SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.

SIMPLE STRESS & MATERIAL 1

PROPERTIES & TESTING
1. Elasticity of a body is (a) Thomas Young (b) Poisson
(a) the property by which a body returns to its (c) Mohr (d) Robert Hook
original shape after removal of the load 7. A member with a cross-section of A mm2 is
(b) the ratio of stress to strain subjected to a force of PN. It is L mm long and of
(c) the resistance to the force acting Young’s Modulus E N/mm2. The linear strain will
be
(d) larger deformability as in case of rubber
2. The stress in a member subjected to a force is PL PA
(a) N/mm (b) N/mm 2
(a) continued deformation under sustained loading AE LE
(b) load per unit area P AP
(c) mm/mm (d) mm/mm
(c) the resistance offered by the material per unit AE LE
area to a force
8. As per elastic theory of design the factor of safety
(d) the strain per unit length is the ratio of
3. A perfectly elastic body is (a) working stress to yield stress
(a) the body which recovers its original shape (b) yield stress to working stress
completely after removal of force
(c) ultimate strength to yield stress
(b) a body of such a material with a lot of
(d) ultimate load to load at yield
extensibility
9. In a composite bar the load distribution among
(c) a body made of rubber only
different materials of which it is made is based on
(d) a body whose cross-sectional dimensions are the assumption that all the material will have
very small
(a) equal area (b) same Young’s Modulus
4. Permanent set is
(c) same strain (d) same stress
(a) the force which acts permanently on the body
10. The stress due to temperature change in a member
(b) irrecoverable deformation in the body depends on
(c) the shape of the member just after completion (a) length of the member
of construction
(b) area of cross-section
(d) ratio of Poisson’s Ratio to Young’s Modulus
(c) supporting conditions at the two ends
5. If percentage elongation of a certain specimen
(d) none of these
made of a material ‘A’ under tensile test is 30%
and the percentage elongation of a specimen with 11. The percentage elongation of a material from a
same dimensions made of another material ‘B’ is direct tensile test indicates
40%, the material ‘B’ is more ductile than material (a) ductility (b) strength
‘A’ (c) yield stress (d) ultimate strength
(a) right (b) wrong
12. The percentage reduction in area of a member
6. The law “Stress is proportional to strain within
from a direct tension test indicates
certain limits” is formulated by
(a) ductility (b) elasticity
(c) malleability (d) brittleness
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13. The standard gauge length over which the (a) mild steel (b) cast iron
extension is to be measured to determine (c) high carbon steel (d) bronze
percentage elongation of a specimen with initial
20. By increasing the carbon content in steel, the
cross-section of a0 is
ultimate tensile strength will
(a) 6.56 a 0 (b) 5.65 a 0 (a) decrease (b) not be affected
(c) increase (d) become zero
(c) 6.65 a 0 (d) a 0 6.65
21. With the increase in the carbon content, the
14. A prismatic bar is supported at top and is subjected ductility of the steel will
to its own weight. The area of cross-section is A, (a) increase (b) decrease
length is L, density of the material is and Young’s
(c) not be affected (d) difficult to tell
Modulus is E. The total elongation of the bar is
given by 22. Which of the following materials will have the
highest Young’s Modulus?
(a) l2/E (b) l2/2E
(a) brass (b) copper
(c) AL/2E (d) l2/2EA
(c) mild steel (d) timber
15. The elongation of a conical bar, supported at top
under the action of its own weight if the length of 23. Creep of a material is
the bar is l, the diameter of the base is d and the (a) continued deformation with time under
density of materials is , is given by sustained loading
(a) gl2/6E (b) d2l/4E (b) disappearance of deformation on removal of
(c) 4l/d E2 2
(d) 6l /d E2 load
16. An isotropic material is the one which (c) not being ductile
(a) has same structure at all the points (d) to become brittle
(b) has Young’s Modulus equal to Modulus of 24. What is tenacity?
Rigidity (a) ultimate strength in tension
(c) has the elastic constants, identical in all the (b) ultimate strength in compression
direction (c) ultimate shear strength
(d) obeys Hooke’s law up to failure (d) ultimate impact to tell
17. The actual breaking stress of a ductile material 25. The diamond cone indenter is used in
from a tension test will be
(a) Rockwell hardness test
(a) greater than ultimate strength
(b) Brinell hardness test
(b) equal to ultimate strength
(c) vicker’s hardness test
(c) equal to nominal breaking stress
(d) Direct shear test
(d) less than the ultimate strength but greater than
26. The diamond quadrilateral pyramid indenter is used
nominal breaking stress
in
18. A brittle material will
(a) rockwell hardness test
(a) fall after giving ample warning
(b) brinell hardness test
(b) fail suddenly
(c) vicker’s hardness test
(c) never fail
(d) direct shear test
(d) never be used for structural purposes
27. In Brinell Hardness test, the type of indenter used
19. Which of the following is relatively ductile is
material?

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
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(a) hard steel cone (b) they have only small plastic deformation before
(b) hard steel ball fracture
(c) mild steel ball (c) they can absorb high impacts
(d) diamond cone (d) they fail very progressively
28. Glass will obey Hooke’s law up to 36. How is lzod test specimen supported
(a) yield point (b) proof stress (a) vertical cantilever
(c) fracture (b) horizontal cantilever
(d) 50% of stress at fracture (c) simply supported
29. Who introduced the terms upper and lower yield (d) none of these
points? 37. Which of the following gives Modulus of
(a) Robert Hooke (b) Thomas Young Elasticity?
(c) Mohr (d) Bach (a) ratio of linear stress to linear strain
30. A tensile test is performed on a round bar. After (b) ratio of shear stress to shear strain
fracture it has been found that the diameter re- (c) ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain
mains approximately same at fracture. The
material under test was (d) ratio of the normal stress (Of equal magnitude
(a) mild steel (b) cast iron on all six faces) on a solid cube to the volumetric
(c) glass (d) copper strain.
31. The compression test is commonly used for testing 38. The property that is responsible for the body to
(a) ductile materials (b) rubber return to its original shape after the removal of
the external load is known as
(c) brittle materials (d) none of these
(a) resilience (b) plasticity
32. When a cylindrical specimen of a ductile material
is subjected to compression (c) ductility (d) elasticity

