ARIES Data Structures
ARIES uses several data structures
Log sequence number (LSN) identifies each log record
Must be sequentially increasing
Typically an offset from beginning of log file to allow fast access
Easily extended to handle multiple log files
Page LSN
Log records of several different types
Dirty page table
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Data Structures: Page LSN
Each page contains a PageLSN which is the LSN of the last log record whose effects are
reflected on the page
To update a page:
X-latch the page, and write the log record
Update the page
Record the LSN of the log record in PageLSN
Unlock page
To flush page to disk, must first S-latch page
Thus page state on disk is operation consistent
Required to support physiological redo
PageLSN is used during recovery to prevent repeated redo
Thus ensuring idempotence
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Data Structures: Log Record
Each log record contains LSN of previous log record of the same transaction
LSN TransID PrevLSN RedoInfo UndoInfo
LSN in log record may be implicit
Special redo-only log record called compensation log record (CLR) used to log actions
taken during recovery that never need to be undone
Serves the role of operation-abort log records used in earlier recovery algorithm
Has a field UndoNextLSN to note next (earlier) record to be undone
Records in between would have already been undone
Required to avoid repeated undo of already undone actions
LSN TransID UndoNextLSN RedoInfo
1 2 3 4 4' 3'
2' 1'
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Data Structures: DirtyPage Table
DirtyPageTable
List of pages in the buffer that have been updated
Contains, for each such page
PageLSN of the page
RecLSN is an LSN such that log records before this LSN have already been
applied to the page version on disk
Set to current end of log when a page is inserted into dirty page table (just
before being updated)
Recorded in checkpoints, helps to minimize redo work
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Data Structures
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Data Structures: Checkpoint Log
Checkpoint log record
Contains:
DirtyPageTable and list of active transactions
For each active transaction, LastLSN, the LSN of the last log record written by
the transaction
Fixed position on disk notes LSN of last completed
checkpoint log record
Dirty pages are not written out at checkpoint time
Instead, they are flushed out continuously, in the background
Checkpoint is thus very low overhead
can be done frequently
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Recovery Algorithm
ARIES recovery involves three passes
Analysis pass: Determines
Which transactions to undo
Which pages were dirty (disk version not up to date) at time of crash
RedoLSN: LSN from which redo should start
Redo pass:
Repeats history, redoing all actions from RedoLSN
RecLSN and PageLSNs are used to avoid redoing actions already reflected on
page
Undo pass:
Rolls back all incomplete transactions
Transactions whose abort was complete earlier are not undone
Key idea: no need to undo these transactions: earlier undo actions were
logged, and are redone as required
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
Aries Recovery: 3 Passes
Analysis, redo and undo passes
Analysis determines where redo should start
Undo has to go back till start of earliest incomplete transaction
Last checkpoint End of Log
Time
Log Analysis pass
Redo pass
Undo pass
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Recovery: Analysis
Analysis pass
Starts from last complete checkpoint log record
Reads DirtyPageTable from log record
Sets RedoLSN = min of RecLSNs of all pages in DirtyPageTable
In case no pages are dirty, RedoLSN = checkpoint record’s LSN
Sets undo-list = list of transactions in checkpoint log record
Reads LSN of last log record for each transaction in undo-list from checkpoint
log record
Scans forward from checkpoint
.. Cont. on next page …
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
ARIES Recovery: Analysis (Cont.)
Analysis pass (cont.)
Scans forward from checkpoint
If any log record found for transaction not in undo-list, adds transaction to undo-list
Whenever an update log record is found
If page is not in DirtyPageTable, it is added with RecLSN set to LSN of the
update log record
If transaction end log record found, delete transaction from undo-list
Keeps track of last log record for each transaction in undo-list
May be needed for later undo
At end of analysis pass:
RedoLSN determines where to start redo pass
RecLSN for each page in DirtyPageTable used to minimize redo work
All transactions in undo-list need to be rolled back
Database Management System (PPT) – M V Kamal, Associate Professor
