St.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

St. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II (CLASS NOTES)
UNIT-1 MATRICES
 3 1  4 –1
1. Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=   and also find A and A
  1 5 
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ2 – S1 λ + S2 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 8;
S2 = A 14 ;

The characteristic equation is λ2 – 8λ +14 = 0.

To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to show that A2 -8A+14I=0

 10 8   24 8  14 0   0 0 
A 2  8A+14I=     
 8 26   8 40   0 14   0 0 

Hence, Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified.

To find A 4

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem A 2  8A+14I = 0 ------(1)

Pre multiply (1) by A2 we get,

 
A2 A 2  8A+14I = 0  A 4  8A3 +14A 2 =0  A 4 =8A3  14A 2

 38 50   140 112   164 288 

A4 =    
 50 138   112 364   288 740 

To find A -1

Pre multiply (1) by A–1

1
A -1 (A 2  8A+14I ) = 0  A  8I+14A -1  0  A -1  8I  A 
14

1  8 0   3 1 
A-1 =   
14  0 8   1 5  

1 5 1
A -1 =  
14  1 3 

1
  1 2
2. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix An ( n is an integer) where A =  
 4 3
and hence find A4.
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ2 – S1 λ + S2 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 4;

S2 = A   5 ;

The characteristic equation is λ2 – 4λ –5 = 0. The roots are  = 5 ,–1.

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A2 – 4A –5I = 0 -----(1)
Let P(A) = An , D(A) =A2 – 4A–5I, R(A) = aA+bI
We know that, P(A) = Q(A) D(A) + R(A)
An = Q(A)(A2 – 4A–5I)+ (aA+bI)
An = Q(A)(0)+ (aA+bI) by (1)

 An = (aA+bI) -----(2)

Replace A by  weget,

n = a+b -----(3)

Put  = – 1 we get, (-1)n = – a + b ---- (4)

Put  =5 we get, 5n = 5a+b ---- (5)

5n  (1)n 5n  5(1)n
Solving (4) and (5), a = , b=
6 6
 5  (1) 
n n
 5  5(1)n
n

Substituting in (2), An    A   I
 6   6 

 5n  (1)n   1 2   5n  5(1)n 1 0

 An      
 6   4 3   6 0 1

 54  (1)4   1 2   54  5(1)4 1 0

Put n = 4, A4      
 6   4 3   6 0 1

 625  1   1 2   625  5   1 0   624   1 2   630   1 0 

A4           
 6  4 3  6 0 1  6  4 3  6 0 1

1 2  1 0   209 208 
= 104    105   
 4 3  0 1   416 417 

2
  2 1 2 
 
3. Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=   1 2  1 and hence find A4 and A–1
 1 1 2 
 

Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elts = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elts = 8;

S3 = A = 3.

The char. Eqn is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 8λ – 3 = 0.

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem “ Every Square matrix satisfy its own characteristic equation “

 A3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I = 0 - - - - - -(1)

To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to verify A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I = 0

 2  1 2  2  1 2   7  6 9 
    
A    1 2  1  1 2  1    5 6  6 
2

 1  1 2  1  1 2   5  5 7 
    

 7  6 9  2  1 2   29  28 38 
    
A    5 6  6   1 2  1    22 23  28 
3

 5  5 7  1  1 2   22  22 29 
    

 29  28 38   7  6 9   2  1 2   1 0 0 
3 2        
A - 6A + 8A - 3I =   22 23  28   6   5 6  6   8   1 2  1  3 0 1 0 
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1  1 2   0 0 1 
       

 0 0 0
 
  0 0 0
 0 0 0
 

 Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified.

To find A 4

Pre multiply (1) by A

(A3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I )A = 0  A 4 - 6A3 + 8A 2 - 3A  0

 A 4  6A3 - 8A 2  3A

3
  29 28 38   7 6 9   2 1 2 
     
A = 6  22 23 28   8  5 6 6   3  1 2 1
4

 22 22 29   5 5 7   1 1 2 
     

 124 123 162 

 
  95 96 123 
 95 95 124 
 

To find A -1

Pre multiply (1) by A–1

A-1(A3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I ) = 0  A 2 - 6A + 8I - 3A-1  0

 A-1  A 2 - 6A  8I

 7 6 9   2 1 2   1 0 0 
     
A -1 =  5 6 6   6  1 2 1  8  0 1 0 
 5 5 7   1 1 2   0 0 1 
     

 3 0 3 
1 
 1 2 0
3 
 1 1 3 

 1 2 2 
1  
4. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A and A , if A =  1 3 0 
4

 0 2 1 
 
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elts = 5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elts = 9;

S3 = A = 1.

