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01.DBMS Environment

The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and databases. It defines a database as a systematic collection of data that supports electronic storage and manipulation. A DBMS allows for sharing of data across applications and departments while reducing data redundancy and inconsistencies. It also discusses database environments, concepts like relations and attributes, advantages of databases, and compares file processing systems to database systems.

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Madhu
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96 views15 pages

01.DBMS Environment

The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and databases. It defines a database as a systematic collection of data that supports electronic storage and manipulation. A DBMS allows for sharing of data across applications and departments while reducing data redundancy and inconsistencies. It also discusses database environments, concepts like relations and attributes, advantages of databases, and compares file processing systems to database systems.

Uploaded by

Madhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DBMS

DATA BASE MANAGAMENT SYSTEMS


DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
• What is a Database Environment?
• A database environment is a collective system of
components that comprise and regulates the group of data,
management, and use of data.
• It consist of software, hardware, people, techniques of handling
database, and the data also.
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
• A database is a systematic collection of data.
• They support electronic storage and manipulation of data.
• Databases make data management easy.
• example: An online telephone directory uses a database to
store data of people, phone numbers, and other contact details.
DATABASE DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
• A database intends to have a collection of data stored together
to serve multiple applications as possible.
• Hence a database is often conceived of as a repository of
information needed for running certain functions in a
corporation or organization.
• Such a database would permit not only the retrieval of data but
also the continuous modification of data needed for control of
operations.
• It may be possible to search the database to obtain answers to
queries or information for planning purposes.
• PURPOSE OF DATABASE
• A database should be a repository of data needed for an
organization's data processing. That data should be accurate,
private, and protected from damage. It should be accurate so
that diverse applications with different data requirements can
employ the data. Different application programmers and various
end-users have different views upon data, which must be
derived from a common overall data structure. Their methods of
searching and accessing of data will be different.
•
• Advantages of Using Database
• Database minimizes data redundancy to a great extent.
• The database can control the inconsistency of data to a large
extent.
• Sharing of data is also possible using the database.
• Database enforce standards.
• The use of Databases can ensure data security.
• Integrity can be managed using the database.
•
• Various Levels of Database Implementation

• The database is implemented through three general levels.


These levels are:
• Internal Level or Physical level
• Conceptual Level
• External Level or View Level
• CONCEPT OF DATA INDEPENDENCE

• As the database may be viewed through three levels of


abstraction, any change at any level can affect other levels'
schemas. Since the database keeps on growing, then there
may be frequent changes at times. This should not lead to
redesigning and re-implementation of the database. The
concepts of data independence prove beneficial in such types
of contexts.
• Physical data independence
• Logical data independence
• TERMINOLOGIES USED IN DATA BASE

• Relation: In general, a relation is a table, i.e., data is arranged in rows and


columns. A relation has the following properties:
• In any given column of a table, all the items are of the same kind, whereas
items in different columns may not be of the same kind.
• For a row, each column must have an atomic value, and also for a row, a
column cannot have more than one value.
• All rows of a relation are distinct.
• The ordering of rows in a relationship is immaterial.
• The column of a relation are assigned distinct names, and the ordering of
these columns is immaterial.
• Tuple: The rows of tables in a relationship are generally termed as Tuples.
• Attributes: The columns or fields of a table is termed as Attributes.
• Degree: The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of
relation. A relation having three attributes is said to have a relation of degree
3.
• Cardinality: The number of tuples or rows in a relation is termed as
cardinality.
• FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM

• What is File System?


• A File Management system is a DBMS that allows acces to
single files or tables at a time.
In a File System, data is directly stored in set of files.
• It contains flat files that have no relation to other files (when
only one table is stored in single file, then this file is known as
flat file).
• In a typical file processing system, each department or area within an
organization has its own set of files.
• The records in one file may not relate to the records in any other file.
Organizations have used file processing systems for many years.
• Many of these systems, however, have two major weaknesses: they have
redundant data and they isolate data.
• 1: Data Redundancy – Each department or area in an organization has its
own files in a file processing system.
• Thus, the same fields are stored in multiple files. If a file processing system
is used at a school.
• for example, the Student file and the Student Schedule file both might
store the same students’ names and addresses.
• Duplicating data in this manner wastes resources such as storage space and
people’s time.
• When new students are added or student data is modified, file maintenance
tasks consume additional time because people must update multiple files that
contain the same data.
• Data redundancy also can increase the chance of errors.
• If a student changes his or her address, for example, the school must update
the address wherever it appears.
• If the Address field is not changed in all the files where it is stored, then
discrepancies among the files exist.
• 2: Isolated Data – Often it is difficult to access data stored in separate files in
different departments.
• Sharing data from multiple, separate files is a complicated procedure and
usually requires the experience of a computer programmer.

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