(a) It ultimately acquires the shape of a flat disc Common Figure for Question No. (39-44)

(b) It fails by fracture like a brittle material 39. The stress-strain curve obtained by gradually
increasing axially applied load on a ductile material
(c) it fails immediately after starting of loading
to the point of failure is given below.
(d) diameter of the specimen decreases
Identify the elastic limit
33. The impact test are used to determine
(a) p (b) e
(a) ultimate crushing strength
(c) y (d) y’
(b) toughness
(c) ductility
(d) tenacity
34. Toughness is
(a) ability to absorb energy during plastic
deformation
(b) higher ultimate strength
(c) stress at yield
(d) strain energy at yield
35. The brittle materials have low toughness because
40. In the figure of problem, identify the limit of
(a) they have large plastic deformation before
proportionality.
fracture

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 4
(a) p (b) y different materials is equal to the external load
(c) u (d) f (c) both (a) and (b)
41. In the figure of problem, identify the upper yield (d) none of these
point. 49. If denotes the co-efficient of linear expansion,
(a) u (b) f T the rise in temperature the thermal stress is given
(c) e (d) y by
42. In the figure of problem, identify the lower yield Eα
point. (a) ET (b)
T
(a) p (b) y1
ET α
(c) u (d) f (c) (d)
α ET
43. In the figure of problem, the stress corresponding
to point u, is called 50. A conical bar with base diameter D and length L
has a unit weight of . The elongation due to its
(a) breaking stress (b) yield stress
weight is given by
(c) nominal stress (d) ultimate stress
44. In the figure of problem, which is the breaking 6E γL2
(a) γL2 (b)
point 6E
(a) e (b) y’
3E γL2
(c) u (d) f (c) γL2 (d)
3E
45. The S.I. unit of modulus of elasticity is
(a) N/cm2 (b) N/m2 51. A solid circular shaft of diameter D is subjected
to an axial load to produce a stress of p N/cm2. If
(c) dyne/cm2 (d) no units
the same axial load is applied to a hollow circular
46. A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional area shaft of external diameter D and internal diameter
A is rigidly fixed at its top and is hanging. At any D/2, the corresponding stress produced would be
section which is at a distance x from the lower
end, the stress due to its own self-weight is p p
(a) N/cm 2 (b) N/cm 2
proportional to 2 4
(a) x (b) 1/x
3p 4p
(c) x 2
(d) 1/x2 (c) N/cm 2 (d) N/cm2
4 3
47. A rod uniformly reduces its diameter from D to d
52. In problem above, if the internal diameter is D/3
over a length L. If an axial load P is applied, the
What is the stress in the second shaft?
corresponding elongation produced is given by
p p
πEDd 8PL (a) N/cm 2 (b) N/cm 2
(a) (b) 2 4
4PL πEDd
8 9p
πEDd 4PL (c) N/cm2 (d) N/cm 2
(c) (d) 9 8
8PL πEDd
53. Which of the following relations is correct?
48. A bar is made of different materials to have a
composite section and carries an external load. (a) Factor of safety = Crippling load - safe load
Then (b) Factor of safety = Crippling load / safe load
(a) strain in all the material is same (c) Factor of safety = crippling load  safe load
(b) the sum of the individual loads carried by
(d) Factor of safety = safe load /crippling load

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 SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
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54. The CGS unit of stress is (c) one third that of a prismatic bar of same length
(a) erg (b) dyne/cm2 (d) one fourth that of a prismatic bar of same
(c) N/cm 2
(d) kg/cm 2 length
55. The SI Unit of stress is 61. If a material has identical properties in all
directions, it is said to be
(a) N/m2 (b) N/cm2
(a) homogeneous
(c) Pascal (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) isotropic
56. When a tensile load of P newtons is applied on a
circular rod of diameter D and length L, it produces (c) elastic
an elongation x units. What is the elongation (d) orthotropic
produced by the same tensile load on a hollow 62. Two bars of different materials are of the same
circular rode with external diameter D and internal size and are subjected to same tensile forces. if
diameter 0.5D and made up of the same material the bars have unit elongations in the ratio of 4 : 7,
and of same length? then the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the two
materials is
4 3
(a) x (b) x (a) 7 : 4
3 4
(b) 4 : 7
1
(c) x (d) 2x (c) 4 : 17
2
(d) 16 : 49
57. A compound bar consists of steel and bronze bars
63. If a composite bar of steel and copper is heated,
with areas of 10 cm2 and 20 cm2 and Young’s
then the copper bar will be under
modulus of Elasticity 2  105 N/mm2 and 1  105N/
mm2 respectively. If the loads shared by them are (a) tension
Ps and Pb, then Ps:Pb will be (b) compression
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) shear
(c) 1:3 (d) 1:4 (d) torsion
58. Limit of proportionally depends upon 64. The specimen in a Charpy impact test is supported
(a) area of cross-section as a

