface. The design of the contact patch is an engineering feat that is specific not only to each
manufacturer, but for each individual tire. The design of the contact patch can affect traction, handling, and
treadwear.

Many variables affect the contact patch and the results it provides. The most critical factors for drivers to be
aware of are vehicle load and air pressure. A tire's maximum operating pressure will be molded onto the
sidewall of the tyre.
One can calculate patch radius on each tyre
by knowing the patch radius with following
relation:
0.333
2 2
r =[0.75∗F∗R
1−V
E {( )
+
1−v
e
] }
Where,

R= Radius of tyre

E= Young’s modulus of tyre

e= Young’s modulus of flat surface

V, v=Poisson’s Ratio of two materials

The relation between the contact patch area and pressure inside the tyre is different for each and every
diiferent type of tyre. For example for tyre 11R22.5 the relation is;

A=54.474+0.0066 T L −0.4258 T P

Where,

A= Area of contact patch

T L=Load on Tyre

T P= Pressure inside the tyre

Since the patch area depends on other external factors such as

-Tire’s vertical deformation changes approximately linearly the gross area of the contact surface;

-The running speed changes the shape of the contact patch making the gross area bigger;

-The tread design produces a decrease in the effective surface of the contact area between tire and road.
 due to which above relations provided unacceptable percentage of error and formula based approach has to
be dropped.

A.2) Observation based approach

The tyre pressure can also be calculated if one can calculate the length of the contact patch. There is no
certain relation between the contact patch length and pressure of tyre but data can be collected by carrying
out research.

But because of lack of resources which can calculate the length of contact patch this idea had to be dropped.

B) Rotation of wheel
This approach typically relies on wheel speed sensors that the anti-lock brake system uses. These sensors
measure the rate of revolution each wheel is making and can be used by on-board computer systems to
compare with each other and to other vehicle operation data such as speed.
Based on the rate of revolution of each wheel, the computer can interpret the relative size of the tires on your
vehicle. When a wheel starts spinning faster than expected, the computer calculates that the tire is
underinflated and alert the driver accordingly.

This approach is the conventional method under iTPMS.

Indian cars are equipped with partial ABS

technology i.e , they are not equipped speed
sensors. Speed sensors calculate the speed of
vehicle by measuring the rotation of wheel. So
to fill the void created by this technology
modified speed sensors can be created with the
help of

1) Hall effect sensor

2) Magnetoresistive sensor
3) Magnetostrictive
4) Inductive

Advantages of indirect TPMS

 No special procedures required when changing a tyre

 A simple and inexpensive system
 No maintenance required

Disadvantages of indirect TPMS

 Inaccurate and unresponsive (particularly for slow punctures)

 Detects anomalies but without identifying which tyre has lost pressure
 Inappropriate for wet roads, icy roads, and bumpy ones.

Due to it’s inaccuracy this approach again had to be dropped.

dTPMS
Direct TPMS uses battery-operated sensors inside the wheel to communicate with the vehicle. The sensors
directly read the pressure in each tire and transmit the data to the vehicle computer. The system will trigger
the dashboard light if a tire's pressure drops below 25% of the recommended inflation from the vehicle
manufacturer. This process gives a direct TPMS a greater degree of accuracy than indirect TPMS.

Since all cars have different types of valve in their tyre so study of valves is a necessary step before moving
ahead.

A)Valves

Valves are part of tyre which is responsible

for inflation of tyres. It is designed in such a
way that air cannot escape from tyre but when
subjected to higher pressure externally, it can
inflate tyre. Major parts of valve are:

1) Core
2) Valve Stem
3) Cap

Main part which is responsible for exchange

of gases is core. It is specially designed
mechanical device which can withstand high
pressure. The ‘T’ Mark when pressed deflate
the tyre. Valve comprises of various kinds of
threads with different standard which has to
be studied for the development of our TPMS
device.

B) TPMS Device
The device had to be designed in such a way that it should measure accurate pressure in any condition in a
cost effective manner and also should not act as a barrier while inflating or deflating the tyre i.e. a passage
should be provided for air to pass through device. The device is divided into majorly 3 parts-

1) Fitment part

2) Tyre pressure measuring system

3) External valve

B.1) Needs and Expectation

1) Accurate measurement

2) Puncture Detection

3) Indication of air filling

4) Indication of under and over inflation

5) Inflation and deflation without removing device from valve

B.2) Piston Movement Based Device

B.2.1) Fitment Part

This part connects the device to the valve of the tyre and act as a passage for air exchange between the
device and tyre. It has internal threading in accordance with the external threads of valve of tyre.

B.2.2) Measuring device

This device consist of spring attached to the piston .The piston is a dual face piston whose one end is
connected to spring and other is subjected to air. The whole system is enclosed in a pipe and to minimize the
leakage of air to the atmosphere piston is provided with piston rings as well as wear rings. As the air presses
the piston the pointer starts to move and give us reading.

B.2.3) External valve

External valve is a basic kind of valve which is similar to the valve of the tyre with which the device has to
be connected. This external valve one end is connected to the device and other end is open to atmosphere.

The main drawback of this device was it’s accuracy because when tyre rotates at high speed the centrifugal
force acting on the piston exceeds the pressure force by a great margin. This result concluded that piston
based device cannot be put into practical use.

B.3) Sensor Based Device

The sensor based TPMS device is broadly divided into:

1) Pressure sensor

2) RF transmitter receiver

3) External passage

4) Power Source

B.3.1) Pressure Sensor

There are many pressure sensors which TPMS manufacturing industry use for their device. After carrying
out research one can find that pressure sensor provided by Graylogix does the job well.

Pressure Range= 15psi to100psi

Size= 6.8*6.8*4.6mm

Operating Temperature= -40 to

+125C

Accuracy=0.02%

B.3.2) RF Transmitter and receiver

The transmitter is connected to the power source which

receives the signal from pressure sensor and amplify it
and then send the signal by converting into deliverable
form. This signal is received by the receiver in the
dashboard and again convert it’s form into original one
and show the output on the monitor.
B.3.3) Power Source

A power source with this system has to meet following requirements:

1) Must have long service hours

2) Should be safe to operate under harsh conditions

3) Must supply required amount of current

The above requirements were easily fulfilled by Duracell CR2450

FINAL PRODUCT LAYOUT DESIGN

This system seems to be lot more accurate as compared to the previous versions of it because sensor are
directly exposed to pressurized air thus giving accurate and reliable results.

GUIDE REMARKS: