NUMBER SYSTEMS @ 1.1. Introduction Modern age is the age of computers, Th i in dit walks of life, The rene genet computers They are extensively used in different . ‘ason for this is that they can perform several tasks more efficiently and for longer duration than can be done by human beings. One of the most basic and important topics in the study of computers is the one prens It ce mm nape and their representation in different systems. jakes one system different from another is the base of the system. The base ate bene i ea the number of symbols used in that system. The base is also called the radix of the system. The system which we use in our daily life is the Decimal Number System. It uses the ten symbols or digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0. All numbers can be represented by these digits. Modern computers do not deal with decimal number system. They deal with the Binary Number System or the Octal system and the Hexadecimal system. The Binary System has two basic digits namely 0 and 1, The digits 0 and 1 are led binary digits (bits in short). The acronym bit is formed by taking the letter b from the word “binary” and the letters i, t from the word ‘digit’. The Octal system has eight basic digits, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. ‘The Hexadecimal system has sixteen different symbols, 0 to 9 and A to F, where GC en ecclesia delle i i yumm! or the radix of the Binary, O ” rate i ae want 16. Just as a digit in the Decimal system has a place value, aan the numbers represented in the Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number system has also a place value ofits own. i i es ‘ems together with the rules for conversion of numbers from These number sys topics wil form the subject-matter of this chapter, one system to another and alliedNumber Systems 13 @ 1.7. Irrational Numbers Any root of a positive rational number is an irrational number if the exact value of the root is not a rational number. V2 is an irrational number because there exists no rational number whose square is 2, 59, 314 4V/5 are examples of other irrational numbers. @ 1.8. Real Numbers A number which is either rational or irrational is called a real number. 5,3, —3,0,¥3,3!? are some real numbers. Note : 1, Real numbers consist of rational and irrational numbers. 2. Rational numbers include positive an negative integers, zero and fractions. @ 1.9. Decimal Form of Numbers Every real number can be expressed in the decimal form. Three cases arise : (® the decimal part may contain a finite number of digits. For example, 231, 14 ete. Such a decimal number is always a rational number. (ii) the decimal part may contain an infinite number of digits with some kind of repetition. For example, 1.42 42 42 23 45 45 45....... Such a decimal number is also always a rational number, (iii) the decimal part may contain infinite digits without any repetition. For example, 2, 73253200 Such a decimal number is an irrational number. ‘Two famous irrational numbers (i) : For every circle the ratio of its circumference to its diameter is a constant number but cannot be expressed in any one of the above first two forms of the decimal. It is therefore an irrational number and is denoted by Its approximate value is 3.14159. Note: 1, Where accuracy of very high degree is not required, value of x is taken as 2 7 or 3.14, 2, In Trigonometry, the standard measure of an angle is radian so that 2 radians or 3.14 radians are equal to 180°.Discrete Matheratics 16 (b) For multiplication — (i) The commutative law : Yh = hh (ji) The associative law : (MPs) = (4)% = 12% (c) The distributive law : Y% + %) =H + 21% Conjugate of a Complex number If z= x + iy