Characteristic equation : λ3 – 5λ2 + 9λ – 1 = 0

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem “ Every Square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation”

 A – 5A + 9A – I = 0 ……………(1)
3 2

Pre multiplying A on both sides of equation (1) we get, A4 = 5A3 – 9A2 + A.

4
  1 12 4   13 42 2 
2   3 
A   4 7 2 , A   11 9 10 
 2 8 1   10 22 3 
   

 13 42 2   1 12 4   1 2 2   55 104 24 

       
 A 4  5  11 9 10   9  4 7 2    1 3 0    20 15 32 
 10 22 3   2 8 1   0 2 1   
       32 40 23 

Pre multiplying A-1 on both sides of equation (1) we get, A 1  A 2  5A  9 I

 1 12 4  1 2 2   9 0 0   3 2 6 
       
 A 1   4 7 2   5  1 3 0    0 9 0    1 1 2 
 2 8 1   0 2 1   0 0 9   2 2 5 
       

5. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, evaluate the matrix equation

 2 1 1
 
A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I for A =  0 1 0 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

 1 1 2
 
Solution: The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elts = 5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elts = 7;

S3 = A = 3.

The Characteristic equation is λ3 – 5λ2 + 7λ – 3 = 0

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem , A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0 -------(1)

Let P(A) = A8 - 5A7 + 7A6 - 3A5 + A4 - 5A3 + 8A2 - 2A + I , D(A) = A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I

A5 +A
A8 - 5A7 + 7A6 - 3A5 + A4 - 5A3 + 8A2 - 2A + I
A – 5A + 7A – 3I
3 2
A8 - 5A7 + 7A6 - 3A5
(–) (+) (–) (+)
A4 - 5A3 + 8A2 - 2A + I
A4 - 5A3 + 7A2 - 3A
(–) (+) (–) (+)
2
A + A+I

Take Q(A) = A5 +A , R(A) = A2 + A + I.

We know that, P(A) = Q(A)D(A)+R(A)

 A8 - 5A7 + 7A6 - 3A5 + A4 - 5A3 + 8A2 - 2A + I = (A5 +A)( A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I)+ (A2 + A + I)

= (A5 +A)( 0)+ (A2 + A + I) from (1)

5
 = A2 + A + I

 5 4 4
2  
But, A =  0 1 0 
 4 4 5
 

 5 4 4  2 1 1  1 0 0  8 5 5
       
P(A) = A + A + I =  0 1 0    0 1 0  +  0 1 0    0 3 0 
2

 4 4 5  1 1 2  0 0 1  5 5 8
       

 2 2 0
 
6. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =  2 1 1 
 7 2 3 
 

Solution: The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+1–3 = 0;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element = –13
S3 = A = –12

The characteristics equation is λ3 – 13λ +12 = 0.

The eigen values are λ = 1,3.– 4
2   2 0   x1 
We know that, (A-I)X=0   2    = 0
1- 1   x2 
 7  3    
 2  x3 
(2   ) x1  2 x2  0 x3  0 

2 x1  (1   ) x2  1x3  0     (1)
7 x1  2 x2  (3   ) x3  0 
Case (1) :  = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
1x1  2 x2  0 x3  0
2 x1  0 x2  1x3  0
7 x1  2 x2  4 x3  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  2 , x2   1, x3   4 ,
2 
 
The eigen vectors is X 1   -1 
-4
 
Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in (1) we get
1x1  2 x2  0 x3  0
2 x1  2 x2  1x3  0
7 x1  2 x2  6 x3  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  2 , x2 1, x3   2 ,

6
 2 
 
The eigen vectoris X 2  1 
 -2 
 
Case (3) :  = – 4
Substituting = –4 in (1) and solving we get
6 x1  2 x2  0 x3  0
2 x1  5 x2  1x3  0
7 x1  2 x2  x3  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1 1 , x2   3, x3 13 ,
1 
 
The eigen vector is X 3   -3 
13 
 
2  2  1 
     
The eigen vectors are X 1   -1  X 2  1  X 3   -3 
-4  -2  13 
 ,  ,  

 3 10 5 
 
7. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A =  2 3 4 
 3 5 7 
 
Solution: The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 7;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 16;

S3 = A = 12.

