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    Brain (Encephalon) : DR - Nirajan Neupane

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    Shyam Subedi
    The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory neurons while the hypothalamus regulates functions like sex drive and behavior. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum, located dorsal to the brain stem, helps with posture, balance, and motor coordination.

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    Brain (Encephalon) : DR - Nirajan Neupane

    Uploaded by

    Shyam Subedi
    26 views26 pages
    The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory neurons while the hypothalamus regulates functions like sex drive and behavior. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum, located dorsal to the brain stem, helps with posture, balance, and motor coordination.

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    Brain

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    The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory neurons while the hypothalamus regulates functions like sex drive and behavior. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum, located dorsal to the brain stem, helps with posture, balance, and motor coordination.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 views26 pages

    Brain (Encephalon) : DR - Nirajan Neupane

    Uploaded by

    Shyam Subedi
    The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory neurons while the hypothalamus regulates functions like sex drive and behavior. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum, located dorsal to the brain stem, helps with posture, balance, and motor coordination.

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    of 26

    Brain ( Encephalon)

    Dr . Nirajan Neupane
    • Covered by meninges ( PAD) subarachnoid space contains CSF

    • Cavity is called ventricles ( 4 in no.) filled with CSF

    • Weight : 1.4 kg

    • Divided into Forebrain , midbrain & hindbrain


    Forebrain/ prosencephalon
    Telencephalon & Diencephalon
    Cerebrum
    Largest part of brain

    • Gyri & sulcus / fissure

    • Divided into two cerebral hemisphere by longitudinal


    fissure(dura - falx cerebri) & connected by corpus
    callosum

    • Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into F-POT lobe


    by 3 prominent sulci viz central , paraieto-occipital &
    lateral
    Diencephalon
    Cavity : 3rd ventricle

    • Thalamus -2

    • Hypothalamus

    • Epithalamus

    • Subthalamus -2
    Thalamus

    • Major relay station of all the sensory neurons except olfactory


    nerve (to cortex)

    • Feedback from basal ganglia/nuclei & cerebellum (to cortex)


    Hypothalamus: (SEAT)2

    -Extended from upper part of midbrain to optic chiasm

    -Consists gray sheets around 3rd venticle,median eminence &


    2 mammillary bodies

    -Makes lateral wall & floor of 3rd ventricle


    Epithalamus

    -Consists of a pineal body & 2 habenular nuclei

    -Pineal body contains pinealocytes , glial cells but no neuron ;


    secretes serotonin & melatonin ( from Tryptophan amino acid)
    • Subthalamus : part of basal ganglia
    indirect pathway

    • Lie below each thalamus


    Limbic system : emotional Functions

    brain : cortex = cingulate gyrus


    Smell

    Hippocampus
    Sex drive

    Amygdala
    Memory / learning

    Septal nuclei
    Behavior & emotion

    Anterior & DM nuclei of thalamus

    Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

    Basal nuclei

    Planning & programming of voluntary movement through direct or indirect


    pathway

    Feedback circuit to cortex

    Striatum : caudate & putamen

    Globus pallidus

    Substantia nigra

    Subthalamic nuclei
    Brain stem
    Midbrain,pons & medulla

    • Described with cranial nerves lectures


    Cerebellum
    Little brain

    • Part of hind brain( Rhombencephalon)

    • Derived from Metencephalon

    • Located dorsal to the pons & medulla

    • Tentorium cerebelli ( dura)

    • Connected to brain stem by 6 cerebellar peduncle


    • Consists of a midline vermis and 2 lateral cerebellar hemisphere

    • Internally , outer cortex & inner core (deep seated nuclei & white matter in the
    pattern of tree called arbor vitae)

    • Only axons of purkinje cell leave the cerebellar cortex


    • Functions :

    • Posture & balance

    • Co -ordination of voluntary motor


    activity

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