(b) type of loading (a) cantilever beam

(c) type of material (b) simply supported beam

(d) all of the above (c) fixed beam

59. If all the dimensions of prismatic bar are doubled, (d) continuous beam
then the maximum stress produced in it under its 65. impact test enables one to estimate the property
own weight will of
(a) decrease (a) hardness
(b) remain unchanged (b) toughness
(c) increase to two times (c) strength
(d) increase to four times (d) creep
60. The elongation of a conical bar under its own 66. The phenomenon of decreased resistance of a
weight is equal to material to reversal of stress is called
(a) that of a prismatic bar of same length (a) creep
(b) one half that of a prismatic bar of same length (b) fatigue
(c) resilience
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(d) plasticity the bar will experience a stress of
67. The property of metal which allows it to deform (a) 22 kg/cm2 (tensile)
continuously at slow rate without any further (b) 22 kg/cm2 (compressive)
increase in stress is known as
(c) 44 kg/cm2 (compressive)
(a) fatigue
(d) 44 kg/cm2 (tensile)
(b) creep
72. An elastic bar of length ‘L’ cross sectional area
(c) plasticity A, Young’s modulus of elasticity E and self weight
(d) resilience W is hanging vertically. It is subjected to a load P
68. The stress below which a material has a high applied axially at the bottom end. The total
probability of not failing under reversal of stress elongation of the bar is given by
is known as
WI PI WI PI
(a) tolerance limit (a) + (b) +
AE AE 2AE AE
(b) elastic limit
WI PI WI PI
(c) proportional limit (c) + (d) +
2AE 2AE AE 2AE
(d) endurance limit
73. A compound bar consisting of material A and B is
69. A steel cable of 2 cm diameter is used to support
tightly secured at the ends. The coefficient of
load of 500 kg. Given that, E = 2  106 kg/cm2
thermal expansion of A is more than that of B.
and the length of the cable is 10 m, the elongation
When the temperature is increased the stresses
of the cable due to the load will be
induced will be
(a) 0.5 cm (b) 0.25 cm
(a) tensile in both the materials
(c) 1 cm (d) 1/cm
(b) tensile in material A and compressive in material
70. A mild steel bar is in three parts, each 20 cm long. B
The diameters of parts AB, BC and CD are 2
(c) compressive in material A and tensile in material
cm, 1cm and 3 cm respectively. The bar is
B
subjected to an axial pull of 4t as shown in the
Figure. (d) compressive in both the materials
74. A single direct stress ‘p’ acts along the longitudinal
axis (x) -axis of a bar of rectangular cross section.
E is the Young’s modulus and 1/m is the poisson’s
ratio of the material. Match List I and List II select
the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists:
List-I
If E = 2 106 kg/cm2 and the elongations in the A. Strain along the x-axis
three parts of the bar are  1, 2 and  3 B. Strain along the y-axis
respectively, then the ratio of the greatest to the
C. Strain energy per unit volume
least of these elongations will be
D. volumetric strain
(a) 9 (b) 4
List-II
(c) 3 (d) 2
1. p/mE
71. A steel bar of 2 m length is fixed at bath ends at
200C. The coefficient of thermal expansion is 11 2. p/E
10-6/0C and the modulus of elasticity is 2 106 kg/
p
cm2. If the temperature is changed to 180C, then 3. 1- 2/m 
E

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
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2. Poisson’s ratio
p2
4. 3. Tensile stress
2E 4. Young’s modulus
Codes: Codes:
(a) A B C D
(a) A B C D
4 2 3 1
1 2 3 4
(b) A B C D
(b) A B C D
4 2 1 3
1 2 4 3
(c) A B C D
(c) A B C D
2 4 3 1
2 1 3 4
(d) A B C D
(d) A B C D
2 4 1 3
2 1 4 3
80. Whenever some external system of forces acts
75. The length coefficient of thermal expansion and
on a body, it undergoes some deformation. As
Young’s modulus of bar ‘A’ are twice that of
the body undergoes some deformation, it sets
bar ‘B’.If the temperature of both bars is in-
up some resistance to the deformation. This re-
creased by the same amount while preventing
sistance per unit area to deformation, is called
any expansion, then the ratio of stress devel-
(a) strain (b) stress
oped in bar A to that in bar B will be
(c) pressure (d) modulus of elastic-
(a) 2 (b) 4
ity
(c) 8 (d) 16
81. The deformation per unit length is called
76. A mild steel bar is in two parts having equal
(a) tensile stress (b) compressive stress
lengths. The area of cross section of part-1 is
(c) shear stress (d) strain
double that of part-2 If the bar carries an axial
82. The unit of strain is
load ‘P’, then the ratio of elongation in par-1 to
(a) N - mm (b) N/mm
that in part-2 will be
(c) mm (d) no unit
(a) 2 (b) 4
83. Strain is equal to
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
(a) l/l (b) l/l
(c) l.l (d) l + l
84. When a body is subjected to two equal and op-
posite pushes, as a result of which the body tends
77. to reduce its length, the stress and strain induced
is compressive.
(a) True (b) False
For the compound bar shown in Figure the ratio
85. When a body is subjected to two equal and op-
of stress in the portions AB: BC:CD will be
posite pulls, as a result of which the body tends
(a) 4 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 2 : 4
to extend its length, the stress and strain induced
(c) 1 : 4 : 2 (d) 4 : 2 : 1
is
78. A steel rod of circular section tapers from 2 cm
(a) compressive stress, tensile strain
diameter to 1 cm diameter over a length of 50
(b) tensile stress, compressive strain
cm. If the modulus of elasticity of the material
(c) tensile stress, tensile strain
is 2  106 kg/cm2, then the increase in length (d) compressive stress, compressive strain
under a pull of 3000 kg will be 86. Which of the following is a proper sequence?
79. Match list-I with List II and select the correct (a) proportional limit, elastic limit, yielding, fail-
answer using the codes given below the lists: ure
List-I (b) elastic limit, proportional limit, yielding, fail-
A. Ratio of lateral strain to linear strain ure
B. Ratio of stress to strain (c) yielding, proportional limit, elastic limit, fail-
C. Ratio of extension to original length ure
D. Ratio of axial pull to area of section (d) None of these
List-II 87. Hook’s law holds good up to
1. Strain (a) limit of proportionality (b) elastic limit