Characteristic equation: λ3 -7λ2 +16λ-12=0

Eigen values λ=3,2,2
3   10 5   x1   0 
    
Consider  2  3-  4   x2  =  0 
3 7      
 5  x3   0 

(3   ) x1  10 x2  5 x3  0 

2 x1  (3   ) x2  4 x3  0     (1)
3x1  5 x2  (7   ) x3  0 


Case (1) :  = 3

Substituting =3 in (1) we get

0 x1  10 x2  5x3  0
2 x1  6 x2  4 x3  0
3x1  5x2  4 x3  0

7
 Solving by cross multiplication we get x1 1 , x2 1, x3   2 ,
 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   1 
 2 
 

Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting  = 2 in the (1) weget
1x1  10 x2  5 x3  0
2 x1  5 x2  4 x3  0
3x1  5 x2  5 x3  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  5 , x2  2, x3   5 ,

 5
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   2 
 5 
 

 5
 
The third eigen vector is X 3   2 
 5 
 

 2 1 0
 
8. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A =  0 2 1 
 0 0 2
 
Solution: Since the given matrix is triangular then its eigen values are λ=2,2,2

2   1 0   x1   0 
    
Consider  0 2 1   x2  =  0 
 0 2      
 0  x3   0 

(2   ) x1  1x2  0 x3  0 

0 x1  (2   ) x2  x3  0     (1)
0 x1  0 x2  (2   ) x3  0 

For  = 2

Substituting =2 in (1) we get

0 x1  1x2  0 x3  0
0 x1  0 x2  x3  0
0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0
Solving we get x2  0, x3  0, x1 takes any value, say 1.

8
  1
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 0
 
 1 1 
   
The other eigen vectors are X 2   0  and X 3   0 
 0 0
   
2 0 1
9.  
Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =  0 2 0 
1 0 2
 

Solution: The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element
2 0 2 1 2 0
=    (4  0)  (4  1)  (4  0)  11 ;
0 2 1 2 0 2

2 0 0 0 0 2
S3 = A = 2 0 1  2 (4  0)  1(0  2)  8  2  6.
0 2 1 2 1 0

The characteristics equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 11λ – 6 = 0.

(λ –1)( λ–2) (λ–3) =0 
The eigen values are λ = 1,2,3
2 0 1   x1 
We know that, (A-I)X=0   0   
2- 0   x2  = 0
1 2    
 0  x 3 
(2   ) x1  0 x2  x3  0 

0 x1  (2   ) x2  0 x3  0     (1)
 x1  0 x2  (2   ) x3  0 
Case (1) :  = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
x1 +x 3  0,
x 2  0,
x1  x 3  0
Solving x1   x 3 , x 2  0. Take x1 =1  x3 = –1
1 
 
The eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 -1
 
Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting =2 in (1) we get
x 3  0,
x1  0
9
 x1  x 3  0 and x2 takes any value . Take x 2  1
 0
 
The eigen vectoris X 2  1 
 0
 
Case (3) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in (1) and solving we get
-x1 +x 3  0,
x 2  0,
x1  x 3  0
Solving x1  x 3 , x 2  0. Take x1 =1  x3 = 1
1 
 
The eigen vector is X 3   0 
1 
 
1   0  1 
     
The eigen vectors are  0  , 1  , 0
 -1  0  1 
     

 6 2 2 
 
10. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =  2 3 1
 2 1 3 
 

Solution: The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 12;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element = 36
S3 = A = 32

The characteristics equation is λ3 – 12 λ2 + 36λ – 32 = 0.

(λ –8)( λ–2) (λ–2) =0 
The eigen values are λ = 8,2,2
6   2 2   x1   0 
We know that, (A-I)X=0    2    
3  1   x2    0 
 2 1 3     x3   0 

(6   ) x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 

2 x1  (3   ) x2  1x3  0     (1)
2 x1  1x2  (3   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 8
Substituting =8 in (1) we get
2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  5 x2  1x3  0
2 x1  1x2  5 x3  0

10
 Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  2 , x2   1, x3 1.
2
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   1
1 
 

Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting =2 in (1) we get
4 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  x2  1x3  0
2 x1  1x2  x3  0

All the above equations are reduced to an equation 2 x1  x2  x3  0

Assume x1  0, x2  1  x3  1

0
 
The eigen vectors is X 2  1 
1 
 
Case (3) :  = 2
Assume x1  1, x2  0  x3  2

1 
 
The eigen vectors is X 3   0 
 -2 
 
 2   0  1 
     
The eigen vectors are  -1 , 1  ,  0 
1  1   -2 
     

 6 6 5 
 
11. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 14 13 10 
 7 6 4 
 

Solution: The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = -3;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element = 3
S3 = A = -1

The characteristics equation is λ3 +3 λ2 + 3λ +1 = 0.