is any complex number, then the complex number x ~ iy is called the conjugate of the complex number z and is written as Z. It is pronounced as z bar. Complex conjugate of any number z is obtained by changing i into —i in z Thus if z= 2 + 3i, then Z=2~ 3i. Properties of the conjugate of the complex numbers @ 2+Z= (+ iy) + (x -iy) = 2xk= RO, (i) This implies that a complex number z= x + iy is purely imaginary if and only if 2+ (ii) 2 - Z= (x + iy) - («= iy) = diy = 211), (iv) This implies that a complex number z = x + iy is purely real if and only if = (¥) The conjugate of the conjugate is the number itself. Thus (2) = W)AFR=%, +7, Gi) 3 (vil) 7% = 2% %-% Neca, (0) | 7°] =F provided 2, # 0 Modulus of a complex number The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is the non- Vie ¥ and is denoted by Iz]. ‘Thus \z| =+V¥2ry, ‘aking the Positive sign before the radical sign, negative real numbe!i Number S) ee gs (iv) their quotient = a = at % mytiy = 1+ i971) — ya) (x + iya) (% = iy) = te | a — Ky “ty dty pee rt : ; The quotient is meaningful only itz % 0, i¢., x) # O and y, + 0 simultaneously. Beample 2:12) =54 Ti and, =3 + 4 find 2, + 25 % ~ ry 223 nd 2 Solution : % +25 (S+7i) +34 4i) =(5+3) +744) =8 4 111 4 -%= (5+ 7) — (3 +4i) = (5-3) + (7-4) = 2435 nm = (5+ 7) 3 +4i) = (15 ~ 28) + i(20 + 21) =-13+41i S+Ti 344i oS 2 = (45 + 28) + i(21 - 20) P44? B+i 25 Basic Properties of addition and multiplication The complex numbers satisfy the fundamental laws of the algebra of real numbers. Thus in the case of complex numbers also, the commutative, associative and distributive laws hold good. We have (a) For addition — (i) The commutative law : H+R=Hth (ii) The associative law : AtG+MaAtyt+y=4tytyiE Ls Discrete Mathemat, i4 (ii) e : The sum of the series a te es Leb set et tae is a finite number but not a rational number. Iti an irrational number and is denoted by ¢. Its approximate value is 2.71993. @ 1.10. Complex Numbers A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and j = vy, is called a complex number, If z= x + iy, x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, They are written as R(z) and I(z) respectively, A complex number is also defined as an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers. A complex number is said to be purely real if its imaginary part is Zero, and Purely imaginary if its real part is zero, Example: V=¥ = VEX(=1) = 24, V=2 = VIKGT) = Vai, V=Ii = VEXSK (=I) = 23i, so that ¥=4, V=2 and V=T2 are all imaginary numbers, Note : 1=VST, Pe 18 io Equality of Complex numbers ‘Two i aM oe numbers 41 =% + iy, and 2 = x + iyy are said to be equal if 1 =% and y= yp ie. R(%) = R(2,) and 1) = (2). ‘The Fundamental Operations The sum, differen : : '® Product and quotient of any two complex numbers is itself = G1 +x) +i, +y,) THT 2= (+i) Gy + iy 5 =@,- : ia) thes 1%) + ity, - SNEOIOME thie ») = Cima v9) + gay, + xy) (i) their differenceos Discrete Me The Order Property * The order property does not hold good in the complex number system. I ig therefore, meaningless to talk of one complex number being less or greater than the other; but the moduli of complex aumbers, being real numbers themselves, cam be 19 compared. Thus to say that 3 +4i < 5+ Bi, is not correct, but to say that [3 + 4i] < [5 + Bil, is Correct Graphical representation of a complex number a p(z-X+h) | oO x ais Every complex number z = z + iy can be represented in cartesian plane by the and plane. "Polar form of a Complex number Every non-zero complex number x + where r and 6 are both real numbers. This is called the polar form of the complex number 2. Let x + iy = 1 (cos6 + isin), ten = E37 ced he mas of aa = (2 is the amplitude or the