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(c) plastic limit (d) breaking point 96. A bar of length L metres extends by l mm under
88. Whenever a material is loaded within elastic limit, a tensile force of P. The strain produced in the
stress is ___strain bar is
(a) equal to (a) l/L (b) 0.1 l/L
(b) directly proportional to (c) 0.01 l/L (d) 0.001 l/L
(c) inversely proportional to 97. The maximum stress produced in a bar of ta-
89. The ratio of linear stress to the linear strain is pering section is at
called (a) smaller end (b) larger end
(a) modulus of rigidity (c) middle (d) anywhere
(b) modulus of elasticity 98. A steel bar of 5 mm is heated from 150 C to 400
(c) bulk modulus C and it is free to expand. The bar will induce
(d) poisson’s ratio (a) no stress (b) shear stress
90. The unit of modulus of elasticity is same as those (c) tensile stress (d) compressive stress
of 99. When a bar is cooled to - 50 C, it will develop
(a) stress, strain and pressure (a) no stress (b) shear stress
(b) stress, force and modulus of rigidity (c) tensile stress (d) compressive stress
(c) strain, force and pressure 100. A bar of copper and steel form a composite sys-
(d) stress, pressure and modulus of rigidity tem, which is heated to a temperature of 400C.
91. When a change in length takes place, the strain The stress induced in the copper bar will be
is known as (a) tensile (b) compressive
(a) linear strain (b) lateral strain (c) shear (d) zero
(c) volumetric strain (d) shear strain 101. the thermal stress in a bar is ____ proportional
92. The change in length due to a tensile or com- to the change in temperature.
pressive force acting on a body is given by (a) directly (b) indirectly
P.l.A Pl 102. The thermal stress ____ upon the cross-sec-
(a) (b) tional area of the bar.
E AE (a) depends (b) does not depend
E AE 103. If there is a fall in the temperature of a compos-
(c) (d) ite body, then a member having greater coeffi-
P lA Pl
Where cient of linear expansion will be subjected to
P = Tensile or compressive force acting on the compressive stress.
body (a) True (b) False
l = Original length of the body, 104. The thermal or temperature stress is a function
A = Cross-sectional area of the body, and of
E = Young’s modulus for the material of the body (a) increase in temperature
93. The modulus of elasticity for mild steel is ap- (b) modulus of elasticity
proximately equal to (c) coefficient of linear expansion
(a) 10kN/ mm2 (b) 80 kN /mm2 (d) all of these
(c) 100 kN /mm 2
(d) 210 kN /mm2 Common Figure for Question No 105 to 112
94. Two bars of different materials and same size
are subjected to the same tensile force. If the
bars have unit elongation in the ratio of 2 : 5 ,
then the ratio of modulus of elasticity of the two
materials will be
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 5 : 2
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
95. The deformation of a bar under its own weight
is ____ the deformation, if the same body is
subjected to a direct load equal to weight of the
body. 105. In a stress-strain diagram for mild steel, as
(a) equal to (b) half shown in figure, the point A represents
(c) one-third (d) two-third

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
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(a) elastic limit (b) upper yield point
(c) lower yield point (d) breaking point
106. In figure, the poing C represents
(a) elastic limit (b) upper yield point
(c) lower yield point (d) breaking point
107. In figure, the point B represents upper yield point
(a) right (b) wrong
108. In figure, the point E represents the maximum
stress.
(a) true (b) false
109. In figure, the stress corresponding to point D is
(a) yield point stress
(b) breaking stress
(c) ultimate stress
(d) elastic limit
110. In figure, stress is proportional to strain for the
portion
(a) from O to A
(b) from A to C
(c) from A to D
(d) from D to E
111. In figure, Hook’s law holds good, for the portion
from O to A.
(a) agree
(b) disagree
112. In figure, the plastic range occurs
(a) before point A
(b) beyond point A
(c) between points A and D
(d) between points D and E
113. The stress at which the extension of the mate-
rial takes place more quickly as compared to
the increase in load, is called
(a) elastic (b) yield point
(c) ultimate point (d) breaking point
114. The tensile test is carried on _____ materials.
(a) ductile (b) brittle
(c) malleable (d) plastic
115. The compression test is carried on ____ mate-
rials.
(a) ductile (b) brittle
(c) malleable (d) plastic
116. A tensile test is performed on a mild steel round
bar. Its diameter after fracture will
(a) remain same (b) increase
(c) decrease (d) depend upon rate
of loading

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SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
1. Ans. (a)  P
 
Elasticity of a body is the property by which a E AE
body returns to its original shape after removal of
8. Ans (b)
the load.
Factor of safety is the ratio of yield stress to
2. Ans. (c)
working stress
Stress is the resistance offered by material per
9. Ans (c)
unit area to a force units of stress is MPa or N/
mm2
3. Ans. (a)
Perfectly elastic body is the body which recovers
its original shape completely after removal of force.
4. Ans. (b)
Permanent set is irrecoverable deformation in the
body

Assume
Strain in 1 = strain in 2

p1 P
 2
E1A1 E 2 A 2

P1,P2= Load on bar 1 & 2

E1,E2= youns modulas of bar 1 & 2
5. Ans (a) Also P =P1+P2
Ductility property by which material can be drawn
in to wires so more is extension possible more is P1E 2 A 2
P = P1+ E A  P1
ductility material. 1 1

6. Ans (d)
E1A1
According to hooks law stress is propotional to P1= P E A  E A
1 1 2 2
strain upto the propationally limit.
7. Ans (c) 10. Ans (c)
Stress due to temprature change in a member
 depends on support at two onds. If supports are
E
e Rigid then there is thermal stress but not strain. If
supports are flexible than strain but no stress
p
 11. Ans (a)
A
Ductility of material is the property by which it

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
11
can be drawn in long wires. More is the Put “w in” (1)
percentage elangation of a material more is the
ductile material. gAL2 gL2
L  
12. Ans (b) 6AE 6E

The percentage reduction in area of a member 16. Ans. (c)

from a direct tension test indicates that material If the material is Equally elastic (Elastic constant)
is elastic. in all directions to said to be isotropic.
13. Ans. (b) 17. Ans (a)
For tensile testing gauge length of specimen shoul
be L0 = 5.65 a 0