The eigen values are λ = -1,-1,-1
6   6 5   x1   0 
We know that, (A-I)X=0   14    
13   10   x2    0 
 7 6 4     x3   0 


11
 (6   ) x1  6 x2  5 x3  0 

14 x1  (13   ) x2  10 x3  0     (1)
7 x1  6 x2  (4   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = -1
Substituting =-1 in (1) we get
7 x1  6 x2  5 x3  0
14 x1  12 x2  10 x3  0
7 x1  6 x2  5 x3  0

All the above equations are reduced to an equation 7 x1  6 x2  5 x3  0

Assume x1  0, x2  1  x3  6 / 5

0  0
   
The eigen vectors is X 1  1    5 
 6/5   6 
   
Assume x1  1, x2  0  x3  7 / 5

1  1 
   
The eigen vectors is X 2   0    0 
 -7/5   -7 
   
Assume x1  1, x2  1  x3  1/ 5

1   5 
   
The eigen vectors is X 3  1    5 
 -1/5   -1
   

 0  1   5 
     
The eigen vectors are  5  ,  0  ,  5 
 6   -7   -1
     

 3 1 3 
 
12. Diagonalize the matrix A=  1  3 3  by means of an orthogonal transformation
 3 3 5 


 3 1 3 
 
Solution: The symmetric matrix A=  1  3 3 
 3 3 5 

The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = –5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = –28;

12
S3 = A = 32.

The characteristic equation is λ3 +5λ2 – 28λ –32= 0.

Eigen values are λ = –1, –8,4
 3 1 3   x1 
  
Consider  1 3 3   x2   0
 3 3 5    
  x3 
(3   ) x1  x2  3x3  0 

 x1  (3   ) x2  3x3  0     (1)
3x1  3x2  (5   ) x3  0 
Case (1) :  = –1
Substituting = –1 in (1) we get
4 x1  x2  3x3  0
 x1  2 x2  3x3  0
3x1  3x2  4 x3  0

Solving by cross multiplication we get x1 1 , x2   5, x3  3.

 1
 
The eigen vector is X1   5 
 3
 
Case (2) :  = – 8
Substituting = –8 in (1) and we get
11x1  x2  3x3  0
 x1  5 x2  3x3  0
3x1  3x2  3x3  0

Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  1 , x2  2, x3  3.

1
 
Eigen vector is X 2   2 
3 
 

Case (3) :  = 4
Substituting =4 in (1) we get

1x1  x2  3x3  0
 x1  7 x2  3x3  0
3x1  3x2  9 x3  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  3 , x2  0, x3   1.
 3
 
Eigen vector is X 3   0 
  1
 
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2 T X 3  0

13
  1 1 3   1 -5 3 
   
 35 14 10   35 35 35 
 -5 2   1 2 3 
Normalized matrix N=  0  and NT=  
 35 14   14 14 14 
 3 3 -1   3 -1 
   0 
 35 14 10   10 10 
 1 -5 3   1 1 3 
   
35 35 35  35 14 10 
  3 1 3    1 0 0 
 3    -5  
0    0 8 0   D
1 2 2
  1  3 3  
T
N AN= 
14  
 3 3 5  
 14 14 35 14   0 0 4 
 3 -1    3 3 -1 
 0   
 10 10   35 14 10 
3 1 1
 
13. Diagonalise the matrix  1 3 1  by means of an orthogonal transformation.
 
 1 1 3 
Solution:
3 1 1
 
The symmetric matrix A=  1 3 -1 
 
 1 -1 3 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =9;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 24;

S3 = A = 16.

The characteristic equation is λ3 – 9λ2 + 24λ – 16 = 0.