argument of z. Thus r= |2| = + Ve ty, and ang aetan?2, Properties of the arguments of complex numbers (a) For any complex number 2 =x + iy, (i) arg @) = ~ argz= — 8 (i) arg (-2) = + arg a +8. iy can be put in the form r(cos @ + isin @), QOV0- P= 15 133Number Systems ig (b) For any two complex numbers _ H ry(G0s 0 +.isind,) and 2» = r, (cos 0, + isin dy), @ 242q = "1% [cos (0, + 6,) + i sin (0, + 6,)], so that arg (2%) = 0, + 8) = arg7, + argz. (ii) a. ais [cos(@, — 6,) + isin (, -4,)], so that ie ‘ arg (3) = 6, — 0 = arg 2, — arg 2 Thus the formal process of “taki ” is simi i Fe ‘aking arguments” is similar to that of “taking (c) For every complex number z, -m Carry: 1 1 Bi Vinsed: + Pp ge sate! Hence (1101) + (1001), = (10110). Example 60 : Compute the sum : (101)2 + (1011), = ( 2 Solution ; Here the first number has 3 digits while the One zero is therefore appended before the umber. This does not change its value. Thus —_(101)2 + (1011), = (101). + (1011); second number has 4 digits. first number to make it a/4-digitSNe Sy eeNumber Systems 143 In view of such varied representations of the same number, it is desirable that a suitable representation may be termed as the standard floating Point representation, A standard representation which is used most commonly is called the Normalized Floating Point Representation, The following are the characteristics of such representation : 1, The mantissa should be less than 1, Thus the mantissa has to be a fraction 2. The most significant digit after the decimal point in the mantissa should be non-zero. Below are given the examples of some numbers together with their normalized representation in the decimal system, OMAK R wre < s Normalized Representation 26.965 26965E +2 087 0.87E—1 2614.0 0.2614 +4 —0.003452 —0.3452E—2 1000 O1E+4 24.3E+8 0.243E +10 0.263E +18 0.293E 28 Exercise . Convert the number 111001.1101, into decimal form. [R.U. BCA 2003] . Convert (111001100), into decimal form. [R.U. BCA 2006] Convert the decimal number 21.6875 into a binary number. [R.U, BCA 2004] |. Find the value of (195); + (105),9 into binary code. [R.U. BCA 2006) . Show that (38),9 + (69);9 = (1101011),. [R.U. BCA 2005) . Convert the octal number 12.36 into binary form. [R.U. BCA 2004) Convert the number SACyg into binary form, ; IR.Y. BCA 2003] Ci following decimal numerals into binary form : On - (ii) 127 (ai) 101 (iv) 21845, ‘onvert the following decimal numberals into binary form ; a 39, ps (ii) 6.5625 (iii) 22.8125 (iv) 1.15625. |. Convert the following binary numbers into decimal form : Gi) 1011101, i mae (iv) 10110.1001). ' Convert the following binary numbers into decimal form ; @ 10011, Gi) 101010, (iv)111 000 11 001. (ii) 12011 011 011,Discrete Math L4é 12, Add the following binary numbers : (ii) 1111) + 1 (i) 110 101, + 100 10, (iv) UL1ly + Wy (iii) 10101, + 110 11, 13, Evaluate the following : (i) 111 000, - 11001, (iii) 1111 01, = 1011) Subtract the following using (a) 1’s Complement (b) 2's complement : (i) 11 010 11, from 10 100 111 0001, (ii) 10 11 90 11, from 1100 111 01 0102, (iii) 1100 1111, form 1111 00 100 1001, (ii) 10001, ~ 1111, (iv) 111) - 100). ANSWER i 1. (57.8125)9 2, (461),9 3. (10101.101), 4, (100 10 1100), 5. 7. (001010.0 11110), 8. (0 101 1010 1100), 9. (i) (111 11 11), (iii) (110 11 11), 10. (i) (100 111 . 101), (iii) (10. 110 . 1101), 11. (i) 3.375 (iii) 14.75 12. (i) 19 (iii) 1755 13, (i) 1000 111 iii) 1.11 14, (i) 11 111, Gii) 100 110, 1S. (i) 100 1100 1110,, (ii) 111010 111 1010,. (i) (11.11 101), (iv) (10, 10 10 10 10 101), (ii) (110 . 1001), : (iv) (10 11 . 00101), (ii) 11.625 (iv) 45.5625 (ii) 42 (iv) 1857 Gi) 1.00 000 (iv) 1011.01 (ii) 10, (vy) 11, (ii) 11 0000 110 111 5, }