G0 = origal crossection
14. Ans (b)

As Engineering stress-strain curve is drawn on

Let we = Specific weight of the bar. then the  P
elangation of small element of length “dx” due own the assumption that     Area of crassection
 A
weight is
remain same during test. but in actual area is
L L decreasing.
wAxdx wx 2  WL2
L    
o AE 2E  0 2E As stress is inversly propational to area and area
is decreasing that is why actual stress is more than
15. Ans. (a) Engineering stress at fracture.
Elangation of bar due to own weight is 18. Ans (b)
 As we can see from the stress strain diagram
WL
L  ...(1) of brittle material yield stress and ultimate stress
2AE almost same, there is no strain hardening region
 Also, strain upto fracture point is less than 5%
that is why brittle material . go under very less
change in area & length & break suddly, where in
case of duckile material they elangate & then
break.
WAL ρgAL 19. Ans (a)
W= =
3 3 Mild steel is relatively ductile material.
W = Specific weight = g 20. Ans (c)
A = Area of crassection at upper end with increase in the carbon content in steel the
L = Length of bar ultimate tensile strength will increase.
21. Ans (b)
with increase in the carbon content the ductility
of the steel will decrease & material become hard.

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 12
22. Ans (c) 29. Ans. (a)
Brass - 102-125 MPa Timber - 12 MPa Robert hook introduce the terms upper and lower
yield point and hooks law
MS - 200 MPa
Thamson young introduce the term young modulus
Copper - 117MPa
of elastiicty
23. Ans (a)
30. Ans (b, c)
Creep of a meterial is continued deformation with
As CI & Glass are brittle material & these
time under sustained loading.
approximately no change in dimension in tension
24. Ans. (a) test, it directly fracture.
Tenacity is defined as the maximum tensile stress 31. Ans (c)
that can be induced in material. It is also called
Compression test is commanly used for testing
specific strength.
brittle materials where is tension test is used for
25. Ans. (a) testing ductile material.
Diamand cone indenter is used in rockwell 32. Ans (a)
hardness test.
It ultimately acquires the shape of flat disc.
26. Ans. (c)
33. Ans (b)
Diamond quadrilateral pyramid indenter is used in
Imact test or charphy test is used to determine
Vicker’s hardness test
the Energy (strain) absorb by the material upto
27. Ans. (b) fracture also called toughness
34. Ans (a)
Test Name Type of indenter
(1) Brinell hardness test Hard steel ball Taughness is the ability of material to absorb
(2 ) Rock well Hardness energy during plastic defarmation or upto facture.
Diamond con e intentor
test It is given by area under the stress strain diagram.
Square based diam on d
(3) Vicker Hardness test 35. Ans. (b)
pyramid
Rhombic based d iamond
(4) Kn oop Hardness test Brittle materials have law toughness because they
pyramid
have only small plastic defarmation before fracture
as can be seen from stress strain diagram of few
28. Ans. (c) materials
Glass will obey hooks law up to fracture as we
can seen frame   diagram

36. Ans. (a)

Vertical Cantilever
37. Ans. (a)

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
13
Ratio of linear stress to linear strain is called 47. Ans. (d)
modulus of elasticity
4PL
38. Ans. (d) L 
EDd
Elasticity is the property due to which material
returns to its original shape after the removal of 48. Ans. (c)
load.
39. Ans. (b)

P = P1+P2 ...(1)
P = propanality limit P1= Load on material ‘1’
E - Elastic limit P2= Load on material ‘2’
Y- Upper yield point P = External load
Y’ = Lower yield point As both materials connected rigidly so
U = Ultimate stress compression or strain also same

F = Fracture stress    

40. Ans (a) 49. Ans. (a)

41. Ans (d) Thermal strain = 

42. Ans (b) 

Also E
43. Ans (d) 

44. Ans (d) T

45. Ans. (b) 50. Ans. (d)
SI units - N/m2 Elangation due to self weight is
CGS - Dyne/cm2 WL
L 
46. Ans. (c) AE

Wx ALw
L  W= for conical bar.
2EA 3

W  Wax 51. Ans. (d)

wx 2 K
L  Stress in solid shaft = P  (k  Load)
2E A

L  x 2

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 14

k
2
 2  D 
Stress in hallow shaft = D   
4  2 

4k 4k k 4 K 4
    
2
3D 2 D 2 3 A 3
=   D  D 
 4  4 4

4P ES= EB (same strain)

=
3
PS PB
52. Ans. (d) 
ASES A BE B
If diameteer is D/3
PS A S ES 10  2  105 1
k 9P k   
  PB A B E B 20  105 1
  2 D   D2  8
2
8
 D  
4 9  4 9 58. Ans. (c)

53. Ans. (b) Limit of praportinallty depends upon type of

material
FOS =
59. Ans. (d)
Maximum Load Crippling Load

Safe Load/ working Load Safe Load WL2
L 
2E
54. Ans. (b)
If length is double than extension become 4 times
CGS units = dyne /cm2
(L2)
SI - N/m2
60. Ans. (c)
55. Ans. (a)
SI units - N/m2 WL2
Prismatic bar  
2E
Cgs - dyne/cm2
57. Ans. (a) WL2
conical bar L 
P = PS+PB 6E
Elangation conical bar

Elongation of prismatic bar


3
61. Ans. (b)
A material same elastic properties in all directions
is to be isotropic
62. Ans. (a)

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
15

P1L1 flow at constant flow stress. On diagram

L1  these materials are shown by horizontal line.
E1A1
68. Ans. (d)
P2 L2 Endurance strength or limit is maximum stress that
L 2 
E 2A2 can be induced in material which is subjected to
cyclic load per stress.
L1 E 2 4 69. Ans. (b)
 