λ = 1, 4, 4

3   1 1   x1 
  
Consider  1 3 1   x2   0
  
 1 1 3     x3 


(3   ) x1  x2  x3  0 

1x1  (3   ) x2  1x3  0     (1)
1x1  1x2  (3   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
2 x1  x2  x3  0
1x1  2 x2  1x3  0
1x1  1x2  2 x3  0

14
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1   1 , x2  1, x3  1.

  1
The eigen vector is X1   1 
 1
 

Case (2) :  = 4
Substituting =4 in (1) we get
1x1  1x2  x3  0
1x1  1x2  1x3  0
1x1  1x2  1x3  0

All the above equations are reduced to an equation x1  x2  x3  0

Assume x1  0, x2  1  x3  1

0 
 
The eigen vectors is X 2  1 
 -1
 

a 
 
Let the third eigen vector be X 3   b  and X 3 should be orthogonal with X 1 and X 2 .
c 
 
a
 
X1T X 3   1 1 1   b   0   a  b  c  0
c 
 
a 
 
X 2 X3   0 1 1   b   0  b  c  0
T

c 
 
 2
Solving the above equations, we get X 3   1 
1 
 
Clearly the eigen vectors are pair wise orthogonal.
 1 2
 0 
 3 6
 1 1 1
The Normalised modal matrix are N   
 3 2 6
 1 1 1
 
 3 2 6

15
  1 1 1   1 2
   0 
3 
 3 1 
3 3 6
3 1 1 0 0
 1  1   1 1 1  
NTA N   0   1 3 1     0 4 0   D(1, 4, 4)
6 
0 0 4 
 2 2   3 2
 2 1 1  1 1 3  1 1 1 
   
 6 6 6  3 2 6

14. The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6
are (1,0,-1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A.

Solution: We know that under orthogonal transformation real symmetric matrix A can be
2 0 0
diagonalised in to a diagonal matrix D =  0 3 0  .i.e. D = NTAN, where N is a orthogonal
 0 0 6 
matrix.
Pre multiply by N and post multiply by NT, we get
N(D)NT = N(NTAN)NT

NDNT = (NNT)A(NNT)= I( A) I =A.  A = NDNT

 1 1 1   1 0 -1 
   
 2 3 6  2 2 2 
 0 1 2   1 1 1 
Normalized matrix N     and N T   
 2 3 6  3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 2   6 
 3 6   6 6 

 1 1 1   1 0 -1 
   
 2 3 6
2 0 0 
2 2 2 
 0 1 2   1 1 1 
A  NDN T     0 3 0
6   3 
 2 3
 0 0 6  
3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 2   6 
 3 6   6 6 

 2 3 6   1 0 -1 
   
 2 3 6   2 2 2   3 1 1
 3 2   1 1 1   
 0   =  1 5 1
 3 6  
 3 3 3   1 1 3 
 2 3 6   1 2 1 
 2 6   
 3  6 6 6 

 3 1 1 
A   1 5 1
 1 1 3 

16
15. Reduce the quadratic form x12  5 x2 2  x32  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  6 x3 x1 into a canonical form by

using orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature.
Solution:
1 1 3
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A  1 5 1 
3 1 1 

The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =1+5+1 = 7;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (5-1)+(1-9)+(5-1) = 4–8+4 = 0;
S3 = A = –36.

The characteristic equation is λ3 –7λ2 +36 = 0.

(λ +2)( λ–3) (λ–6) =0
The eigen values are λ = – 2, 3, 6
1   1 3   x1 
 1  
Consider
 5 1   x 2  = 0
 3 1 1     x 3 

(1   ) x1  x2  3x3  0 

x1  (5   ) x2  x3  0     (1)
3x1  x2  (1   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = –2
Substituting = –2 in (1) we get
3x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  7 x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  3x3  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  0, x3  1

 -1
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 1
 
Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting = 3 in (1) we get
2 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  2 x3  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  1, x3  1

17
  1
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1
 1
 
Case (3) :  = 6
Substituting = 6 in (1) we get
5 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  5 x3  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  2, x3  1

1 
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   2 
 1
 

 -1  1 1 
     
The eigen vectors are X 1   0  , X 2   1 , X 3  2
 1  1  1
     

It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2T X 3  0.  all the eigen vectorsare pairwiseorthogonal .

