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8 Laplacian Operator

1. The document discusses various topics in mathematics including vibration modes of shapes, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, the graph Laplacian, the Laplace-Beltrami operator on surfaces, and the heat equation. 2. It provides theorems regarding Hermitian matrices having orthogonal eigenvector bases and positive definite matrices having nonnegative eigenvalues. 3. Examples are given of the Dirichlet energy of functions on graphs and surfaces, and the Laplace-Beltrami operator is shown to coincide with the Laplacian on R2 under certain conditions.

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73 views58 pages

8 Laplacian Operator

1. The document discusses various topics in mathematics including vibration modes of shapes, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, the graph Laplacian, the Laplace-Beltrami operator on surfaces, and the heat equation. 2. It provides theorems regarding Hermitian matrices having orthogonal eigenvector bases and positive definite matrices having nonnegative eigenvalues. 3. Examples are given of the Dirichlet energy of functions on graphs and surfaces, and the Laplace-Beltrami operator is shown to coincide with the Laplacian on R2 under certain conditions.

Uploaded by

Secular Guy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Justin Solomon

MIT, Spring 2017


SIGN
MISTAKES
LIKELY
Lots of (sloppy) math!

http://www.wgnflag.com/xcart/images/P/G-50_StopSeatBeltsStockSign.jpg
Length
of string

http://www.takamine.com/templates/default/images/gclassical.png
http://firsttimeprogrammer.blogspot.com/2015/05/spectrogram-representation-of-b-note.html
“No, but…”
 Has to be a weird drum
 Spectrum tells you a lot!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_the_shape_of_a_drum
http://pngimg.com/upload/hammer_PNG3886.png

You can learn a lot


about a shape by
hitting it (lightly)
with a hammer!
What can you learn about its shape from
vibration frequencies and
oscillation patterns?
 Make “vibration modes” more precise

 Progressively more complicated domains


 Line segments
 Regions in ℝ𝟐
 Graphs
 Surfaces/manifolds

 Next time: Discretization, applications


Theorem. Suppose 𝑨 ∈ ℂ𝒏×𝒏 is Hermitian.
Then, 𝑨 has an orthogonal basis of 𝒏
eigenvectors. If 𝑨 is positive definite, the
corresponding eigenvalues are nonnegative.
 Line segments

 Regions in ℝ𝟐

 Graphs

 Surfaces/manifolds
“Dirichlet boundary conditions”

Eigenfunctions:
Minus second derivative operator!
Theorem. Let 𝑯 ≠ 𝟎 be an infinite-dimensional,
separable Hilbert space and let 𝑲 ∈ 𝑳(𝑯) be compact
and self-adjoint. Then, there exists a countable
orthonormal basis of 𝑯 consisting of eigenvectors of 𝑲.

Hilbert space: Space with inner product


Separable: Admits countable, dense subset
Compact operator: Bounded sets to relatively compact sets
Self-adjoint: 𝐾𝑣, 𝑤 = 〈𝑣, 𝐾𝑤〉

https://www.math.ku.edu/~matjohn/Teaching/S16/Math951/HilbertSchmidt.pdf
Image by E. Vouga
 Line segments

 Regions in ℝ𝟐

 Graphs

 Surfaces/manifolds
Wave equation:
divergence
gradient

Gradient operator:

http://www.gamasutra.com/db_area/images/feature/4164/figy.png, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient
“Dirichlet boundary conditions”

On board:
1. Positive:

2. Self-adjoint:
On board:

“Laplace equation”
“Harmonic function”
Images made by E. Vouga
Images made by E. Vouga
Images made by E. Vouga

Coordinate-independent (important!)
http://wp.production.patheos.com/blogs/johnbeckett/files/2015/01/shutterstock_81695467.jpg

Point constraints are ill-advised


http://www.math.udel.edu/~driscoll/research/gww1-4.gif

Small eigenvalue: Small Dirichlet Energy


 Line segments

 Regions in ℝ𝟐

 Graphs

 Surfaces/manifolds
Function:
One value per vertex
What is the
Dirichlet energy of a
function on a graph?
-1 +2
1
2
0 0 0
0
-1 0
-1 0

Orient edges arbitrarily


v

w
 Symmetric
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian_matrix
 Positive definite
What is the
smallest eigenvalue
of the graph Laplacian?
Fiedler vector (“algebraic connectivity”)
Value at v is average of neighboring values
Graph Laplacian encodes lots of
information!

Example: Kirchoff’s Theorem


Number of spanning trees equals
 Line segments

 Regions in ℝ𝟐

 Graphs

 Surfaces/manifolds
http://www.ieeta.pt/polymeco/Screenshots/PolyMeCo_OneView.jpg

Map points to real numbers


Suppose 𝒇: 𝑺 → ℝ and take 𝒑 ∈ 𝑺. For 𝒗 ∈ 𝑻𝒑 𝑺, choose a curve 𝜶: −𝜺, 𝜺 → 𝑺 with
𝜶 𝟎 = 𝒑 and 𝜶′ 𝟎 = 𝒗. Then the differential of 𝒇 is 𝒅𝒇: 𝑻𝒑 𝑺 → ℝ with

On the board (time-permitting):


• Does not depend on choice of 𝜶
• Linear map

http://blog.evolute.at/ Following Curves and Surfaces, Montiel & Ros


Following Curves and Surfaces, Montiel & Ros
Decreasing E

Images made by E. Vouga


On the board:
“Motivation” from finite-dimensional linear algebra.

Laplace-Beltrami operator
Things we should check (but probably won’t):
• Independent of choice of basis
• 𝚫=𝛁⋅𝛁
Laplace-Beltrami coincides
with Laplacian on ℝ𝟐
when 𝝈 takes 𝒙, 𝒚 axes to
orthonormal vectors.
http://alice.loria.fr/publications/papers/2008/ManifoldHarmonics//photo/dragon_mhb.png
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGiiSlMFFlI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyzqd2_T09Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uMZzVvnSiU
Theorem (Courant). The n-th eigenfunction
of the Dirichlet boundary value problem has
at most n nodal domains.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Chladni
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs468-10-fall/LectureSlides/11_shape_matching.pdf

Heat equation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics
Intuition:
Laplacian measures difference with neighbors.

http://trecs.se/pix/pseudosphereNormalVectorField4096.png
Justin Solomon
MIT, Spring 2017

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