L 2 E1 7
4PL
L  
E1 7 ED 2

E2 4
4  500  10  100 5
   0.25
63. Ans. (b) 2  106  4 20
As coeffient of themal expansion of Copper is 70. Ans. (b)
more than steel so it is under compression where
steel is under tension. PL1 4PL1 4  4t  20 16t
L1      5
64. Ans. (b) EA1 ED12 E  4  E

16t
L 2   20  ... greatest Elongation
E

16t  20 
L3   
E  9 
V- notched speciman
16t
 20
 E 4
16t
 5
E

U-notched speciman 71. Ans. (c)

T

65. Ans. (b) = 21010-22

Impact test: The test to determine the behaviour = 44 kg/cm2 (compressive)

of materials when subjected to high rates of 72. Ans. (b)
(sudden) loading, usually in bending tension or
torsion. It measure the energy obsorbed in breaking
the specimen i.e. toughness.
66. Ans. (b)
when material is subjected to cyclic load than it
fails at low value of stress as compared to when it
fails under simple tension test.
67. Ans. (c)
When material is behave like ideal plastic than it Elangation due P

PL
L 
AE

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 16

WL A E AA
Elongation due to weight L   4
2AE B E B B
PL WL 76. Ans (c)
Total Elongation = 
AE 2AE L1=L2=L
73. Ans. (c) A1=2A2
P 1=P 2=P
E1=E2=E (mild steel)

1
L
A

L1 A 2 1
 
L2 A1 2

 77. Ans (c)

 Bar A under compression by bar B
2F 2F
Bar B under tension by bar A. F D F D
74. Ans (d)
A  P/E (Langitudinal of Strain)
F D/2 P
Laterial Strain

1 lateranl strain f 4f
=  AB  
m Longitudinal strain A D 2

P 4f
B  Bc  4
mE D 2

1 4f
D   cd  2
2 D 2
C : CD
1   2
 
2 E 2E 1 4 2
78. Ans (c)
P 2
C  1   4PL 4  3000  50 3
E m L   
ED1D 2   2  106  2  1 20
75. Ans (b)
A= 2B 79. Ans (D)

EA=2EB A 2

EA
 BT

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
17
B 4 P

C 1 A
D 3 P = pull (+ve) /tensile
80. Ans (b)
L2 L1
 L
Resis tan ce force
Stress =
Area
 N / m2  1

As body is streched as L2 > L1

81. Ans (d)
or tensile
change length/ defarmation/Elangation 86. Ans (a)
Strain =
Length

82. Ans (d)
y f
E
Change in length m P
Strain = =
orignal length m

83. Ans (b)

Change in length  E
Strain= =
orignal length 
P - Proportionality limit
* More is the strain upto facture point more ductile
E = Elastic Limit
is the material
Y = yield point
* If strain upto facture point is less than 5%. It is
called brittle material other wise ductile material. f = fracture point/failure
84. Ans (a) 87. Ans (a)
According to hooks law stress is proportional to
strain upto propartionality limit.
P P
88. Ans (b)
L1 According to hooks law stress is propotional to
strain within the propotionality limit
89. Ans (b)

Linear Stress
L2 youngs Modulas (E) =
Linear Strain
90. Ans (d)
L2  L1
E = Strain = L Units of stress, pressure and modulus of rigidity is
1
MPa, N/m2, N/mm2
< 0 (negative)
91. Ans (a)
Load  When there is change in the length than strain is
Stress () =
Area called linear strain
If the Load is compressive / push taken as -ve  When there is change in diameter/radius takes
place than strain is called diameteric/ radical strain
If Load is tensile / Pull taken as positive.
 When there is change in volume takes place than
85. Ans (c) strain is called volumetric.

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 18
92. Ans (b) WL
L1 
 2AE
AS E ...(1)
E Deformation of bar subjected to direct w equal to
weight
L
  p / A,  =
L WL
L 2 
AE
From (1)
L 2
PL L1 
L  2
AE
96. Ans (d)
AE
Where is also called stiffness of member.. Strain = change in length/original length
L
Strain = l(mm)/L(mm)
93. Ans (d)
Strain = 0.0001 l/m
Material Young's Modulus (GPa) Elongation
Dia mond 1200 Strain 
Mild steel 210 Length
Copper 120 Elongation = l mm
Cast Iron 110
Bronze 96-120 Length = Lm
Aluminimum 70
Lead 18 l(mm) 0.001l
Strain  
Titanium 116 L(m) L
Concrete 16.5
Plastic 2 97. Ans (a)
Rubber 0.02
Nylon 2 P
As  
A

94. Ans (b) 1


A
PL
L  other area is minimum stress is maximum that is
AE
at smaller end.
1 98. Ans (a)
L
E

L1 E 2 2
 
L 2 E1 5
Case 1:- Supports are rigid
E1 5   ET

E2 2
 
95. Ans (b) Case 2:- Supports are flexible/Bar is free Expond.
Deformation of bar due to own weight

0

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
19
 T
D
99. Ans (c) 
Tensile stress
100. Ans (b) B
E
Coeffient of thermal Expansion of Copper & steel A C
are
c= 17  C
= 13 C E
O
c > S
So, stress in copper is compressive & in steel A = Elastic limit
tensile. C = Lower yield point Stress
101. Ans (a) B = upper yield point
  ET D = ultimate stress/ maximum stress
T E = fracture stress / failure stress.
102. Ans (b) Stress is praportional to strain from O to A of
Hooks law is valid in this region
  ET
Before A Elastic range
So, thermal stress does’t depends upon crossection
area Beyond A Plastic range.