 -1 1 1   -1 0 1 
   
 2 3 6   2 2 2 
 0 -1 2   1 -1 1 
Normalized modal matrix N=  and NT=
 2 3 6  
 3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 6   6 
 2 3  6 6

 -1 0 1   -1 1 1 
   
 2 2 2   2 3 6 
1 1 3  2 0 0 
 1   2  
1 5 1    0 3 0   D (  2,3, 6 )
T 1 -1 0 -1
N AN= 
 3 3 3    
 2 3 6 
3 1 1   0 0 6 
 1 2 1   1 1 1  
 6   6 
 6 6  2 3
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
= (YTNT )A(NY)
= YT(NTAN)Y
= YT(D)Y = Canonical form
Under orthogonal transformation X =NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D.

18
 Reduced canonical form is 2 y12  3 y2 2  6 y32 .

Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 1.
16. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x12  7 x2 2  3x32  12 x1 x2  8 x2 x3  4 x1 x3 into sum of squares of
new variables through an orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature
and nature. Also give a nonzero set of values x1 , x2 , x3 which makes this quadratic form to
zero.

 8 6 2 
 
Solution: The symmetric matrix A=   6 7  4 
 2 4 3 
 

The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 18;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 45;

S3 = A = 0.

The characteristic equation is λ3 – 18 λ2 + 45λ = 0.

(λ )( λ–3) (λ–15) =0 λ = 0,3,15

 8 6 2  x1 
  
Consider   6 7    4  x 2   0
 2
  4 3    x 3 

(8   ) x1  6 x2  2 x3  0 

6 x1  (7   ) x2  4 x3  0     (1)
2 x1  4 x2  (3   ) x3  0 


Case (1) :  = 0

Substituting =0 in (1) we get

8x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  7x 2  4x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  3x 3  0

Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  1, x 2  2, x3  2 ,

1 
 
 Eigen vectors is X1   2 
 2
 
19
Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in the (1) we get

5x1  6x 2  2x 3  0
6x1  4x 2  4x 3  0
2x1  4x 2  0
Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  2, x 3  2, x 2  1 ,
 2
 
 Eigen vector is X 2   1 
- 2
 
Case (3) :  = 15
Substituting =15 in (1) we get

-7x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  8x 2  4x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  12 x3  0

Solving by cross multiplication we get x1  2, x 3  1, x 2  2 ,

 2
 
 Eigen vector is X 3    2 
 1
 
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2 T X 3  0
1   2  2
     
3  3  3
2  1 2
Normalized Eigen vectors are      
3  3  3 
2 -2  1 
     
3  3  3 

1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
Normalized matrix N=  2 1 2
 and NT= 2 1  2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 

1 2 2 1 2 2
3 
3 3  8 6 2  3  3 3  0 0 0 
   
2 
 0 3 0   D ( 0, 3,15 )
 2 1 2    2 1
T
N AN=    6 7  4 
3 3 3 3 3 3
   2  4 3    0 0 15
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 

20
 Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.

Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)

= (YTNT )A(NY)

= YT(NTAN)Y

= YT(D)Y = Canonical form

Under orthogonal transformation X =NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D.

Reduced canonical form is 0 y12  3 y2 2  15 y32  3 y2 2  15 y32

Nature: Positive semi definite

Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 2.

Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.

Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 2.

To find the nonzero values:

The orthogonal transformation X =NY reduce the quadratic form to canonical form 3 y2 2  15 y32 .
1 2 2
3 3 3  y 
 x1    1
  2 1 2 
X=NY   x2     y2 
 3 
 x  3 3  y
 3 2 2 1 3 
 
 3 3 3 
1 2 2
x1  y1  y2  y3
3 3 3
2 1 2
x2  y1  y2  y3      (2)
3 3 3
2 2 1
x3  y1  y2  y3
3 3 3
Canonical form 3 y2 2  15 y32 is zero if y2  0, y3  0 and y1 takes any value, say 3.
Substituting in (2) we get, x1  1, x2  2, x3  2 for these values the given quadratic form is zero.
17. Reduce the quadratic form 6 x 2  3 y 2  3z 2  4 xy  2 yz  4 xz into a canonical form by using
orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature.
Solution:

 6 2 2 
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 

21
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =6+3+3 = 12;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (9-1)+(18-4)+(18-4) = 8+14+14 = 36;

S3 = A = 32.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –12λ2 +36-32 = 0.
(λ -2)( λ–2) (λ–8) =0
The eigen values are λ = 8,2,2
6   2 2   x1 
 2 3    
Consider
 1   x2  = 0
 2 1 3     x3 

(6   ) x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 

2 x1  (3   ) x2  x3  0     (1)
2 x1  x2  (3   ) x3  0 


Case (1) :  = 8

Substituting =8 in (1) we get

2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  5 x2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  5 x3  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  2, x2  1, x3  1

 2
 
Eigen vectors is X 1    1
 1
 

Case (2) :  = 2

Substituting = 2 in (1) we get

4 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  x2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  x3  0

All the above equations are reduced to single equation 2 x1  x2  x3  0 .