103. Ans (a) 113. Ans (B)

 Body whose coeffient of thermal Expansion is 

more under compression and whose coeffient of
thermal Expansion is less under tension.
y
104. Ans (d) E
T P y' C

E = Modulus of Elastisity
= Coeffient of thermal Expansion
E
T = Increase in temperature
105. Ans (a)  As we can see that from y’to C there very less
change in strain increase at significant rate.
106. Ans (c)
114. Ans (a)
107. Ans (a)
Tensile test is carried on ductile material and
108. Ans (b) compression test is carried on brittle material on
109. Ans (c) universal testing machine.
110. Ans (a) 115. Ans (b)
111. Ans (a) Tensile test is carried on ductile material and
compression test is carried on brittle material on
112. Ans (b)
universal testing machine.
116. Ans (c)
Diameter of bar fracture is reduced.

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 20

RELATION BETWEEN
ELASTIC CONSTANTS 2
1. Young’s Modulus is the ratio of the normal stress 7. For a certain material Poission’s ratio is 0.25. Then
to the the ratio of modulus of elasticity to the modulus
of rigidity for the material is
(a) normal strain within elastic limit
(a) 0.4 (b) 2.5
(b) reciprocal of normal strain within elastic limit
(c) 4 (d) 0.5
(c) normal strain within proportional limit
8. For a certain material Poisson’s ratio is 0.25. Then
(d) normal strain at yield point
the ratio of modulus of elasticity to the bulk
2. The Poisson’s Ratio is the ratio of modulus for the material is
(a) lateral elongation to linear elongation (a) 1.5 (b) 1.0
(b) lateral stress to linear stress (c) 0.5 (d) 0
(c) lateral strain to longitudinal strain 9. If the Young’s modulus of elasticity of a material
(d) Young’s Modulus of elasticity to Modulus of is twice its modulus of rigidity, then the possion’s
Rigidity ratio of the material is
3. The equation connecting Young’s Modulus(E) (a) -1 (b) -0.5
Poisson’s ratio (1/m) and Modulus of Rigidity (C), (c) 0.5 (d) zero
is
10. For an isotropic, homogeneous and elastic material
(a) C = 2E (1 + 1/m) (b) E = 2C (1 - 2/m) obeying Hooke’s law, number of independent
(c) E = 3C (1 + 1/m) (d) E = 2C (1 + 1/m) elastic constants is
4. Bulk Modulus, Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s (a) 2 (b) 3
Ratio are connected by the relation (c) 9 (d) 1
(a) K = E/3 (1 - 2/m) 11. The relationship between Young’s modulus of
(b) E = K/3 (1 + 2/m) elasticity E, bulk modulus K and Poisson’s ratio 
(c) E = 2K (1 + 1/m) is given by
(d) E = 3K (1 - 2/m) (a) E = 2 K (1 - 2)
5. If the Poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.25, the (b) E = 3 K (1 + )
ratio of Modulus of Rigidity to the Young’s Modulus (c) E = 3 K (1 - 2)
is (d) E = 2 K (1 + )
(a) 2 (b) 0.4 12. Limiting value of Poisson’s ratio are
(c) 2.5 (d) 4 (a) -1 and 0.5
6. Identify the correct relationship that exists between (b) -1 and -0.5
the modulus of elasticity E, modulus of rigidity C,
(c) 1 and -0.5
and bulk modulus K.
(d) 0 and 0.5
3K+C 3KC
(a) E= (b) E= 13. In terms of bulk modulus (K) and modulus of
9KC 3K+C rigidity (G), the poisson’s ratio can be expressed
as
9KC K
(c) E= (d) E=
3K+C C

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
21

3K - 4G 3K + 4G
(a) (b)
6K + 4G 6K - 4G

3K  2G 3K + 2G
(c) (d)
6K  2G 6K - 2G
14. In an experiment it is found that the bulk modulus
of a material is equal to its shear modulus. The
poisson’s ratio is
(a) 0.125 (b) 0.250
(c) 0.375 (d) 0.500
15. In a particular material, if the modulus of rigidity
is equal to the bulk modulus, then the Poisson’s
ratio will be
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4
(c) 1/2 (d) 1
16. The poisson’s ratio for steel varies from
(a) 0.23 to 0.27 (b) 0.25 to 0.33
(c) 0.31 to 0.34 (d) 0.32 to 0.42
17. The poisson’s ratio for cast iron varies from
(a) 0.23 to 0.27 (b) 0.25 to 0.33
(c) 0.31 to 0.34 (d) 0.32 to 0.42
18. The Young’s modulus of a material is 125 GPa
and poissons ratio is 0.25. The modulus of rigidity
of the material is
(a) 30 GPa (b) 50 GPa
(c) 80 GPa (d) 100 GPa

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 22

SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
1. Ans. (c) E = 2G (1+) ...(2)
from (1) & (2)
Normal Stress
youngs modulas= 2G = 2G (1+
Normal Strain

2. Ans. (c)

Lateral Strain
 10. Ans. (a)
Longitudinal Strain
If any of E, G, K,  two two elastic constant are
3. Ans. (d) know than we can calculate the other for isocropic,
E = 2C (1+) hamagenous and elastic material from relation

C = Modulus of Rigidity E = 2G(1+)

M = Poisson ratio E = 3K (1-2)

E = Young’s Modulus 11. Ans. (c)

4. Ans. (d) E =3K (1-2)

E = 3K(1-2/m) 12. Ans. (a)

5. Ans. (a) Limiting value -1 < <0.5

E = 2G (1+) Cork = 0
Concrete = 0.5 to 0.002
1 9 1 4
   2 Most of eng. material
2 E 2(0.25) 2
0 to 0.5
6. Ans. (c)
13. Ans. (c)
E = 2C(1 +  ) = 3 K(1 - 2  )
E = 2G(1+) = 3k(1-2)
9KC 2G+2G= 3k-6k
E
3K  C
4(2G+6K) = 3K-2G
7. Ans. (b)
3k  2G
E = 2G(1+) 
2G  6K
E 2  125 14. Ans. (a)
 2  1.25    2.5
9 100
Given K = G
8. Ans. (a) G = shear modulus
E = 3k (1-2) k = Bulk modulus
E E = 2G (1+) = 3k (1-2)
 3 1  0.5  1.5
k 2k (1+) = 3k (1-2)
9. Ans. (d) 2 + 2 = 3-6 
E = 2G ...(1) = 1

15. Ans. (a)

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
23

3K  2G

2G  6K

here K  G so   1 / 8
16. Ans. (b)
Poisson’s Ratio Material
0.25 to 0.33 Steel
0.23 to 0.27 CI
17. Ans. (a)
Poisson’s Ratio Material
0.25 to 0.33 Steel
0.23 to 0.27 CI
18. Ans. (b)
E = 125 GPa
  
E = 2G (1 + )

125
E=  50 GPa
2  1.25

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 24

COMPLEX STRESSES 3
1. A principal plane is a plane which carries (a) 1/3(x+y+z ) (b) (x+y+z )
(a) maximum shear stress (c) 3(x+y+z ) (d) (x+y+z )3
(b) the given stresses of higher magnitude acting 8. In a stressed body the maximum normal stress at
(c) no shear stress any point is always
(d) plane inclined at 450 to x-axis (a) a principal stress
2. The angle between the two principal planes is (b) average of maximum and minimum shear
stresses
(a) 450 (b) 900
(c) sum of the two normal stresses acting in two
(c) 300 (d) 600
principal directions
3. In the case of unaxial tension the angle between
(d) none of these
the plane carrying maximum shear stress and
direction of tensile force will be 9. In a stressed body the minimum normal stress at
any point is always
(a) 900 (b) 00
(a) average of two normal stresses acting in the
(c) 450 (d) 600
two principal directions
4. An element is subjected to two normal stress 1
(b) a principal stress
and 2, both tensile on two mutually perpendicular
planes. There are no shear stresses on these two (c) difference of two normal stresses in the two
planes. The max. shear stress is given by principal directions plus shear stresses on those
planes
(a) (1 + 2)/2 (b) (1 - 2)/2
(d) none of these
(c) 1 + 2 (d) 1 - 2
10. The volumetric strain produced in a sphere is ____
5. The maximum shear stress from a Mohr’s circle
time the strain in its diameter
is given by
(a) two (b) three
(a) the diameter of the circle
(c) four (d) one and a half
(b) the distance of centre from the origin
11. Let the strains produced in length and diameter
(c) the distance of farthest point on the Mohr’s
of a cylindrical rod be  and . Then the
circle from origin
volumetric strain is given by
(d) the radius of the circle
(a) + (b) 2 
6. An element is subjected to two equal and like
(c) - (b) -2
stresses , on two mutually perpendicular planes.
The shape of the Mohr’s circle will be 12. A body is subjected to an axial tensile stress p.
Then the normal stress on any oblique plane
(a) a circle of radius 2
inclined at an angle to the cross-section of the
(b) a circle of radius  body is given by
(c) a circle of radius /2 (a)  n = p sin (b)  n = p cos
(d) a point (c)  n= p sin2 (d)  n = p cos2
7. If the strains in the three principal directions are 13. In the problem 12, what would be the tangential
x, y and z, the volumetric strain will be shear stress on the oblique plane?

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SOM Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engg.
25
19. Mohr’s circle is used to determine the stresses
p p
(a) pt = sin2θ (b) pt = sinθ on an oblique section of a body subjected to
2 2
(a) direct tensile stress in one plane accompa-
p nied by a shear stress
(c) pt = cos2θ (d) pt (b) direct tensile stress in two mutually perpen-
2
dicular directions
14. When a member is subjected to an axial tensile (c) direct tensile in two mutually perpendicular
load, the plane normal to the axis experiences directions accompanied by a simple shear
stresses
(a) maximum shear stress
(d) all of the above
(b) maximum normal stress 20. The volumetric strain in a sphere is equal to ___
(c) minimum normal stress times the linear strain in the diameter
(d) none of these (a) 1 (b) 2
0
15. In the problem above of a plane inclined at 45 to (c) 3 (d) 4
the axis carries 21. If ev is the volumetric strain in a circular rod,ed is
(a) maximum shear stress the strain in diameter and el is the strain in length,
(b) minimum shear stress then
(c) maximum normal stress (a) ev = ed + el (b) ev = 2ed + el
(d) minimum normal stress (c) ev = ed + 2el (d) ev = 2ed + 2el
16. A member is subjected to an axial tensile stress 22. At a point in a strained body carrying two unequal
of p. Then the maximum shear stress induced in unlike principal stresses p1 and p2 (p1 > p2), the
the member is equal to maximum shear stress is given by
(a) p/2 (b) p (a) p1/2 (b) p2/2
(c) 2p (d) p2 (c) (p1 - p2)/2 (d) (p1 + p2)/2
17. A body is subjected to normal stresses p1 and p2 23. If a point in a strained material is subjected to
in two mutually perpendicular directions alongwith equal normal and tangential stresses, then the
simple shear q. Then the maximum principal stress angle of obliquity is
is given by (a) 00 (b) 450

2
(c) tan-1(1/2) (d) tan-1(2)
(a)
p1 +p 2  p1 -p 2  +4q 2
24. If the principal stresses at a point in a strained
+
2 2 body are p1 and p2 (p1 > p2), then the resultant
stress on a plane carrying the maximum shear
2

(b) p1 +p 2 -
 p1 -p2  +q 2 stress is equal to
2 2
p12 + p 22
(a) p12 + p 22 (b)
2 2
(c)
 p1 -p2  +4q 2
2
p12 - p 22
(c) (d) p12 - p 22
2
2
(d)
 p1 -p 2  -4q 2
25. A point in a strained body is subjected to a tensile
2
stress of 100MPa on one plane and a tensile stress
18. The maximum shear stress, is equal to of the of 50MPa on a plane at right angle to it. If these
Mohr’s circle planes are carrying shear stresses of 50 MPa,
(a) radius (b) diameter then the principal stresses are inclined to the larger
(c) circumference (d) area normal stress at an angle
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