Assume x1  0, x2  1. Substitute in 2 x1  x2  x3  0 we get, x3  1.

 0
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1 
 1
 

22
Case (3) :  = 2
In order to get the pairwise orthogonal eigen vectors we assume the third eigen vector as

 a
 
X3   b .
 c
 

Since X 3 X 1  0 we get 2a  b  c  0
T

Since X 2 T X 3  0 we get 0a  b  c  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get a  1, b  1, c  1

 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   1 
 1
 

 2  0  1
     
The eigen vectors are X 1    1 , X 2  1 , X3  1
 1  1  1
     

 2 0 1   2 1 1 
   
 6 2 3   6 6 6 
 1 1 1   0 1 1 
Normalized modal matrix N=  and NT=
 6 2 3  
 2 2 2 
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1 
 6 3   3 
 2  3 3

 2 1 1   2 0 1 
   
 6 6 6   6 2 3 
 6 2 2  8 0 0 
 1   2 3 1  1 1  
 0 2 0   D
0 1 1
NTAN=   6 
 2 2 2   
 2 3
 2 1 3  0 0 2
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1  
 3   6 3 
 3 3  2

Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is a orthogonal matrix.

Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)

= (YTNT )A(NY)

= YT(NTAN)Y

= YT(D)Y = Canonical form

23
 Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D. Reduced canonical form is 8 y12  2 y2 2  2 y32 .

Nature: Positive definite

Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.

Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 3.

Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(3) – 3 = 3.

18. Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy  2 yz  2 xz into a canonical form by using orthogonal
transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature.

0 1 1 
Solution: The matrix of the given quadratic form is A  1 0 1
1 1 0 

The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =0+0+0 = 0;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (0-1)+(0-1)+(0-1) = –1–1–1 = –3;
S3 = A = -2.

The characteristic equation is λ3 –3λ +2= 0.

(λ +2)( λ–1) (λ–1) =0
The eigen values are λ = –2, 1, 1
0   1 1   x1 
 1  
Consider
 0 1   x 2  = 0
 1 1 0     x 3 

( ) x1  x2  x3  0 

x1  ( ) x2  x3  0     (1)
x1  x2  ( ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = –2
Substituting = –2 in (1) we get
2 x1  x2  x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0
x1  x2  2 x3  0

Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  1, x3  1

 -1
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   1 
 1
 

24
Case (2) :  = 1
Substituting = 1 in (1) we get
1x1  1x2  x3  0
1x1  1x2  1x3  0
1x1  1x2  1x3  0

All the above equations are reduced to an equation  x1  x2  x3  0

Assume x1  0, x2  1  x3  1

0 
 
The eigen vectors is X 2  1 
 -1
 

a 
 
Let the third eigen vector be X 3   b  and X 3 should be orthogonal with X 1 and X 2 .
c 
 
a
 
X1T X 3   1 1 1   b   0   a  b  c  0
c 
 
a 
 
X 2 X3   0 1 1   b   0  b  c  0
T

c 
 
 2
Solving the above equations, we get X 3   1 
1 
 
Clearly the eigen vectors are pair wise orthogonal.
 1 2
 0 
 3 6
 1 1 1
The Normalised modal matrix are N   
 3 2 6
 1 1 1
 
 3 2 6

 1 1 1   1 2
   0 
 3 3 3  0 1 1  3
 
6
 2 0 0 
  1   1 1  
1 0 1 
1 1
NTA N   0      0 1 0   D( 2,1,1)
6 
0 0 1 
2 2 3 2
 1 1 0  
 2 1 1  1 1 1 
 6   3 6 
 6 6  2

25
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
= (YTNT )A(NY)
= YT(NTAN)Y
= YT(D)Y = Canonical form
Under orthogonal transformation X =NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D.
Reduced canonical form is 2 y12  y2 2  y32 .

Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 1.

26